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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


galvanize
1. To affect with galvanism; to subject to the action of electrical currents. ... 2. To plate, as with gold, silver, etc, by means of electricity. ... 3. To restore to consciousness by galvanic action (as from a state of suspended animation); hence, to stimulate or excite to a factitious animation or activity. ... 4. To coat, as iron, with zinc. See G …

galvano-
<prefix> Prefix denoting electrical, primarily direct current. ... Origin: see galvanism ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanocontractility
The capability of a muscle of contracting under the stimulus of a galvanic (direct) current. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanofaradization
Simultaneous application of a galvanic and a faradic current. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanometer
<physics> An instrument or apparatus for measuring the intensity of an electric current, usually by the deflection of a magnetic needle. Differential galvanometer. ... <physics> See Differental, Sine galvanometer, Cosine galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer, a galvanometer in which the sine, cosine, or tangent respectively, of the angle th …

galvanomuscular
Denoting the effect of the application of a galvanic (direct) current to a muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanopalpation
Esthesiometry by means of a sharp-pointed electrode through which a feeble direct current passes to the cathode applied to an indifferent part. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanoscopy
<physiology> The use of galvanism in physiological experiments. ... (01 Mar 1998) ...

galvanosurgery
An operation in which direct electric current is utilised. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanotaxis
<physiology> The directed movement of cells induced by an applied voltage. This movement is almost always directed toward the cathode, occurs at fields around 1 mV/mm and is argued to be involved in cell guidance during morphogenesis and in the repair of wounds. ... The term galvanotropism is used for neurons, since the cell body remain statio …

galvanotherapy
Treatment of disease by application of direct (galvanic) current. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

galvanotropism
Synonym for galvanotaxis ... <physiology> The directed movement of cells induced by an applied voltage. This movement is almost always directed toward the cathode, occurs at fields around 1 mV/mm and is argued to be involved in cell guidance during morphogenesis and in the repair of wounds. ... The term galvanotropism is used for neurons, since …

gamabufagin
Synonym for gamabufotalin ... A trihydroxybufadienolide, present in the venoms of toads (family Bufonidae), which chemically and pharmacologically resembles digitalis. ... Synonym: gamabufagin, gamabufogenin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamabufogenin
Synonym for gamabufotalin ... A trihydroxybufadienolide, present in the venoms of toads (family Bufonidae), which chemically and pharmacologically resembles digitalis. ... Synonym: gamabufagin, gamabufogenin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamabufotalin
A trihydroxybufadienolide, present in the venoms of toads (family Bufonidae), which chemically and pharmacologically resembles digitalis. ... Synonym: gamabufagin, gamabufogenin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamaglobulin electrophoresis
<investigation> A test that detects and measures the various immunoglobulins in the blood. In the normal assay no monoclonal antibodies are detected. In multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia a single clone of lymphocytes can produce one type of immunoglobulin that is detected in the electrophoresis as monoclonal (made by one cell …

gambia
A republic in western africa, constituting an enclave within senegal extending on both sides of the gambia river. Its capital is banjul, formerly bathurst. The mouth of the river was discovered in 1455 by the portuguese and the english ascended the river 1618-19. The british claim to the region was recognised by the treaty of versailles in 1783. It …

Gambian fever
An irregular relapsing fever, lasting one to four days with intermissions of two to five days, marked by enlargement of the spleen, rapid pulse, and breathing; due to the presence in the blood of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the pathogenic microorganism of Gambian or West African sleeping sickness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Gambian trypanosomiasis
A chronic disease of humans caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in northern and sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Sudan and Uganda; characterised by splenomegaly, drowsiness, an uncontrollable urge to sleep, and the development of psychotic changes; basal ganglia and cerebellar involvement commonly lead to chorea and athetosis; the termina …

gambir
An extract from the leaves of Uncaria (Ourouparia) gambier (family Rubiaceae); an astringent. Commercial gambir is known as terra japonica. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamboge
A concrete juice, or gum resin, produced by several species of trees in Siam, Ceylon, and Malabar. It is brought in masses, or cylindrical rolls, from Cambodia, or Cambogia, whence its name. The best kind is of a dense, compact texture, and of a beatiful reddish yellow. Taking internally, it is a strong and harsh cathartic ad emetic. ... Alternative …

game
1. Sport of any kind; jest, frolic. 'We have had pastimes here, and pleasant game.' (Shak) ... 2. A contest, physical or mental, according to certain rules, for amusement, recreation, or for winning a stake; as, a game of chance; games of skill; field games, etc. 'But war's a game, which, were their subject wise, Kings would not play at.' (Cowper)
game theory
A mathematical theory that deals with action in a conflict situation as if it were a game in which each player seeks to maximise his opponent's losses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamekeeper's thumb
<radiology> Dislocation of 1st MCP joint, with or without avulsion fracture, rupture of ulnar collateral ligament, gamekeeper twists and pulls off head of cute little animals, now seen due to ski-pole injuries ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

games, experimental
Games designed to provide information on hypotheses, policies, procedure or strategies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gametangium
A structure in which gametes are produced. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamete
<biology, genetics> Specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and involved in sexual reproduction. ... Male gametes are usually small and motile (spermatozoa), whereas female gametes (oocytes) are larger and nonmotile. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gamete intra-fallopian transfer
<gynaecology> Gamete intra-fallopian transfer is a technique that involves combining eggs and sperm outside of the body and immediately placing them into the fallopian tubes to achieve fertilization. ... A technique that came into use in the mid-1980's for assisted conception in infertile women with normal fallopian tubes. The protocol consist …

gametic nucleus
Synonym for micronucleus ... <cell biology> The smaller nucleus in ciliate protozoans, fully active in inheritance and passed after meiosis to conjugating pairs. Gives rise to the macronucleus or macronuclei. Genes in the micronucleus are not actively transcribed. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gameto-
A gamete. ... Origin: G. Gametes, husband, gamete, wife, fr. Gameo, to marry ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametocide
An agent destructive of gametes, specifically the malarial gametocytes. ... Origin: Gameto-+ L. Caedo, to kill ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametocyst
A cyst formed around a pair of united gregarine gamonts in which gametes are produced. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Kystis, bladder ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametocyte
A cell capable of dividing to produce gametes, e.g., a spermatocyte or oocyte. ... Synonym: gamont. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Kytos, cell ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametogenesis
<biology> Process leading to the production of gametes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gametogonia
Synonym for gametogony ... A stage in the sexual cycle of sporozoans in which gametes are formed, often by schizogony. ... Synonym: gametogonia, gamogony. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Gone, a begetting ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametogony
A stage in the sexual cycle of sporozoans in which gametes are formed, often by schizogony. ... Synonym: gametogonia, gamogony. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Gone, a begetting ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametoid
Pertaining to certain biologic features that resemble those characteristic of gametes or reproductive cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametokinetic
Promoting or causing karyogamy or true conjugation. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Kinesis, movement ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametokinetic hormone
Synonym for follitropin ... An acidic glycoprotein hormone of the anterior pituitary that stimulates the graafian follicles of the ovary and assists subsequently in follicular maturation and the secretion of estradiol; in the male, it stimulates the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules and is partially responsible for inducing spermatogenesis. ... …

gametophagia
The disappearance of the male or female element in zygosis. ... Synonym: gamophagia. ... Origin: Gameto-+ G. Phago, to eat ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gametophyte
<plant biology> A plant, or phase of a plant's life cycle, that bears gametes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Gamgee
Joseph Sampson, British surgeon, 1828-1886. ... See: Gamgee tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Gamgee tissue
A thick layer of absorbent cotton between two layers of absorbent gauze, used in surgical dressings. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma
<physics> Third letter in the Greek alphabet, variable used for a number of things in physics, in plasma physics gamma is often used as the variable for growth rates of instabilities. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gamma alcoholism
Jellinek's term for a severe stage of alcoholism characterised by a progression from psychological to physiological dependence upon alcohol, including tissue dependence and withdrawal symptoms, with loss of control over alcohol intake and destructive effects on interpersonal relationships. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma aminobutyric acid
<biochemistry> An important amino acid which functions as the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. ... Gamma aminobutyric acid works in partnership with a derivative of Vitamin B-6, pyridoxine, to cross from the axons to the dendrites through the synaptic cleft, in response to an electrical signal in the ne …

gamma aminobutyric acid receptor
<physiology> Ligand gated chloride ion channel forming receptor opened by gamma aminobutyric acid. Two distinct types: A and B. ... A receptor: One of a family of neurotransmitter receptors with fast intrinsic ion channels that includes the glycine receptor and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Distinct from another major receptor family, …

gamma angle
<ophthalmology> The angle formed between a line joining the fixation point to the centre of the eye and the optic axis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma benzene hexachloride
<chemical> One of the purified isomers of hexachlorobenzene which is used as a scabicide and pediculicide applied topically to the skin in various lotions, creams, and shampoos; gamma benzene hexachloride can be absorbed through the skin. Resembles DDT in its actions but is less persistent. ... Incorrect name for 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohex …

gamma camera
Any one of several scintigraphic cameras that records simultaneously counts from the entire operative field of view. ... Synonym: scintillation camera. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma cameras
Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamma cell of pancreas
Synonym for C cell ... A cell of the pancreatic islets of the guinea pig. ... Synonym: gamma cell of pancreas. ... Synonym: parafollicular cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma crystallin
The least rapidly mobile form of crystallin on electrophoresis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma efferent
The thin axon of a gamma motor neuron innervating the intrafusal muscle fibres of a muscle spindle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma emission
<physics> Nuclear decay process whereby the nucleus goes from an excited state to a more stable state by emitting a gamma ray. ... See: gamma ray. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

gamma encephalography
Imaging of the encephalon by the administration of small amounts of gamma-emitting radionuclides; commonly called a brain scan; superseded by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma fibres
Nerve fibre's that have a conduction rate of about 20 m/sec. ... See: gamma efferent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma globulin
<immunology> A non-specific immunoglobulin (antibody) administered for the purpose of passive immunity. A common example is hepatitis A prophylaxis. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

gamma knife
<radiobiology> A special multi-source irradiation machine which focus a high intesity of irradiation on a small area: it is used as local therapy in especially brain tumours. ... This is investigational and is not part of the routine array of cancer treatments. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

gamma loop
The reflex arc consisting of small anterior horn cells and neuroma, their small fibres projecting to the intrafusal bundle producing its contraction, which initiates the afferent impulses that pass through the posterior root to the anterior horn cells, inducing a stretch reflex. ... Synonym: gamma motor neurons, gamma motor system, Granit's loop. …

gamma motor neurons
Synonym for gamma loop ... The reflex arc consisting of small anterior horn cells and neuroma, their small fibres projecting to the intrafusal bundle producing its contraction, which initiates the afferent impulses that pass through the posterior root to the anterior horn cells, inducing a stretch reflex. ... Synonym: gamma motor neurons, gamma motor …

gamma motor system
Synonym for gamma loop ... The reflex arc consisting of small anterior horn cells and neuroma, their small fibres projecting to the intrafusal bundle producing its contraction, which initiates the afferent impulses that pass through the posterior root to the anterior horn cells, inducing a stretch reflex. ... Synonym: gamma motor neurons, gamma motor …

gamma radiation
Ionizing electromagnetic radiation resulting from nuclear processes, such as radioactive decay or fission. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma ray
<radiobiology> Electromagnetic radiation (photons) with energies greater than (roughly) 100 keV (that is, 100,000 electron volts). Gamma radiation frequently accompanies alpha and beta decays, and always accompanies fission. Gamma rays are highly penetrating and are best shielded against using dense materials, such as lead or depleted uranium …

gamma ray knife
A beam of high energy X-rays. ... See: radiosurgery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma rays
Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of X-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 mev. They are also called nuclear X-rays. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamma toxin
<microbiology> Complex toxin (33.4 kD) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbit erythrocytes are particularly sensitive to lysis by the toxin, but the mechanism is unknown. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

gamma-Abu
gamma-aminobutyric acid ...

gamma-amylase
Synonym for exo-1,4-alpha-d-glucosidase ... A hydrolase removing terminal alpha-1,4-linked d-glucose residues from nonreducing ends of chains, with release of beta-d-glucose. ... Synonym: acid maltase, amyloglucosidase, gamma-amylase, glucoamylase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-anticollagenase
<chemical> Serum protease inhibitor ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-butyrobetaine
Gamma-(Trimethylammonium) butyric acid;a betaine of gamma-aminobutyric acid; a precursor of carnitine by hydroxylation of the beta-carbon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-cyanoaminobutyrate synthase
<enzyme> Homocystine + 2cn- yields gamma-cyanobutyric acid + scn-+ homocysteine; pyridoxal-5-phosphate dependent ... Registry number: EC 4.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-cystathionase
Synonym for cystathionine gamma-lyase ... <enzyme> A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyses the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. ... Chemical name: L-Cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating) ... Registry number: EC 4.4.1.1 ... (12 Dec 19 …

gamma-endorphin
<chemical> An endogenous opioid peptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor peptide. It differs from alpha-endorphin by one amino acid. ... Chemical name: gamma-Endorphin ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamma-globulins
Serum globulins that migrate in the gamma region on electrophoresis. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the formation of gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in many proteins, several appearing in the blood clotting cascade. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-glutamyl cycle
A proposed pathway for the glutathione-dependent transport of certain amino acids (most notably l-cystine, l-methionine, and l-glutamine) and dipeptides into certain cells; this cycle requires the formation of gamma-glutamyl amino acids and gamma-glutamyl dipeptides as well as a protein for the translocation of these di-and triisopeptides into the …

gamma-glutamyl dipeptidase
<enzyme> Removes glycine from leukotriene d4 to form leukotriene e4 ... Registry number: EC 3.4.13.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
N-Pteroyl-l-glutamate hydrolase;an enzyme cleaving l-glutamyl residues from pteridine oligoglutamates; used in certain antitumour treatments. ... Synonym: carboxypeptidase G, conjugase, gamma-glutamate (glutamate gamma-) carboxypeptidase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
Synonym for gamma-glutamyltransferase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses reversibly the transfer of a glutamyl group from a glutamyl-peptide and an amino acid to a peptide and a glutamyl-amino acid. It is often elevated above normal in hepatitis and other conditions that cause chemical liver damage. ... Chemical name: (5-L-Glutamyl)-peptide: …

gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of pyroglutamate from a gamma-glutamyl-amino acid, also releasing the free amino acid. The enzyme acts on derivatives of glutamate, 2-aminobutyrate, alanine and glycine. The enzyme has been proposed to have a role in a gamma-glutamyl cycle for amino acid transport into cells in the intestines.
gamma-glutamylcysteine
A necessary precursor in the biosynthesis of glutathione; contains an isopeptide rather than a eupeptide bond. ... Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, an enzyme that catalyses the first step in glutathione biosynthesis, reacting l-glutamate, l-cysteine, and ATP to form gamma-glutamylcysteine, ADP, and orthophosphate; inhibited by thiols such as gluta …

gamma-glutamylhistamine synthetase
<enzyme> Incorporates histamine or other amines into peptide linkage with glutamate; from aplysia ganglia ... Registry number: EC 6.3.2.- ... Synonym: gamma-gha synthetase, gamma-glutamyl amine synthetase, gamma-glutamyl octopamine synthetase, gamma-glutamyl tyramine synthetase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-glutamyltransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses reversibly the transfer of a glutamyl group from a glutamyl-peptide and an amino acid to a peptide and a glutamyl-amino acid. It is often elevated above normal in hepatitis and other conditions that cause chemical liver damage. ... Chemical name: (5-L-Glutamyl)-peptide:amino-acid 5-glutamyltransferase ... Regis …

gamma-iodopropyleneglycol
Synonym for glyceryl iodide ... An organic form of iodine which slowly liberates iodine in the body after oral administration. Used primarily as an expectorant/mucolytic. ... Synonym: 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol, gamma-iodopropyleneglycol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine
Synonym for glutathione ... <biochemistry> The tripeptide _ glutamylcysteinylglycine. It contains an unusual peptide linkage between the _ carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and the amine group of cysteine. ... The concentration of glutathione in animal cells is _5mM and its sulphydryl group is kept largely in the reduced state. This al …

gamma-oxalomesaconate hydratase
<enzyme> From pseudomonas ochraceae; forms gamma-oxalocitramalate ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.- ... Synonym: gom hydratase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-tocopherol
7,8-Dimethyltocol;a form biologically less active than alpha-gamma-tocopherol ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase
<enzyme> Forms alpha-tocopherol; enzyme nomenclature name of tocopherol o-methyltransferase is incorrect, since there are no -och3 groups in the product ... Registry number: EC 2.1.1.95 ... Synonym: gtc methyltransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

gamma-tolerance
The tolerance of a person or a piece of equipment to forces that develop as a result of acceleration or deceleration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gammacism
Mispronunciatio n of, or trouble articulating, the 'g' sound. ... Origin: G. Gamma, equivalent of the letter g ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gammagram
Synonym for scintiscan ... The record obtained by scintigraphy. ... See: scan. ... Synonym: photoscan, scintigram. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

gammaherpesvirinae
<virology> A subfamily of herpesviridae characterised by variable reproductive cycles. ... There are two official genera, lymphocryptovirus and rhadinovirus, and possibly a third, as yet unnamed, which includes Marek's disease herpes virus 1 (herpes virus 2, gallid). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

gammopathy
A primary disturbance in immunoglobulin synthesis. ... Biclonal gammopathy, a gammopathy in which the serum contains two distinct monoclonal immunoglobulins. ... Monoclonal gammopathy, any one of a group of disorders due to proliferation of a single clone of lymphoid or plasma cells (visible on electrophoresis as a single peak) and characterised by t …

Gamna
Carlos, Italian physician, 1896-1950. ... See: Gamna's disease, Gamna-Favre bodies, Gandy-Gamna bodies, Gamna-Gandy bodies, Gamna-Gandy nodules. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Gamna-Favre bodies
Characteristic, relatively large, intracytoplasmic basophilic inclusion body's observed in endothelial cells in lymphogranuloma venereum; probably composed of degenerated nuclear material. ... See: Miyagawa bodies. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Gamna-Gandy bodies
Small firm spheroidal or irregular foci that are yellow-brown, brown, or rustlike in colour, occurring chiefly in the spleen in such conditions as congestive splenomegaly and sickle cell disease, and consisting of relatively dense fibrous tissue or collagenous fibres impregnated with iron pigment and calcium salts; probably result from organization …

Gamna-Gandy nodules
Synonym for Gamna-Gandy bodies ... Small firm spheroidal or irregular foci that are yellow-brown, brown, or rustlike in colour, occurring chiefly in the spleen in such conditions as congestive splenomegaly and sickle cell disease, and consisting of relatively dense fibrous tissue or collagenous fibres impregnated with iron pigment and calcium salts; …

Gamna's disease
<disease> A form of chronic splenomegaly characterised by conspicuous thickening of the capsule and the presence of multiple, small, rustlike, brown foci (Gamna-Gandy bodies), which contain iron; this condition may be observed in fibrocongestive splenomegaly, sickle cell disease, and some examples of haemochromatosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...