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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

gemistocytic cell
Synonym for gemistocytic astrocyte ... <cell biology> A round to oval astrocyte cell with abundant cytoplasm containing glial filaments and an eccentric nucleus; may contain two nuclei in the cell hypertrophy of astrocytes. ... Synonym: gemistocyte, gemistocytic cell, reactive astrocyte, reactive cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gemistocytic reaction
<cell biology> A reaction to injury resulting in the proliferation of reactive, protoplastic, or gemistocytic astrocytes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gemistocytoma
Synonym for gemistocytic astrocytoma ... <tumour> An astrocytoma composed primarily of gemistocytic-type astrocytes. ... Synonym: gemistocytoma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gemma
<plant biology> A bud or outgrowth of a plant which develops into a new organism. A leaf bud rather than a flower bud. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gemmate
<plant biology> Buds or outgrowths of a plant which develop into new individuals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gemmiparous
To produce gemmates. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gen
<prefix> Being born, producing, coming to be. ... Origin: G. Genos, birth ... <suffix> Denotes 'precursor of.' ... See: pro-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

genal
Relating to the gena, or cheek. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

genal glands
Synonym for buccal glands ... Numerous racemose, mucous, or serous glands in the submucous tissue of the cheeks. ... Synonym: glandulae buccales, genal glands. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

genbank
A database of nucleic acid and protein sequences at the National Library of Medicine in the United States of America, compiled from international sources. It has sequence data in 13 different categories: primate, mammal, rodent, vertebrate, invertebrate, organelle, RNA, bacteria, plant, virus, bacteriophage, synthetic, and other. It is similar to t …

gender
1. Kind; sort. 'One gender of herbs.' ... 2. Sex, male or female. ... 3. A classification of nouns, primarily according to sex; and secondarily according to some fancied or imputed quality associated with sex. 'Gender is a grammatical distinction and applies to words only. Sex is natural distinction and applies to living objects.' (R. Morris) ... Adje …

gender dysphoria syndrome
<syndrome> A syndrome in which an individual experiences marked personal stress due to feelings that despite having the genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of one gender there is a sense of compatibility and greater belonging to the other gender class; one may undergo surgery to reconstruct anatomy to that of the other gender. ... ( …

gender identity
A person's concept of himself as being male and masculine or female and feminine, or ambivalent, usually based on the physical characteristics, parental attitudes and expectations, and psychological and social pressures to which the individual is subjected. It is the private experience of gender role. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gender identity disorders
A class of mental disorders characterised by an incongruity between an assigned culturally determined set of attitudes, behaviour patterns, and physical characteristics associated with masculinity or femininity and gender identity. ... See: transsexualism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gender role
The sex of a child assigned by a parent; when opposite to the child's anatomical sex (e.g., due to genital ambiguity at birth or to the parents' strong wish for a child of the opposite sex), the basis is set for postpubertal dysfunctions. ... See: sex role, sex reversal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gene
<cell biology, molecular biology> Originally defined as the physical unit of heredity, it is probably best defined as the unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locus on a chromosome, the existence of which can be confirmed by the occurrence of different allelic forms. ... Genes are formed from DNA, carried on the chromosomes and are res …

gene activation
The process of activation of a gene so that it is expressed at a particular time. This process is crucial in growth and development. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gene amplification
<molecular biology> Selective replication of DNA sequence within a cell, producing multiple extra copies of that sequence. The best known example occurs during the maturation of the oocyte of Xenopus, where the set (normally 500 copies) of ribosomal RNA genes is replicated some 4,000 times to give about 2 million copies. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene bank
A group of genes which are coordinately controlled. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene cloning
<molecular biology> The insertion of a DNA sequence into a vector that can then be propagated in a host organism, generating a large number of copies of the sequence. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene cluster
A set of closely related genes that code for the same or similar proteins and which are usuallygrouped together on the same chromosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene conversion
<molecular biology> A phenomenon in which alleles are segregated in a 3:1 not 2:2 ratio in meiosis. May be a result of DNA polymerase switching templates and copying from the other homologous sequence or a result of mismatch repair (nucleotides being removed from one strand and replaced by repair synthesis using the other strand as template). …

gene deletion
The total loss (or absence) of a gene. Gene deletion plays a role in birth defects and in the development of cancer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene disorder
Hereditary disorder caused by a mutant allele of a single gene (e.g., Duchenne muscular dystrophy, retinoblastoma, sickle cell disease). ... Compare polygenic disorders. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gene disruption
Use of both in vitro and in vivo recombination to substitute an easily selected mutant gene for a wild-type gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene divergence
The difference (expressed as a percentage) in the nucleotide sequencesbetween two related genes that developed from the same ancestral gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene dosage
<molecular biology> Number of copies of a particular gene locus in the genome, in most cases either one or two. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene dosage compensation
The putative mechanism that adjusts the X-linked phenotypes of males and females to compensate for the haploid state in males and the diploid state in females. It is now largely ascribed to lyonization which compensates the mean of the dose but not its variance, which is greater in females. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gene dosage effect
In codominant alleles, the more or less linear relationship between the phenotypic value and the number of genes of one type substituted by another type. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gene duplication
<molecular biology> A class of DNA rearrangement that generates a supernumerary copy of a gene in the genome. This would allow each gene to evolve independently to produce distinct functions. Such a set of evolutionarily related genes can be called a gene family. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene expression
<molecular biology> The full use of the information in a gene via transcription and translation leading to production of a protein and hence the appearance of the phenotype determined by that gene. Gene expression is assumed to be controlled at various points in the sequence leading to protein synthesis and this control is thought to be the m …

gene expression regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action at the level of transcription or translation. These processes include gene activation and genetic induction. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene expression regulation, fungal
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene expression regulation, plant
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene expression regulation, viral
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene families
Groups of closely related genes that makesimilar products. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene family
<molecular biology> A set of genes coding for diverse proteins which, by virtue of their high degree of sequence similarity, are believed to have evolved from a single ancestral gene. An example is the immunoglobulin family where the characteristic features of the constant domains are found in various cell surface receptors. ... (18 Nov 1997)< …

gene flow
The movement of genes from one population to another viainterbreeding. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene frequency
The relative occurence (expressed as a percentage) of a gene in a given population. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene fusion
Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behaviour or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene insertion
The addition of one or more genesinto a genome from an externalsource. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene isolation
A condition caused by a pair of alleles that, when present in the heterozygous form, inhibit the fertility of the organism that possessesthem. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene library
<molecular biology> A collection of cloned DNA fragments that contains all the genetic information of a particular organism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene machine
A computerised device for synthesizing genes by combining nucleotides (bases) in a specified order. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene mapping
Determination of the relative positions of genes on a DNA molecule (chromosome or plasmid) and of the distance, in linkage units or physical units, between them. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene markers
Detectable genetic traits or distinctive segments of DNA that serve as landmarks for a target gene. Markers are on the same chromosome as the target gene. They must be near enough to the target gene to be genetically linked to it: to be inherited usually together with that gene, and so serve as signposts to it. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene mosaicism
Synonym for mosaic ... <genetics> Descriptive of an organism that consists of two or more genetically distinct cell lines. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene pool
The total sum of genetic information present in a population at anygiven moment. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene probe
A biomolecule that islabelled with radioactive isotopes or with a fluorescent marker that selectively binds to a specific gene so it can be isolated or identified. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene product
The biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from expression of a gene. The amount of gene product is used to measure how active a gene is, abnormal amounts can be correlated with disease-causing alleles. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene products, env
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesised as protein precursors (polyproteins) and later cleaved into the final products by a viral protease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, gag
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesised as protein precursors or polyproteins, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. Gag is short for group-specific antigen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, nef
Products of the HIV nef gene (formerly 3'-orf gene). The products trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. Nef stands for negative factor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, pol
Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. Often synthesised as a gag-pol fusion protein (fusion proteins, gag-pol) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, rev
Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for HIV viral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the HIV gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. Rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepr …

gene products, rex
Post-transcriptional regulatory proteins required for the accumulation of mRNAs that encode the gag and env gene products in HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The rex (regulator x; x is undefined) products act by binding to elements in the ltr. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, tat
Trans-acting transcription factors. Nuclear proteins whose expression is required for HIV viral replication. The tat protein stimulates HIV-ltr-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. Tat stands for trans-activation of transcription. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, tax
Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long-terminal repeats (ltr) of HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the ltr. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, vif
A 23 kD regulatory protein important for virion infectivity in HIV. The protein is found in the cytoplasm of HIV-infected cells and is not absolutely required for virion formation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, vpr
Trans-acting proteins which accelerate virus replication in HIV. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of HIV specified proteins. Vpr is short for viral protein r, where r is undefined. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene products, vpu
Non-glycosylated, membrane-associated, 16 kD proteins which are expressed in large amounts in cells infected with HIV-1. The proteins are required for efficient virion maturation and release. They are not present in HIV-2 nor in siv. Vpu is short for viral protein u, with u undefined. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene rearrangement
A structural alteration of a chromosome that causes a change in the orderof its loci. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene rearrangement, b-lymphocyte
Ordered rearrangement of b-lymphocyte variable gene regions coding for the immunoglobulin chains, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the differentiation of the immature b-lymphocyte. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene rearrangement, t-lymphocyte
Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the antigen receptors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene redundancy
A situation in which many copies of the same gene exist in a genome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene regulation
The DNA and protein interactions in a gene that determine the temporal and spatial modes of expression as well as the amplitude of expression. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene regulatory protein
<molecular biology> Any protein that interacts with DNA sequences of a gene and controls its transcription. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene sequencing
Determination of the sequence of nucleotide bases in a strand of DNA. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene splicing
A procedure by which one DNA molecule or fragment can be attached to another. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene supression
<molecular biology> The halting of abnormal gene activity which results in the restoration of lost or impaired genetic function. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene switch
<molecular biology> A situation in which a cell or organism stops expressing one gene orgene group and switches to expressing a different gene or group of genes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene synthesis
<molecular biology> The complete synthesis of a gene using a DNA synthesiser (gene machine), or the assembly of oligonucleotides so synthesised into a synthetic gene, as opposed to cloning. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

gene targeting
The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene testing
Testing a sample of blood (or another fluid or tissue) for evidence of a gene. The evidence can be biochemical, chromosomal, or genetic. The aim is to learn whether a gene for a disease is present or absent. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gene therapy
<molecular biology> Treatment of a disease caused by malfunction of a gene, by stably transfecting the cells of the organism with the normal gene. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene transfer
<molecular biology> General tem for the insertion of foreign genes into a cell or organism. Synonymous with transfection. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gene translocation
The movement of a gene fragment from one chromosomal location to another, which often alters or abolishes expression. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gene, evolutionarily conserved
A gene that has remained essentially unchanged throughout evolution. Conservation of a gene indicates that it is unique and essential. There is not an extra copy of that gene with which evolution can tinker. And changes in the gene are likely to be lethal. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genealogy
1. Heredity. ... 2. The explicit assembly of the descent of a person or family; it may be of any length. ... Origin: G. Genea, descent, + logos, study ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

genecology
<study> The scientific study of genetic variation within a species as it relatesto the environment. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

genera
Plural of genus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general
1. Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as, a general law of animal or vegetable economy. ... 2. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as, a general inference or conclusion. ... 3. Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; la …

general acid-base catalysis
A catalytic reaction that involves the tranfer of a proton to or from anon-water molecule. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

general adaptation syndrome
<syndrome> The sum of all non-specific systemic reactions of the body to long-continued exposure to systemic stress. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

general anaesthesia
A form of anaesthesia that results in putting the patient to sleep. Total body anaesthesia. ... Origin: Gr. Aisthesis = sensation ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

general anaesthetic
A compound that produces loss of sensation associated with loss of consciousness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general anatomy
The study of gross and microscopic structures as well as of the composition of the body, its tissues and fluids. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general bloodletting
Removing blood by arteriotomy or phlebotomy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general duty nurse
Nurse who accepts assignment to any unit of a hospital other than an intensive care unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general fertility rate
A refined measure of fertility in a population; the numerator is the number of live births in a year, the denominator is the number of females of child-bearing age, usually defined as ages 15-44 (but increasingly recognised as extending to age 49). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general hospital
Any large civilian hospital that is equipped to care for medical, surgical, maternity, and psychiatric cases, and usually has a resident medical staff. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general immunity
Immunity associated with widely diffused mechanisms that tend to protect the body as a whole, as compared with local immunity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general paresis
A part of late ( tertiary ) syphilis a decade or more after the initial infection, due to chronic inflammation of the covering and substance of the brain (meningoencephalitis) which results in progressive dementia and generalised paralysis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

general peritonitis
Peritonitis throughout the peritoneal cavity. ... Synonym: diffuse peritonitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general physiology
The science of the functions or vital processes common to almost all living things, whether animal or plant, as opposed to aspects of physiology peculiar to particular types of animals or plants, or to the application of physiology to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general practice
A term for physicians who care for all types of medical problems, including internal medical, paediatric, obstetrical, and surgical diseases. Post-graduate training for general practitioners was limited and there was no specialty certification; the field has been replaced by more extensively trained family practitioners. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general practice, dental
Nonspecialised dental practice which is concerned with providing primary and continuing dental care. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

general practitioner
(GP) a medically qualified doctor who practices general medicine as a family practitioner. Some GPs are also qualified in specialised medicine and in Malaysia, the majority of specialists also practise as general practitioners although the trend may be changing. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

general somatic afferent column
In the embryo, a column of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord, represented in the adult by the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and relay cells in the dorsal horn. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general somatic efferent column
A column of gray matter in the embryo, represented in the adult by the nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and hypoglossal nerves and by motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...