Copy of `mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary`
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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197
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divinyl etherO(CH==CH2)2;a volatile liquid, the vapor of which produces rapid induction of general anaesthesia; prolonged administration is associated with adverse side effects on the liver and central nervous system; an obsolete agent. ... Synonym: vinyl ether. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
divinyl ether synthase<enzyme> Catalyses conversion of hydroperoxides to divinyl ethers; isolated from garlic bulbs allium sativum; preferentially acts sterospecifically on the (s) enantomer of 13-hpod ((9z,11e,13s)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid ... Registry number: EC 1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
division1. The act of dividing. ... 2. <zoology> A rank that if treated as a division of a genus or subgenus is deemed to be of subgeneric rank for the purposes of nomenclature. ... 3. A taxon at the rank of division. The second highest taxonomic classification for the kingdoms Plantae (plants) and Fungi, between kingdom level and class level. ... (09 J …
division septum<cell biology> The cell wall that forms between daughter cells at the end of mitosis in plant cells or just before separation in bacteria. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
divorce1. A legal dissolution of the marriage contract by a court or other body having competent authority. This is properly a divorce, and called, technically, divorce a vinculo matrimonii. 'from the bond of matrimony.' The separation of a married woman from the bed and board of her husband divorce a mensa et toro (or thoro), 'from bed board.' ... 2. The …
divulseTo tear away or apart. ... Origin: L. Di-vello, pp. Di-vulsus, to pull apart ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
divulsion1. Removal of a part by tearing. ... 2. Forcible dilation of the walls of a cavity or canal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
divulsorAn instrument for forcible dilation of the urethra or other canal or cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dixyrazine2-2-[4-(2-Methyl-3(10H-Phenothiazin-10-yl)propyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethoxyethanol;a phenothiazine compound used as an antipsychotic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dizocilpine maleate<chemical> 10,11-dihydro-5-methyl-5h-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate. A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the nmda receptor (receptors, n-methyl-d-aspartate) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which nmda receptors may play an important …
dizygoticRelating to twins derived from two separate zygotes, i.e., bearing the same genetic relationship as full sibs but sharing a common intrauterine environment. ... Origin: G. Di-, two, + zygotos, yoked together ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dizygotic twin<embryology> Twins which are the result of two separate zygotes, or two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm. ... They can be any combination of sexes (two males, two females, one of each). ... Compare: monozygotic twins. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
dizygotic twinsDizygotic twins are siblings who have shared a common uterine environment. They are due to fertilization of two different ova by different sperm. Dizygotic twins are also called fraternal twins. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
dizzinessFeelings such as lightheadedness, giddiness, depersonalization (the feeling that one is outside ones body), a sense of turning, spinning or rocking. Sometimes a sensation inside the head and other times related to problems with balance. ... One cause of dizziness is overbreathing (hyperventilation) due to anxiety. The overbreathing also causes light …
dizziness, pre-syncopalSyncope is fainting. Pre-syncope is before fainting, whedn one is about to faint. Some symptoms of dizziness such as wooziness, feeling about to black out, and tunnel vision may be pre-syncopal and are due to insufficient blood flow to the brain. These symptoms are typically worse when standing, improve with lying down and may be experienced by hea …
DJDA form of arthritis that results in the destruction of the articular cartilage that line the joints. Seen predominately in the larger weight bearing joints of the hips, knees and spine, but may also be evident in the small joints of the hands. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...
djenkol poisoningPoisoning believed to result from eating excessive amounts of a bean, Pitecolobium lobatum; symptoms are pain in the renal region, dysuria, and later anuria; the djenkol bean has a high vitamin B content and is used for food despite its toxic qualities. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
djenkolic acidCH2[S-CH2CH (NH3)+COO+] 2; S,S'-Methylenebiscysteine;a sulfur-containing amino acid, resembling cystine but with a methylene bridge between the two sulfur atoms; very insoluble. ... Origin: djenkol, bean, bean in which first isolated ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
djiboutiA republic in eastern africa, on the gulf of aden at the entrance to the red sea. Djibouti is also the name of its capital. It was formerly the french territory of afars and issas and later french somaliland, in french hands from 1862 to 1977 when it became independent. The republic was named from the capital, which is said to derive from an afar w …
dl-<prefix> Prefix (in small capital letters) denoting a substance consisting of equal quantities of the two enantiomorphs, d and l; replaces the older dl-(in lower case italics) as a more exact definition of structure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dl-hyoscyamineSynonym for atropine ... <drug> A toxic alkaloid extracted from belladonna and other members of thenightshade family, it is typically used to dilate the eye and to stopmuscular spasms. ... Pharmacologic action: Parasympatholytic. Competitive blockade of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Increases sinus node automaticity and AV conduction.< …
DLVO theory<cell biology> Theory of colloid flocculation advanced independently by Derjaguin & Landau and by Vervey & Overbeek and subsequently applied to cell adhesion. ... There exist distances (primary and secondary minima) at which the forces of attraction exceed those of electrostatic repulsion, an adhesion will thus be formed. For cells the …
DM<abbreviation> Adamsite; diabetes mellitus; diastolic murmur; dopamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DM-kinase<enzyme> Ctg-repeats in this gene may be the cause of myotonic dystrophy ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: dmr-b15 gene product, myotonic dystrophy protein kinase, dm-pk, dm protein kinase, dmpk gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DMA<abbreviation> Dimethoxyamphetamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DMC<abbreviation> P,p,'-dichlorodiphenyl methyl carbinol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dmf<abbreviation> Decayed, missing, and filled teeth. ... See: dmfs caries index. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dmf indexdecayed, missing and filled teeth, a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
dmfs<abbreviation> Decayed, missing, and filled surfaces. ... See: dmfs caries index. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dmfs caries indexAn index of past caries experience based upon the number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces of deciduous (indicated by lower case letters) or permanent (indicated by capital letters) teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dmpp<chemical> A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. Dmpp activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction. ... Pharmacological action: ganglionic stimulants, nicotinic agonists. ... Chemical name: Piperazinium, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-, iodide ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DMSO<abbreviation> Dimethyl sulfoxide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DMT<abbreviation> N,N-dimethyltryptamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DN<abbreviation> Dibucaine number. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA<cell biology, molecular biology> Deoxyribonucleic acid. ... The molecule that encodes genetic information in the nucleus of cells. It determines the structure, function and behaviour of the cell. ... DNA is a double-stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases: a …
DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from s-adenosylmethionine to the 5-position of cytosine or to the 6-position in adenine in mammalian DNA. ... Chemical name: S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.1.1.37 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA adductsCovalent adducts between chemical mutagens and DNA. Such couplings activate DNA repair processes and, unless repaired prior to DNA replication, may lead to nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and chromosome rearrangements. (rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical and molecular, 5th ed) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA alkyltransferase<enzyme> Involved in DNA repair by conversion of o(6)-alkylguanine and o(4)-alkylthymine to the normal bases; see also EC 2.1.1.63, o(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.5.1.- ... Synonym: alkylated DNA alkyltransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA amplification<molecular biology> The use of enzymes in making millions or billions of copies of a single DNA sequence (see PCR). ... (14 Nov 1997) ...
DNA annealing<molecular biology> The reformation of double stranded DNA from thermally denatured DNA. The rate of reassociation depends upon the degree of repetition and is slowest for unique sequences (this is the basis of the Cot value). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA beta-glucosyltransferase<enzyme> Transfers a beta-d-glucosyl residue from udp-glucose to hydroxymethylcytosine residues in double-stranded DNA ... Registry number: EC 2.4.1.27 ... Synonym: udp-glucose-DNA beta-d-glucosyltransferase, udp-glucose - 5-hydroxymethylcytosine beta-glucosyltransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA binding protein<molecular biology> Proteins that interact with DNA, typically to pack or modify the DNA for example histones or to regulate gene expression, transcription factors. Among those proteins that recognise specific DNA sequences, there are a number of characteristic conserved motifs believed to be essential for specificity. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA cloningThe use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA damageDrug- or radiation-induced injuries in DNA that introduce deviations from its normal double-helical conformation. These changes include structural distortions which interfere with replication and transcription, as well as point mutations which disrupt base pairs and exert damaging effects on future generations through changes in DNA sequence. If th …
DNA delta-helicase<enzyme> From foetal calf thymus; partially copurifies with DNA polymerase delta; also has DNA-dependent atpase activity ... Registry number: EC 3.6.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA deoxyribophosphodiesterase<enzyme> From E coli; catalyses the release of deoxyribose phosphate residues from polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-termini ... Registry number: EC 3.1.4.- ... Synonym: drpase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA diagnosis<molecular biology> The use of DNA polymorphisms to detect the presence of a disease gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA diagnosticsIdentifying foetuses or infants afflicted with hereditary diseases or conditions, and carriers of recessive disorders by means of DNA analysis. ... See: DNA markers, familial screening, prenatal screening. ... Synonym: genetic testing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA duplex<molecular biology> The double-stranded DNA molecule, which has a double helix (usually right-handed) structure. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA entry nuclease<chemical> Mw 75kda; from membranes of competent bacillus subtilis cells; shows DNA-binding and nuclease activity; believed to be involved in entry of DNA into competent b subtilis cells ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA excision<molecular biology> The removal of a damaged segment of a DNA molecule by a group of DNA repair enzymes in order to repair the molecule. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA filter assay<molecular biology> A lab technique used to identify the complementary base sequences of DNA. It involves immobilising the DNA on a filter and putting it in a solution that contains radioactively-labelled probe DNA or RNA molecules. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA fingerprint<molecular biology> The unique pattern of DNA fragments identified by Southern hybridisation (using a probe that binds to a polymorphic region of DNA) or by polymerase chain reaction (using primers flanking the polymorphic region). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA fingerprinting<molecular biology> See restriction fragment length polymorphism. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA footprinting<molecular biology> Technique for identifying the recognition site of DNA binding proteins: ... See: footprinting. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA fragmentationEndonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments at internucleosomal sites. DNA fragmentation along with chromatin condensation are considered the hallmarks of apoptosis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA gapA localised loss of one of the two strands in the double helix of DNA. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA gene<molecular biology> Any of a number of genes found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes proteins that are essential for DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA glycosylase<enzyme, molecular biology> Class of enzymes involved in DNA repair. They recognise altered bases in DNA and catalyse their removal by cleaving the glycosidic bond between the base and the deoxyribose sugar. at least 20 such enzymes occur in cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA gyrase<enzyme, molecular biology> A type II topoisomerase of Escherichia coli, that is essential for DNA replication. This enzyme can induce or relax supercoiling. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA helicase<enzyme, molecular biology> A prokaryote enzyme that uses the hydrolysis of ATP to unwind the DNA helix at the replication fork, to allow the resulting single strands to be copied. Two molecules of ATP are required for each nucleotide pair of the duplex. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA helicases<enzyme> Proteins that promote unwinding of duplex DNA during replication by binding cooperatively to single-stranded regions of DNA or to short regions of duplex DNA that are undergoing transient opening. ... Registry number: EC 5.99.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA helixSynonym for Watson-Crick helix ... The helical structure assumed by two strands of deoxyribonucleic acid, held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands, referred to as Watson-Crick base pairing. ... See: base pair. ... Synonym: DNA helix, double helix, twin helix. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA homology<molecular biology> How closely related two or more separate strands of DNA are to each other, based on their base sequences. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA hybridisationSynonym for hybridisation ... <molecular biology> The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA or one each of DNA and RNA to form a double-stranded molecule. ... Technique in which single stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so that complexes or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary seque …
DNA hybridizationA technique used to determine the relatedness of microorganisms by the speed and efficiency of the reassociation of single-stranded DNA to form double-stranded DNA when one of the strands originates from one organism and the other strand from another organism; occurs when the base sequences are complementary or nearly so. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA insertion elementsDiscrete transposable segments of DNA which can insert into chromosomal, phage, and plasmid DNA. Some insert at random while others are site-specific; most have not been found to exist except in the inserted state. Their insertion into a genome always produces a mutation ('insertion mutation'), and their excision frequently results in a loss of hos …
DNA iteron<molecular biology> Repeated DNA sequence found near the origin of replication of some plasmids. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA librarySynonym for genomic library ... <molecular biology> A collection of DNA molecules, derived from restriction fragments that have been cloned in vectors, that includes all or part of the genetic material of an organism. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA ligase<enzyme, molecular biology> Enzyme involved in DNA replication. The DNA ligase of E. Coli seals nicks in one strand of double stranded DNA, a reaction required for linking precursor fragments during discontinuous synthesis on the lagging strand. Nicks are breaks in the phosphodiester linkage that leave a free 3_ OH and 5_ phosphate. The ligas …
DNA ligases<enzyme> Poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide)ligases. Enzymes that catalyze the joining of preformed deoxyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage during genetic processes during repair of a single-stranded break in duplex DNA. The class includes both ATP and NAD. ... Registry number: EC 6.5.1.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA ligation<molecular biology> The joining of two DNA strands by their ends with a phosphodiester bond. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA markersSegments of chromosomal DNA known to be linked with heritable traits or diseases. Although the markers themselves to not produce the conditions, they exist in concert with the genes responsible and are passed on with them. Certain markers, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, consist of segments of DNA that can be identified on autoradiograph …
DNA melting<molecular biology> Denaturation of a DNA molecule with heat. The double-stranded molecule breaks up into two single-stranded molecules as a result of heat. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA methylation<molecular biology> Process by which methyl groups are added to certain nucleotides in genomic DNA. ... This affects gene expression, as methylated DNA is not easily transcribed. The degree of methylation is passed on to daughter strands at mitosis by maintainance DNA methylases. Accordingly, DNA methylation is thought to play an important dev …
DNA modification<molecular biology> A variety of chemical changes made to a DNA molecule just after it has been replicated. An example is DNA methylation. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA modification methylases<enzyme> Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the hosT-cell DNA and remain intact for …
DNA molecules, recombinantA combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technology. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA mutational analysisBiochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA N-glycosidase<enzyme> Excises 3-methyladenine from alkylated DNA leaving an apurinic site with both 3' and 5' phosphodiester bonds intact, a preparatory step for nucleotide excision repair; excises hypoxanthine from deaminated DNA and polydeoxyribonucleotides; prefer EC 3.2.2.20 or EC 3.2.2.21 ... Registry number: EC 3.2.2.- ... Synonym: DNA glycosylase, me …
DNA nucleotidylexotransferase<enzyme> A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyses the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukaemias in man. ... Chemical name: Nucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidylexotransferase ... Registry …
DNA nucleotidyltransferases<enzyme> A general term denoting enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA chain. ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA photolyase<enzyme, molecular biology> A DNA repair enzyme which recognises and removes dimers that have formed between pyrimidine nitrogenous bases on the same strand as each other, as a result of too much ultraviolet radiation. The enzyme can only do this if visible light is present. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA polymerase<enzyme, molecular biology> Enzymes involved in template directed synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. I, II and III are known in E. Coli, III appears to be most important in genome replication and I is important for its ability to edit out unpaired bases at the end of growing strands. Animal cells have and polymerases, wi …
DNA polymerase beta<enzyme> A DNA repair enzyme that catalyses DNA synthesis during base excision DNA repair. ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA polymerase iDNA Polymerase I is an enzyme that aids in DNA replication. It has the following 3 functions: ... 1. Polymerizes in the 5(r) to 3(r) direction on single-stranded template. ... 2. Degrades single or double-stranded DNA from a free 3(r)-OH end, and ... 3. Degrades double-stranded DNA from a free 5(r) end. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA polymerase II<enzyme> An enzyme that aids in DNA replication. It has a number of different functions, including the repair of ultraviolet radiation damaged DNA. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA polymerase III<enzyme> An enzyme that aids in DNA replication. It has a number of different functions, such as: proofreading newly replicated DNA, removing nucleotides from the 3' end of the strand one by one, and binding nucleotides from the 5' end of the strand. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA polymerisation<molecular biology> The making of a DNA molecule from nucleotide monomers by linking them together in a long chain (a polymer). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA polymorphismA condition in which one of two different but normal nucleotide sequences can exist at a particular site in DNA. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA primase<enzyme> A single-stranded DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that functions to initiate, or prime, DNA synthesis by synthesizing a nucleotide RNA polymer. ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA primersShort sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA probe<molecular biology> A small piece of nucleic acid that has been labelled with a radioactive isotope, dye, or enzyme and is used to locate a complementary nucleotide sequence or gene on a DNA molecule. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...
DNA probesSpecies- or subspecies-specific DNA (including complementary DNA (DNA, complementary), conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridises with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques us …
DNA probes, HLADNA probes specific for the human leukocyte antigen genes, which represent the major histocompatibility determinants in humans. The four known loci are designated as a, b, c, and d. Specific antigens are identified by a locus notation and number, e.g., HLA-a11. The inheritance of certain HLA alleles is associated with increased risk for certain dis …
DNA probes, HPVDNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA profilingSynonym for DNA fingerprinting ... <molecular biology> See restriction fragment length polymorphism. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA puff<molecular biology> An area on a chromosome where transcription of DNA into mRNA, or replication of DNA is occurring, resulting in an enlarged, puffy appearance of the area. Similar to chromosome puff, except generalised to any type of chromosome in any type of organism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA rearrangement<molecular biology> Wholesale movement of sequences from one position to another in DNA, such as occur somatically, for example in the generation of antibody diversity. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA renaturationSynonym for DNA annealing ... <molecular biology> The reformation of double stranded DNA from thermally denatured DNA. The rate of reassociation depends upon the degree of repetition and is slowest for unique sequences (this is the basis of the Cot value). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
