Copy of `mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary`
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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197
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DNA repair<molecular biology> Each cell has a series of special enzymes to correct the errors in DNA structure and sequence. This protects genetic information against environmental damage and replication errors and restore the DNA to its original state. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...
DNA repair geneA gene engaged in DNA repair. When a DNA repair gene is altered, mutations pile up throughout the DNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA repair pathwayThe sequence of steps in the repair of DNA. Each step is governed by an enzyme. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA replicase<enzyme> An aspect of EC 2.7.7.7; mouse enzyme has both DNA polymerase and DNA primase activity ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA replication<molecular biology> The process whereby a copy of a DNA molecule is made and thus the genetic information it contains is duplicated. The parental double stranded DNA molecule is replicated semi conservatively, i.e. Each copy contains one of the original strands paired with a newly synthesised strand that is complementary in terms of at and GC …
DNA restriction enzymes<enzyme> Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to dest …
DNA reverse gyrase<enzyme> A topoisomerase II subclass which introduces positive superhelical turns into DNA ... Registry number: EC 3.1.- ... Synonym: reverse gyrase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA sequence<molecular biology> The relative order of base pairs, whether in a fragment of DNA, a gene, a chromosome, or an entire genome. ... See: base sequence analysis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA sequence analysis<molecular biology> Determination of the nucleotide sequence of a length of DNA. Typically, this is performed by cloning the DNA of interest, so that enough can be prepared to allow the sequence to be determined, usually by the Sanger dideoxy chain temination or Maxam Gilbert chain degradation techniques. The resulting reactions are then run …
DNA sequence, unstableDNA region comprised of a variable number of repetitive, contiguous trinucleotide sequences. Presence of these regions is associated with diseases such as fragile x syndrome and myotonia atrophica. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA sequencing<molecular biology> Any lab technique used to find out the sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule or fragment. ... Examples are dideoxy sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA shearing<molecular biology> The tearing apart of unusually long DNA molecules by mechanical rather than chemical means, sometimes by accident when the molecule is being prepared in the lab for testing. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA supercoiling<molecular biology> The condition of DNA coiling up onitself because its helix has been bent, overwound or underwound. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA synaptase<enzyme> Fuses double stranded DNA molecules at a region of homology ... Registry number: EC 6.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA synthesiser<molecular biology> A machine which automatically makes short, artificial polynucleotides or oligonucleotides with any desired sequence of nucleotide bases. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA technology, recombinantA series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed (recombined) from segments from 2 or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, autonomously (on its own) or after it has become integrated into a chromosome.< …
DNA topoisomerase<enzyme, molecular biology> An enzyme capable of altering the degree of supercoiling of double stranded DNA molecules. Various topoisomerases can increase or relax supercoiling, convert single stranded rings to intertwined double stranded rings, tie and untie knots in single stranded and duplex rings, catenate and decatenate duplex rings. Top …
DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)<enzyme> An ATP-requiring enzyme which, in the presence of magnesium ions, introduces negative supertwists into closed and possibly linear duplex DNA. The enzyme is implicated in DNA replication and transcription. It causes the storage of mechanical strain energy in the superhelical turns of DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. ... Chemical n …
DNA transfection<molecular biology> A technique originally developed to allow viral infection of animal cells by uptake of purified viral DNA rather than by intact virus particles. Term is now generally used to describe applications of same methodology to introduction of other kinds of genes or gene fragments into cells as DNA, such as activated oncogenes fr …
DNA tumour virus<oncology, virology> Virus with DNA genome that can cause tumours in animals. ... Examples are Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae and Epstein Barr virus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA tumour virusesDNA viruses producing malignant tumours. Of the six major groupings of DNA viruses four contain members which are actually or potentially oncogenic: the adenoviridae, the herpesviridae, the papovaviridae, and the poxviridae. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA twisting<molecular biology> The coiling of a double-stranded DNA molecule in the opposite direction than the direction that the helix turns. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA typingSynonym for DNA fingerprinting ... <molecular biology> See restriction fragment length polymorphism. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA unwinding protein<molecular biology> A protein that will attach to single-stranded DNA after it has been unwound for replication or recombination, and help it stay unwound. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA virus<molecular biology, virology> A virus in which the nucleic acid is double or single stranded DNA (rather than RNA). Major groups of double stranded DNA viruses are papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, large bacteriophages and poxviruses: of single stranded, parvoviruses and coliphages _X174 and M13. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNA virusesViruses whose nucleic acid is DNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA writhing<molecular biology> Coiling of a double-stranded DNA molecule in such a way that it crosses its own (longitudinal) axis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA-activated protein kinase<enzyme> Nuclear serine-threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates DNA-binding proteins; may function in cell homeostasis ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: DNA-pk, DNA-dependent protein serine-threonine kinase, DNA-dependent protein kinase, scid gene product, xrcc7 gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA-binding proteinsProteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA-dependent ATPase<enzyme> Factor y is a phage 174 specific DNA-dependent atpase; atpase I can act with double-stranded DNA; atpase II and III require single-stranded DNA; a18r from vaccinia virus ... Registry number: EC 3.6.1.- ... Synonym: DNA helicase II, factor y, DNA-dependent atpase I, DNA-dependent atpase II, DNA-dependent atpase III, rep protein (E coli) …
DNA-dependent ATPase-endonuclease<enzyme> Atpase and endonuclease are part of a single protein from phage t4 infected E coli; atpase is activated by duplex, single-stranded or supercoiled DNA ... Registry number: EC 3.1.21.- ... Synonym: atpase-endonuclease ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNA-directed DNA polymerase<enzyme> DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair. ... Chemical nam …
DNA-directed RNA polymerase<enzyme> A group of enzymes that catalyses DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesised. ... Chemical name: Nucleoside-tri …
DNA-driven reaction<molecular biology> A lab technique to mark highly-repeated DNA sequences with a radioactive RNA tracer, by having a much larger amount of complementary DNA molecules than radioactive RNA tracer molecules. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA-protein interaction<molecular biology> Any complex that forms between a protein molecule and DNA. ... Examples are nucleosomes (structures formed for the purpose of DNA storage) and any gene regulatory protein (a protein which regulates transcription by binding to a regulatory region on the DNA). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA-RNA hybridDouble-stranded polynucleic acids in which one strand is DNA and the other strand is the complementary RNA; formed during transcription and during multiplication of oncogenic RNA viruses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNA-RNA hybridisation<molecular biology> A type of hybridisation. In this case, a strand of DNA is joined with a complementary strand of RNA to form a double-stranded molecule (or one which is partly double-stranded, if one of the original single strands is shorter than the other). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNA, antisenseA DNA molecule which is complementary to the sense strand (that which functions as a template for the synthesis of mRNA) but is not involved in transcription. Both strands are involved in replication. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, archaealDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, bacterialDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, chloroplastDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of chloroplasts. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, circularAny of the covalently closed DNA molecules found in bacteria, many viruses, mitochondria, plastids, and plasmids. Small, polydisperse circular DNA's have also been observed in a number of eukaryotic organisms and are suggested to have homology with chromosomal DNA and the capacity to be inserted into, and excised from, chromosomal DNA. It is a frag …
DNA, complementarySingle-stranded complementary DNA synthesised from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Cdna (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not c-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, fungalDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, helminthDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, kinetoplastMitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order kinetoplastida. Kinetoplast DNA is used as a DNA probe and consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second b …
DNA, mitochondrialDouble-stranded DNA of mitochondria. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial genome is circular and codes for ribosomal rnas, transfer rnas, and about 10 proteins. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, neoplasmDNA present in neoplastic tissue. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, nongeneticThrough the marvellous medium of the Internet, we have discovered that DNA need not refer to deoxyribonucleic acid. Specifically, in an e-mail entitled A day in the life of a specialist registrar from Glascow, Scotland we read that in gynaecology outpatient clinic, the specialist registrar (resident in the U.S.) at 12:10 Sorted out the DNA's (did n …
DNA, plantDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, protozoanDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, recombinantBiologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, repetitiveDNA sequences that are repeated in the genome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, ribosomalDNA sequences encoding ribosomal RNA. These sequences regulate amplification and transcription initiation and contain transcribed and nontranscribed spacer segments. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, satelliteDNA that contains many tandem (not inverted) repeats of a short basic repeating unit. Satellite DNA is located at very specific spots in the genome (on chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and the Y chromosome, the tiny short arms of chromosomes 13-15 and 21 and 22, and near the centromeres of chromosomes). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, single-strandedA single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, superhelicalCircular duplex DNA isolated from viruses, bacteria and mitochondria in supercoiled or supertwisted form. This superhelical DNA is endowed with free energy. During transcription, the magnitude of RNA initiation is proportional to the DNA superhelicity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNA, viralDeoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
DNAa gene<molecular biology> A defective gene of the bacteria Escherichia coli which produces a defective protein that influences DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAb gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes a protein that is involved in the formation of primer polynucleotide chains, which are precursors of DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DnaB helicase<enzyme> Dnac delivers the dnab helicase from a dnab.dnac complex to the future replication fork; isolated from E coli ... Registry number: EC 3.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
DNAe gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes some of the components of the DNA Polymerase III protein, an enzyme which plays an important role in DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAf gene<molecular biology> A gene which codes for an enzyme (ribonucleotide reductase) which breaks down ribonucleotides. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
dnaGSynonym for primase ... <enzyme> The enzyme that polymerises nucleotide triphosphates to form oligoribonucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction. The enzyme synthesises the RNA for RNA DNA sequences that later become Okazaki fragments and also RNA primers for some types of phage using an sDNA template. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
DNAg gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes the enzyme primase, an enzyme which helps make primers, which are precursors to DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAh gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes some of the components of the DNA Polymerase III protein, an enzyme which plays an important role in DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAi gene<molecular biology> A gene that makes a protein which plays a role in DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAj gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which helps the bacteria survive at high temperatures. It also plays an important role in the replication of the DNA of bacteriophage lambda. It is closely linked with the DNAK gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAk gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which helps the bacteria survive at high temperatures. It also is important in the replication of the DNA of bacteriophage lambda. It is closely linked with the DNAJ gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAl gene<molecular biology> A type of DNA gene which has not been described. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAq gene<molecular biology> A gene found in the bacteria Escherichia coli which makes some of the components of the DNA Polymerase III protein, an enzyme with an important role in DNA replication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAseSynonym for deoxyribonuclease ... <enzyme> An endonuclease with preference for DNA. Pancreatic DNAse I yields di and oligo nucleotide 5_ phosphates, pancreatic DNAse II yields 3_ phosphates. In chromatin, the sensitivity of DNA to digestion by DNAse I depends on its state of organisation, transcriptionally active genes being much more sensitiv …
DNAse footprinting<molecular biology> A lab technique used to find out which segments of a DNA molecule are protected by DNA-binding proteins from attack by endonuclease enzymes, which break down DNA into smaller fragments by cleaving its phosphodiester bonds. The technique does this with gel electrophoresis to find out which parts of the DNA have sites for pr …
DNAse iA type of endonuclease, or enzyme that breaks down DNA molecules at their phosphodiester bonds. It is found in large quantities in the pancreas. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAse i hypersensitivity site<molecular biology> A site on a DNA molecule that is especially prone to being cut apart by the endonuclease enzyme DNase I, which breaks down DNA into smaller fragments by cleaving phosphodiester bonds. These sites tend to be near active genes, which are regularly transcribed. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNAse i sensitivity<molecular biology> The likelihood that a particular DNA segment will be attacked by the endonuclease enzyme DNase I, which breaks down DNA into smaller fragments by cleaving its phosphodiester bonds. DNA segments which contain active genes that are regularly transcribed are more prone to being cut apart by DNase I than inactivated genes, bec …
DNAt gene<molecular biology> A gene that helps dismantle the replication complex (the combination of proteins and enzymes which work together to replicate the DNA) when the end of the DNA molecule has been reached and replication is finished. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
DNP1. <abbreviation> 2,4-dinitrophenol. ... 2. <abbreviation> Deoxyribonucleoprotein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DNR<abbreviation> 'do not resuscitate.' ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
DnsAbbreviations for dansyl. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
do1. To place; to put. ... 2. To cause; to make; with an infinitive. 'My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences.' (W. Caxton) 'I shall . . . Your cloister do make.' (Piers Plowman) 'A fatal plague which many did to die.' (Spenser) 'We do you to wit [i. E, We make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of …
DOA<abbreviation> Dead on arrival. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Doa kinase<enzyme> Member of a highly conserved protein kinase family with homologs in humans, mice and yeast; essential for eye and embryonic development in drosophila melanogaster; genbank x78715 ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: doa protein, doa gene product, darkener of apricot gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
dobutamine<chemical> (+-)-4-(2-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol. A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. ... Pharmacological action: adrenergic beta-agonists, cardiot …
docetaxel<drug> This taxoid is found in the English yew, Taxus baccata. It inhibits microtubule disassembly and is being investigated as a chemotherapy agent. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
dock1. <botany> A genus of plants (Rumex), some species of which are well-known weeds which have a long taproot and are difficult of extermination. ... 2. Yellow dock is Rumex crispus, with smooth curly leaves and yellow root, which that of other species is used medicinally as an astringent and tonic. ... Origin: AS. Docce; of uncertain origin; cf. …
docking proteinSynonym for signal recognition particle receptor ... Receptor for the signal recognition particle (SRP) found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Also called docking protein. Heterodimeric, both protomers having GTP binding capacity, though dissimilar binding sites. Not until the complex of SRP, ribosome, message and nascent polypeptide ch …
docosahexaenoic acidsC22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in fish oils. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
doctor1. A teacher; one skilled in a profession, or branch of knowledge learned man. 'One of the doctors of Italy, Nicholas Macciavel.' (Bacon) ... 2. An academical title, originally meaning a men so well versed in his department as to be qualified to teach it. Hence: One who has taken the highest degree conferred by a university or college, or has receiv …
doctrine1. Teaching; instruction. 'He taught them many things by parables, and said unto them in his doctrine, Hearken.' (Mark iv. 2) ... 2. That which is taught; what is held, put forth as true, and supported by a teacher, a school, or a sect; a principle or position, or the body of principles, in any branch of knowledge; any tenet or dogma; a principle of …
documentAn original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof or support of something, such as a book, report or letter that conveys information. ... Origin: L. Docere = to teach ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
documentaries and factual filmsFilms, videos, and programs which depict actual persons or actual events. They do not include frank historical re-creations and do not attempt to judge the truth of the depiction in a film purporting to be factual or documentary in character. (moving image materials: genre terms, 1988) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
docusate calciumCalcium salt of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate;a surface-active agent used in the treatment of constipation as a nonlaxative faecal softener. ... Synonym: dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
docusate sodiumBis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate;a surface-active agent used as a dispersing agent in topically applied preparations. After oral administration it lowers the surface tension of the gastrointestinal tract and is used in the treatment of constipation. ... Synonym: dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dodder<botany> A plant of the genus Cuscuta. It is a leafless parasitical vine with yellowish threadlike stems. It attaches itself to some other plant, as to flax, goldenrod, etc, and decaying at the root. Is nourished by the plant that supports it. ... To shake, tremble, or totter. 'The doddering mast.' ... Origin: Cf. Dan. Dodder, Sw. Dodra, G. Dot …
dodecanol<chemical> A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odour and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. ... Chemical name: 1-Dodecanol ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
dodecanoyl-CoA synthetaseSynonym for long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ... <enzyme> Fatty acid thiokinase (long-chain), a ligase forming acyl-CoA, AMP, and pyrophosphate from long-chain fatty acids, ATP, and coenzyme A. Activity is independent of phosphatidylcholine ... Registry number: EC 6.2.1.3 ... Synonym: acyl-activating enzyme, dodecanoyl-CoA synthetase, fatty acid …
dodecarbonium chlorideBenzyl(dodecycarbamoylmethyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride;an antiseptic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dodecylThe radical of dodecane. ... Dodecyl gallate, dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate;an antioxidant. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
dodecyl sulfateSee: sodium dodecyl sulfate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
