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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

general stimulant
A stimulant that affects the entire body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general surgeon
A physician specialist expert in the surgical management of disease. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

general surgery
A surgical specialty that involves largely the surgical management of diseases of the bowel, gallbladder, stomach and other digestive organs. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

general transduction
Transduction in which the transducing bacteriophage is able to transfer any gene of the donor bacterium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general tuberculosis
Synonym for miliary tuberculosis ... Usually a chronic tuberculosis infection where spread of the original primary infection has occurred via the patients lymphatic system (or bloodstream). Disseminated disease occurs primarily in the immunocompromised individual (for example AIDS, cancer patient). The elderly are at increased risk for dissemination …

general visceral afferent column
A column of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, developing into the nucleus of the solitary tract and relay cells of the spinal cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

general visceral efferent column
A column of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, represented in the adult by the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the superior and inferior salivatory and Edinger-Westphal nuclei and the visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalisation
<psychology> The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

generalised anaphylaxis
The immediate response, involving smooth muscles and capillaries throughout the body of a sensitised individual, that follows intravenous (and occasionally intracutaneous) injection of antigen (allergen). ... See: anaphylactic shock. ... Synonym: systemic anaphylaxis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised anxiety disorder
Chronic, repeated episodes of anxiety reactions; a psychological disorder in which anxiety or morbid fear and dread accompanied by autonomic changes are prominent features. ... See: anxiety. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised chondromalacia
Synonym for relapsing polychondritis ... A degenerative disease of cartilage producing a bizarre form of arthritis, with collapse of the ears, the cartilaginous portion of the nose, and the tracheobronchial tree; death may occur from chronic infection or suffocation because of loss of stability in the tracheobronchial tree of autosomal origin. ... Sy …

generalised cortical hyperostosis
Synonym for van Buchem's syndrome ... <syndrome> An inherited skeletal dysplasia, with mandibular enlargement and thickening of the diaphyses and calvaria, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase; autosomal recessive inheritance. ... Synonym: generalised cortical hyperostosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised elastolysis
Synonym for cutis laxa ... A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

generalised emphysema
Synonym for panlobular emphysema ... Emphysema affecting all parts of the lobules, in part, or usually the whole, of the lungs, and usually associated with a1-antiprotease deficiency emphysema. ... Synonym: diffuse emphysema, generalised emphysema, panacinar emphysema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised epilepsy
A major category of epilepsy syndromes characterised by one or more types of generalised seizures. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised eruptive histiocytoma
A rare recurring generalised eruption in adults of flesh coloured or erythematous papules remaining localised to the skin and consisting of dermal nodules of mononuclear histiocytes that do not stain for lipid. ... Synonym: nodular non-X histiocytosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised gangliosidosis
Synonym for GM1 gangliosidosis ... Three forms exist: infantile, generalised; juvenile; and adult; gangliosidosis characterised by accumulation of a specific monosialoganglioside, GM1; due to deficiency of GM1-beta-galactosidase. ... Synonym: generalised gangliosidosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised glycogenosis
Synonym for type 2 glycogenosis ... Glycogenosis due to lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency, resulting in accumulation of excessive amounts of glycogen of normal chemical structure in heart, muscle, liver, and nervous system. ... Synonym: generalised glycogenosis, Pompe's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised myokymia
Widespread myokymia, present in multiple limbs and often the face; of various causes, including Isaac's syndrome, uraemia, thyrotoxicosis and gold toxicity (gold-myokymia syndrome). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised paralysis
Synonym for global paralysis ... Paralysis of both whole sides of the body; survival is usually of short duration. ... Synonym: generalised paralysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised seizure
Synonym for tonic-clonic seizure ... <neurology> A type of seizure that results in loss of consciousness, generalised muscle contractions, urinary incontinence, tongue biting and a post-ictal state (confusion and lethargy) following cessation of the seizure. ... Synonym: grand-mal seizure. ... See: epilepsy. ... (03 Jul 1999) ...

generalised seizures
Seizures characterised by generalised cerebral onset clinically and on EEG. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised Shwartzman phenomenon
When both the primary injection of endotoxin-containing filtrate and the secondary injection are given intravenously 24 hours apart, the animal usually dies within 24 hours after the second inoculation; the characteristic lesions in the rabbit include widespread haemorrhages in the lung, liver, and other organs and bilateral cortical necrosis of th …

generalised small bowel disease
<radiology> Hypoproteinaemia, sprue, Whipple ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

generalised tetanus
The most common type of tetanus, often with trismus as its initial manifestation; the muscles of the head, neck, trunk and limbs become persistently contracted, and then painful paroxysmal tonic contractions (tetanic seizures) are superimposed; the high mortality rate (50%) is due to asphyxia or cardiac failure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy
Synonym for generalised tonic-clonic seizure ... tonic-clonic seizure ...

generalised tonic-clonic seizure
Synonym for tonic-clonic seizure ... <neurology> A type of seizure that results in loss of consciousness, generalised muscle contractions, urinary incontinence, tongue biting and a post-ictal state (confusion and lethargy) following cessation of the seizure. ... Synonym: grand-mal seizure. ... See: epilepsy. ... (03 Jul 1999) ...

generalised vaccinia
Secondary lesions of the skin following vaccination which may occur in subjects with previously healthy skin but are more common in the case of traumatised skin, especially in the case of eczema (eczema vaccinatum). In the latter instance, generalised vaccinia may result from mere contact with a vaccinated person. Secondary vaccinial lesions may al …

generalist
A general physician or family physician; a physician trained to take care of the majority of nonsurgical diseases, sometimes including obstetrics. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generalization
1. Rendering or becoming general, diffuse, or widespread, as when a primarily local disease becomes systemic. ... 2. The reasoning by which a basic conclusion is reached, which applies to different items, each having some common factor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generate
1. To beget; to procreate; to propagate; to produce (a being similar to the parent); to engender; as, every animal generates its own species. ... 2. To cause to be; to bring into life. ... 3. To originate, especially by a vital or chemical process; to produce; to cause. 'Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise generate milk.' (Arbut …

generated occlusal path
A registration of the path's of movement of the occlusal surfaces of mandibular teeth on a plastic or abrasive surface attached to the maxillary arch. ... See: functional chew-in record. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generation
1. The act of generating or begetting; procreation, as of animals. ... 2. Origination by some process, mathematical, chemical, or vital; production; formation; as, the generation of sounds, of gases, of curves, etc. ... 3. That which is generated or brought forth; progeny; offspiring. ... 4. A single step or stage in the succession of natural descent; …

generation effect
Variation in health status arising from the different causal factors of disease to which each successive generation born is exposed as it passes through life. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generation time
<cell biology> Time taken for a cell population to double in numbers and thus equivalent to the average length of the cell cycle. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

generational
Pertaining to generations, i.e., the discrete staging in genealogical descent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generative
Pertaining to the process of generating. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generative empathy
The inner experience of sharing in and comprehending the momentary psychologic state of another person. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

generator
1. One who, or that which, generates, begets, causes, or produces. ... 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed from a liquid or solid by means of heat or chemical process, as a steam boiler, gas retort, or vessel for generating carbonic acid gas, etc. ... 3. The principal sound or sounds by which others are produced; the fundamental note or r …

generator potential
Local depolarisation of the membrane potential at the end of a sensory neurone in graded response to the strength of a stimulus applied to the associated receptor organ, e.g., a pacinian corpuscle; if the generator potential becomes large enough (because the stimulus is at least of threshold strength), it causes excitation at the nearest node of Ra …

generic name
1. In chemistry, a noun that indicates the class or type of a single compound; e.g., salt, saccharide (sugar), hexose, alcohol, aldehyde, lactone, acid, amine, alkane, steroid, vitamin. 'Class' is more appropriate and more often used than is 'generic.' ... 2. In the pharmaceutical and commercial fields, a misnomer for nonproprietary name. ... 3. In t …

generical
1. <biology> Pertaining to a genus or kind; relating to a genus, as distinct from a species, or from another genus; as, a generic description; a generic difference; a generic name. ... 2. Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or their characteristics; opposed to specific. ... Origin: L. Genus, generis, race, kind: cf. F …

genes
Located in the nucleus of the cell, genes contain hereditary information that is transferred from cell to cell. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

genes, abl
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (abl) originally isolated from the abelson murine leukaemia virus (ab-mulv). The proto-oncogene abl (c-abl) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family. The human c-abl gene is located at 9q34.1 on the long arm of chromosome 9. It is activated by translocation to bcr on chromosome 22 in chr …

genes, arac
Regulatory genes which encode a cyclic AMP receptor protein required for l-arabinose utilization in e. Coli. It is an example of positive control or regulation of gene expression in the bacterial operon. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, archaeal
The genetic material of archaea. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, bacterial
The genetic material of bacteria. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, bcl-1
The B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-1 genes, associated with various neoplasms when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(11;14) translocation, which is characteristic of mantle zone-derived B-cell lymphomas. The human c-bcl-1 gene is located at 11q13 on the long arm of chromosome 18. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, bcl-2
The B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, BRCA1
Tumour suppressor genes located on human chromosome 17q12-21. The mutation of these genes is associated with the formation of familial breast and ovarian cancer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, breast cancer susceptibility
Inherited factors that predispose to breast cancer. Put otherwise, these genes make one more susceptible to the disease and so increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Two of these genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified (and prominently publicised). Several other genes (those for the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden disease, Muir-Torre synd …

genes, cdc
Genes that code for proteins that regulate the cell division cycle. These genes form a regulatory network that culminates in the onset of mitosis by activating the p34cdc2 protein (protein p34cdc2). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, dominant
Genes that are reflected in the phenotype both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, env
DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= gene products, rev), termed the rev-responsive element (rre). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, erba
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erythroblastosis virus, avian, hence erba) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus. The c-erba proto-oncogene encodes the thyroid hormone receptors (receptors, thyroid hormone). Two distinct c-erba proto-oncogenes have been identified, erba-alpha and erba-beta, each giving rise to at least two …

genes, erbb
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) originally isolated from, or related to, the avian erythroblastosis virus (aev). These genes code for the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) family of receptors which is important in the control of normal cell proliferation and in the pathogenesis of human cancer. The genes include erbb-1 (genes, erbb …

genes, erbb-1
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) originally isolated from the avian erythroblastosis virus (aev). The oncogene v-erbb arose by insertion of viral DNA into the c-erbb-1 proto-oncogene resulting in expression of a protein lacking the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain. V-erbb is the primary transforming gene of aev and abrogates the requi …

genes, erbb-2
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (erbb) related to the c-erbb-1 gene and identified by probes from c-erbb-1 or its avian viral homologue v-erbb. The proto-oncogene erbb-2 (c-erbb-2) codes for a protein that has structural features indicative of a growth factor receptor with close similarity to the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor. Overexpr …

genes, fms
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fms) originally isolated from the susan mcdonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (sm-fesv). The proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) codes for a protein (csf-1) that is a member of the transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family. The human c-fms gene is located at 5q33.3 on the long arm of chromo …

genes, fos
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the finkel-biskis-jinkins (fbj-msv) and finkel-biskis-reilly (fbr-msv) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into fbj-msv or fbr-msv induces osteogenic …

genes, fungal
The genetic material of fungi. It includes mating type genes of saccharomyces cerevisiae. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, gag
DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. Gag is short for group-specific antigen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, helminth
The hereditary material of helminths. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, homeobox
Highly conserved DNA sequences which have been identified in specific gene transcripts ranging from those of drosophila melanogaster to mouse and human. Homeobox genes function, in part, to generate DNA-binding proteins with an evolutionary conserved approximately 60-residue sequence (homeodomain proteins). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, immediate-early
Genes that show rapid and transient expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral genes where immediate-early referred to transcription immediately following virus integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular genes which are expressed immediately after resting cell …

genes, immunoglobulin
Genes encoding the light and heavy chain segments of immunoglobulins. Light chain gene segments are symbolised l-v (variable), j (joining) and c (constant); ig heavy chain segments have, in addition, a diversity (d) gene. Each segment codes for certain amino acids, and each has a different nucleotide sequence; the genes are assembled by a remarkabl …

genes, insect
The hereditary material of insects. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, intracisternal a-particle
A family of retrovirus-like genetic elements coding for virus-like particles found regularly in early rodent embryos (2-cell to blastocyst stage), but which, under certain circumstances such as DNA hypomethylation, are transcribed in a wide variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon …

genes, jun
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (jun) originally isolated from the avian sarcoma virus 17 (asv 17). The proto-oncogene jun (c-jun) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. Insertion of c-jun into asv-17 or the constitutive expression of the c-jun protein produces tumourgenicity. The human c-jun ge …

genes, lethal
Genes which result in the premature death of the organism; dominant lethal genes kill heterozygotes, whereas recessive lethal genes kill only homozygotes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, mdr
Genes responsible for multidrug resistance resulting from their overexpression in mammalian cells. Mammalian p-glycoproteins are encoded by small mdr gene familes. The human multidrug resistance 1 (mdr1) gene responds to environmental stress including various anticancer agents. It is a major determinant in the development of resistance to a large n …

genes, MHC class I
Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex which encode polymorphic characteristics not related to immune responsiveness or complement activity, e.g., b loci (chicken), dla (dog), gpla (guinea pig), h-2 (mouse), rt-1 (rat), HLA-a, -b, and -c class I genes of man. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, MHC class II
Genetic loci in the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex that encode polymorphic products which control the immune response to specific antigens. The genes are found in the HLA-d region in humans and in the I region in mice. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, mos
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the moloney murine sarcoma virus (mo-msv). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when …

genes, myc
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (myc) originally isolated from an avian myelocytomatosis virus. The proto-oncogene myc (c-myc) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Truncation of the first exon, which appears to regulate c-myc expression, is c …

genes, nef
DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nef is short for negative factor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, neurofibromatosis 1
Tumour suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in the region 17q11.2. Mutation of these genes is thought to cause neurofibromatosis 1. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, neurofibromatosis 2
Tumour suppressor genes located on the long arm of human chromosome 22. Mutation or loss of these genes causes neurofibromatosis 2. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, nitrogen fixation
Regulatory and structural genes present in certain bacteria, algae and fungi that control the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into biologically usable compounds; include nif structural genes (e.g., nifd, nifh) for nitrogenase and nitrate reductase as well as regulator genes nifa, nifb, ntra, ntrb, ntrc. Some are responsible for regulating transc …

genes, overlapping
Genes whose nucleotide sequences overlap to some degree. The overlapped sequences may involve structural or regulatory genes of eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, p16
Tumour suppressor genes located on human chromosome 9 in the region 9p21. This gene is either deleted or mutated in a wide range of malignancies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, p53
Tumour suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, plant
The hereditary material of plants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, pol
DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. 'pol' is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, protozoan
The genetic material of protozoa. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, px
DNA sequences that form the coding region for at least three proteins which regulate the expression of HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The proteins are p21(x), p27(rex), and p40(tax). The tax (trans-activator x) and rex (regulator x) genes are part of px but are in overlapping reading frames. X was the original designation for the sequences or region (at that …

genes, rag-1
Genes involved in activating the enzyme vdj recombinase. Rag-1 is located on chromosome 11 in humans (chromosome 2 in mice) and is expressed exclusively in maturing lymphocytes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, ras
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from harvey (h-ras, ha-ras, rash) and kirsten (k-ras, ki-ras, rask) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both h-ras and k-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The …

genes, recessive
Genes that are reflected in the phenotype only in the homozygous state. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, regulator
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for proteins (repressors or activators) which regulate the genetic transcription of the structural genes and/or regulatory genes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, reporter
Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, retinoblastoma
Tumour suppressor genes located on human chromosome 13 in the region 13q14 and coding for a family of phosphoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 104 kD to 115 kD. One copy of the wild-type rb gene is necessary for normal retinal development. Loss or inactivation of both alleles at this locus results in retinoblastoma. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, rev
DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Rev is short for regulator of virion. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, src
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (src) originally isolated from the rous sarcoma virus (rsv). The proto-oncogene src (c-src) codes for a protein that is a member of the tyrosine kinase family and was the first proto-oncogene identified in the human genome. The human c-src gene is located at 20q12-13 on the long arm of chromosome 20. ... (12 Dec 1 …

genes, structural
Genes that code for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural functions of cells. They include developmental and differentiated genes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, structural, bacterial
DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of bacterial cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, structural, fungal
DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of fungal cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, structural, helminth
DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of helminthic cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, structural, insect
DNA sequences that code for RNA and for proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of insect cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

genes, structural, neoplasm
DNA sequences that code for RNA and for the proteins required for the enzymatic and structural function of neoplastic cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...