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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

drug abuse
Use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed. Drug dependence is a compulsion to take a drug to produce a desired effect or prevent unpleasant effects when the drug is withheld. Risk factors for drug abuse include: low self esteem, inability to deal with stress and emotional instabi …

drug activity
A measure of the physiological response a drug produces. A less active drug produces less response (and visa versa). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug addiction
Use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed. Drug dependence is a compulsion to take a drug to produce a desired effect or prevent unpleasant effects when the drug is withheld. Risk factors for drug abuse include: low self esteem, inability to deal with stress and emotional instabi …

drug administration routes
The various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and delivered to the target tissue. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug administration schedule
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug allergy
Sensitivity (hypersensitivity) to a drug or other chemical. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug and narcotic control
Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (drug approval), and marketing of drugs. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug approval
Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug carriers
Substances that facilitate time-controlled delivery, organ-specific targeting, protection, prolonged in vivo function, and decrease of toxicity of drugs. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers. ... (12 …

drug combinations
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture. It is differentiated from drug therapy, combination in which two or more drugs are administered separately for a combined effect. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug compounding
The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug costs
The amount that a health care institution or organization pays for its drugs. It is one component of the final price that is charged to the consumer (fees, pharmaceutical or prescription fees). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug delivery
The method and route used to provide medication. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

drug delivery systems
Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug dependence
Use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed. Drug dependence is a compulsion to take a drug to produce a desired effect or prevent unpleasant effects when the drug is withheld. Risk factors for drug abuse include: low self esteem, inability to deal with stress and emotional instabi …

drug design
The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assist …

drug development pathway
The various procedures and studies that must be undertaken to satisfy Food and Drug Administration requirements for drug approval and marketing. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

drug eruptions
Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug evaluation
Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug fever
Fever resulting from an allergic reaction to a drug that clears rapidly on discontinuation of the drug. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug half-life
The amount of time it takes for one-half of an administered drug to be lost through biological processes (metabolism and elimination). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

drug holiday
Interval when a chronically medicated patient temporarily stops taking the medication; used to allow some recuperation of normal functions, to maintain sensitivity to the drug, and to reduce the likelihood of side-effects. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug implants
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug incompatibility
<pharmacology> The quality of not being miscible with another given substance without a chemical change. ... One drug is not of suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance. The incompatibility usually results in an undesirable reaction, including chemical alteration or destruction. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug industry
That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug information services
Services providing pharmaceutic and therapeutic drug information and consultation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug interaction
<pharmacology> A chemical or physiologic reaction that can occur when two different medications are taken together and the interaction may affect the metabolism, effectiveness or toxicity of the other. ... (18 Jul 2002) ...

drug labelling
Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug monitoring
The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug packaging
Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the united states, such packaging is controlled under the federal food, drug, and cosmetic act which also stipulates …

drug pathogenesis
The production of morbid symptoms by drugs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug psychosis
Psychosis following or precipitated by ingestion of a drug, e.g., LSD. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug rash
Synonym for drug eruptions ... Adverse cutaneous reactions caused by ingestion, parenteral use, or local application of a drug. These may assume various morphologic patterns and produce various types of lesions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug residues
Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug resistance
The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to withstand a drug to which they were once sensitive (and were once stalled or killed outright). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug resistance, microbial
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through plasmids containing resistance factors (r factors). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug resistance, multiple
Simultaneous resistance to a broad spectrum of structurally and functionally distinct drugs following exposure to a single agent. It is thought to result from the overexpression of genes encoding an integral plasma membrane protein, p-glycoprotein. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug resistance, neoplasm
Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug resistant
Unresponsive to the desired effects of drugs or other therapy for example: irradiation cytotoxic agents or hormones. Drug resistance of cells within tumours is probably the major cause of treatment failure. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

drug screening
Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug screening assays, antitumour
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumour growth parameters in laboratory animals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug side effect
An often undesirable effect that occurs in association with the use of a particular medication. ... Examples of common drug side effects include: nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, headache and weakness. Drug side effects that occur in 1% or more, of patients taking a particular medication are considered to be causally related to the use of that …

drug tetanus
Tonic spasms caused by strychnine or other tetanic. ... Synonym: toxic tetanus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug therapy, combination
Drug therapy with two or more drugs given separately for a combined effect. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug therapy, computer-assisted
Adjunctive computer programs in providing drug treatment to patients. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug tolerance
Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein a human, animal, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug toxicity
The systemic effects of a drug that are related to the overall level of the medication in the bloodstream. Drug toxicity may occur with overdosage of a medication, accumulation of the drug in the body over time or the inability of the patients body to eliminate the drug. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

drug utilization
The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug utilization review
Formal programs for assessing drug prescription against some standard. Drug utilization review may consider clinical appropriateness, cost effectiveness, and, in some cases, outcomes. Review is usually retrospective, but some analysis may be done before drugs are dispensed (as in computer systems which advise physicians when prescriptions are enter …

drug withdrawal
A clinical syndrome of psychological, and, sometimes physical factors that result from the sustained use of a particular drug when the drug is abruptly withdrawn. ... Symptoms are variable but may include anxiety, nervousness, irritability, sweating, nausea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing and seizures. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

drug-drug interaction
The effects that occur when two or more drugs are used together. Such effects include changes of absorption in the digestive tract, changes in rate of the drugs' breakdown in the liver, new or enhanced side effects and changes in the drugs' activity. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

drug-fast
Pertaining to microorganisms that resist or become tolerant to an antibacterial agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug-induced cholestasis
<hepatology> A condition where a drug is interfering with the normal flow of bile from the liver to the gut via the biliary tract. The end result is jaundice. ... Origin: Gr. Stasis = stoppage ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

drug-induced diarrhoea
<gastroenterology> Diarrhoea may be produced by several mechanisms. Laxatives may produce diarrhoea by increasing the flow of water into the intestine or by increasing the intestinal motility. ... Antibiotic medications can cause diarrhoea by killing the normal bacteria that live in the intestine and help us digest our food. Some drugs produce …

drug-induced disease
<pharmacology> A toxic reaction to or morbid condition resulting from the administration of a drug. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drug-induced hepatitis
<hepatology, pathology> Inflammation and hepatocellular damage of the liver that is caused by a drug. ... Some medications may cause inflammation of the liver as a drug side effect or drug toxicity. Drugs that are known to cause hepatitis include acetaminophen, isoniazid, halothane, methyldopa, erythromycin and oral contraceptives. ... (27 Sep …

drug-induced lupus
<dermatology> An inflammatory autoimmune disorder, similar to lupus, that develops in response to the use of a particular medication. It is characterised by anti-histone antibodies. More benign than the usual disease, with less renal involvement. The syndrome clears after stopping the offending drug. ... Drugs that are known to cause this reac …

drug-induced tremor
<neurology, pharmacology> A drug-induced condition where there is shaking (tremor) of the extremities that is increased with purposeful movement. ... Drugs known to induce tremor include: theophylline, Alupent, cyclosporine, amphetamines, lithium and caffeine. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

drug, anti-infective
A medication capable of acting against infection, by inhibiting the spread of an infectious agent or by killing the infectious agent outright. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug, antihypertensive
As the name clearly implies, a drug aimed at reducing high blood pressure (hypertension). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug, over-the-counter
Drug for which a prescription is not needed. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug, prescription
A drug requiring a prescription, a physician's order. By comparison with an over-the-counter drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drug, tocolytic
A medication that can inhibit labour, slow down or halt the contractions of the uterus. Tocolytic agents are widely used today to treat premature labour and permit pregnancy to procede and so permit the foetus to gain in size and maturity before being born. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

druggist
Old common term for pharmacist. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drugs toxic to lung
<radiology> Bleomycin, methotrexate, cytoxan, amiodarone ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drugs, chinese herbal
Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesised compounds manufactured in china. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drugs, essential
Drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs. (world health organization action programme on essential drugs, 1994, p3) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drugs, generic
Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drugs, investigational
Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (treatment ind). The main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drugs, non-prescription
Drugs that can be sold legally without a prescription. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

drum
1. To beat a drum with sticks; to beat or play a tune on a drum. ... 2. To beat with the fingers, as with drumsticks; to beat with a rapid succession of strokes; to make a noise like that of a beaten drum; as, the ruffed grouse drums with his wings. 'Drumming with his fingers on the arm of his chair.' (W. Irving) ... 3. To throb, as the heart. ... 4. …

drum membrane
Synonym for tympanic membrane ... <anatomy> The eardrum. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

drumfish
<zoology> Any fish of the family Sciaenidae, which makes a loud noise by means of its air bladder; called also drum. ... The common drumfish (Pogonias chromis) is a large species, common south of new Jersey. The southern red drum or red horse (Sciaena ocellata), and the fresh water drum or croaker (Aplodionotus grunniens), are related species. …

drumhead
1. The parchment or skin stretched over one end of a drum. ... 2. The top of a capstan which is pierced with sockets for levers used in turning it. Drumhead court-martial, a summary court-martial called to try offenses on the battlefield or the line of march, when, sometimes, a drumhead has to do service as a writing table. ... Source: Websters Dicti …

drummer
1. One whose office is to best the drum, as in military exercises and marching. ... 2. One who solicits custom; a commercial traveler. ... 3. <zoology> A fish that makes a sound when caught; as: The squeteague. ... A California sculpin. ... 4. <zoology> A large West Indian cockroach (Blatta gigantea) which drums on woodwork, as a sexual cal …

drummond light
A very intense light, produced by turning two streams of gas, one oxygen and the other hydrogen, or coal gas, in a state of ignition, upon a ball of lime; or a stream of oxygen gas through a flame of alcohol upon a ball or disk of lime; called also oxycalcium light, or lime light. ... The name is also applied sometimes to a heliostat, invented by Dr …

Drummond, Sir David
<person> English physician, 1852-1932. ... See: artery of Drummond, Drummond's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Drummond's sign
<clinical sign> In certain cases of aortic aneurysm, a puffing sound, synchronous with cardiac systole, heard from the nostrils, when the mouth is closed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drumstick appendage
An appendage of the nucleus that represents the inactive heterochromatic X chromosome seen in 3% of the neutrophil leukocytes of human females. ... See: sex chromatin, lyonization. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drunk
1. Intoxicated with, or as with, strong drink; inebriated; drunken; never used attributively, but always predicatively; as, the man is drunk (not, a drunk man). 'Be not drunk with wine, where in is excess.' (Eph. V. 18) 'Drunk with recent prosperity.' (Macaulay) ... 2. Drenched or saturated with moisture or liquid. 'I will make mine arrows drunk wit …

drunken
1. Overcome by strong drink; intoxicated by, or as by, spirituous liquor; inebriated. 'Drunken men imagine everything turneth round.' (Bacon) ... 2. Saturated with liquid or moisture; drenched. 'Let the earth be drunken with our blood.' (Shak) ... 3. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, intoxication. 'The drunken quarrels of a rake.' (Swift) ... Origin: …

drunkenness
Intoxication, usually alcoholic. ... See: acute alcoholism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drupe
A succulent fruit, such as a cherry, formed from one carpel, having the seed enclosed in an inner stony layer of the fruit wall. Adj. Drupaceous (which is often used to mean drupe-like but not strictly a drupe). ... Compare: berry, pyrene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

drusen
Small bright structures seen in the retina and in the optic disc. ... Origin: Ger. Pl. Of druse, stony nodule, geode ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drusen of the macula
Excrescences of Bruch's membrane that produce a window in the retinal pigment epithelium and are a feature of age-related macular retinal degeneration. ... Synonym: macular drusen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

drusen of the optic nerve head
Basophilic, laminated, calcareous acellular masses that resemble crystals within the nerve head, anterior to the lamina cribrosa, that may simulate papilledema and/or cause visual field defects. ... Synonym: intrapapillary drusen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry
1. Free from moisture; having little humidity or none; arid; not wet or moist; deficient in the natural or normal supply of moisture, as rain or fluid of any kind; said especially: Of the weather: Free from rain or mist. 'The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season.' (Addison) ... Of vegetable matter: Free from juices or sap; not succulent; n …

dry abscess
The remains of an abscess after the pus is absorbed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry amputation
Synonym for bloodless amputation ... Amputation in which, by means of a tourniquet, the escape of blood from the cut surfaces is slight. ... Synonym: dry amputation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry beriberi
Paraplegic beriberi, affecting chiefly the peripheral nerves; its clinical pattern is predominantly that of a polyneuropathy without associated congestive failure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis characterised by lack of productive cough and by occasional haemoptysis. ... Synonym: bronchiectasia sicca. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry cup
A cupping glass formerly applied to the unbroken skin to draw blood to the area but without removing it. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry cutaneous leishmaniasis
Synonym for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis ... A form of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, usually with a prolonged incubation period and confined to urban areas. ... Synonym: chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis, dry cutaneous leishmaniasis, urban cutaneous leishmaniasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry distillation
Submission of an organic substance to heat in a closed vessel so that oxygen is absent and combustion prevented, with the objective of effecting its decomposition with release of volatile constituents and the formation of new substances. ... Synonym: destructive distillation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry dressing
Dry gauze or other material applied to a wound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry drowning
Drowning in an individual whose laryngeal reflexes are brisk, resulting in spasm that prevents inhalation of water; may be associated with the highest recovery rate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dry eye
A clinical condition that results from the inadequate production of tears. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

dry eye syndrome
Synonym for keratoconjunctivitis sicca ... Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called sjogren's syndrome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dry eye syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...