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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

dosage
The determination and regulation of the size, frequency and number of doses. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

dosage compensation
<genetics> A genetic regulatory mechanism which operates to equalise the phenotypic expression of characteristics determined by genes on the x chromosome so that they are equally expressed in the xy male and the xx female. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dosage effect
The alteration of a phenotype by an increased dosage, or amount, of the product of the gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

dosage forms
Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed …

dosage schedule
A scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

dose
1. <pharmacology> A quantity to be administered at one time, such as a specified amount of medication. ... 2. <radiobiology> A general term denoting the quantity of radiation or energy absorbed. For special purposes it must be appropriately qualified. If unqualified, it refers to absorbed dose. Unit of absorbed dose is the rad. The SI un …

dose fractionation
Adminstration of the total dose of radiation (radiation dosage) in parts, at timed intervals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dose intensity
In chemotherapy, the total amount of drug delivered in a one-week period. Can be given all at once or over a period of several days. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

dose-effect curve
This is a graph drawn to show the relationship between the dose of a drug or other chemical and the magnitude of the graded effect that it produces. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

dose-escalation
A preliminary clinical trial in which the amount of the drug is either periodically increased or increased with each new trial arm that is added. Used to determine how a drug is tolerated in people. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

dose-ranging
Synonym for dose-escalation ... A preliminary clinical trial in which the amount of the drug is either periodically increased or increased with each new trial arm that is added. Used to determine how a drug is tolerated in people. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

dose-response curve
This is a graph to show the relation between the dose of a drug or other chemical and the degree of response it produces, as measured by the percentage of the exposed population showing a defined, often quantal, effect. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

dose-response relationship
Relationship in which a change in the amount, intensity, or duration of exposure is associated with a change in risk of a specified outcome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dose-response relationship, drug
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dosimeter
A device for measuring radiation, especially X-rays. ... Origin: G. Dosis, dose, + metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dosimetry
Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays; calculation of radiation dose from internally administered radionuclides. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dosology
Synonym for posology ... <pharmacology, study> The science or doctrine of doses; dosology. ... Origin: Gr. How much: cf. F. Posologie. ... (04 Mar 1998) ...

dossil
1. <surgery> A small ovoid or cylindrical roil or pledget of lint, for keeping a sore, wound, etc, open; a tent. ... 2. A roll of cloth for wiping off the face of a copperplate, leaving the ink in the engraved lines. ... Origin: OE. Dosil faucet of a barrel, OF. Dosil, duisil, spigot, LL. Diciculus, ducillus, fr. L. Ducere to lead, draw. See Du …

dot
A small spot. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dot blot
<molecular biology, procedure> Method for detecting a specific protein or message. A spot of solution is dotted onto nitrocellulose paper, a specific antibody or probe is allowed to bind and the presence of bound antibody/probe then shown by using a peroxidase coupled second antibody, as in Western blotting or by other visualisation methods.< …

dotage
The deterioration of previously intact mental powers, common in old age. ... Synonym: dotardness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dotardness
Synonym for dotage ... The deterioration of previously intact mental powers, common in old age. ... Synonym: dotardness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dote
1. To act foolishly. 'He wol make him doten anon right.' (Chaucer) ... 2. To be weak-minded, silly, or idiotic; to have the intellect impaired, especially by age, so that the mind wanders or wavers; to drivel. 'Time has made you dote, and vainly tell Of arms imagined in your lonely cell.' (Dryden) 'He survived the use of his reason, grew infatuated, …

dothiepin
<chemical> 3-dibenzo(b,e)thiepin-11(6h)-ylidene-n,n-dimethyl-1-propanamine. A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquillising action. ... Pharmacological action: adrenergic uptake inhibitors, antidepressive agents, tricyclic. ... Chemical name: 1-Propanamine, 3-dibenzo(b,e)thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene-N,N-dimethyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dotted tongue
One in which each separate papilla is capped with a whitish deposit. ... Synonym: stippled tongue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dotterel
Decayed. 'Some old dotterel trees.' ... Origin: Cf. Dottard. ... 1. <zoology> A European bird of the Plover family (Eudromias, or Charadrius, morinellus). It is tame and easily taken, and is popularly believed to imitate the movements of the fowler. 'In catching of dotterels we see how the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures.' (Bacon) ... T …

douay bible
A translation of the Scriptures into the English language for the use of English-speaking Roman Catholics; done from the Latin Vulgate by English scholars resident in France. The new Testament portion was published at Rheims, A. D. 1582, the Old Testament at Douai, A. D. 1609-10. Various revised editions have since been published. ... Alternative fo …

double
1. To increase by adding an equal number, quantity, length, value, or the like; multiply by two; to double a sum of money; to double a number, or length. 'Double six thousand, and then treble that.' (Shak) ... 2. To make of two thicknesses or folds by turning or bending together in the middle; to fold one part upon another part of; as, to double the …

double antibody immunoassay
Synonym for double antibody precipitation ... A method of separating antibody-bound antigen (e.g., insulin) from free antigen by precipitating the former with antibody specific for immunoglobulin. ... Synonym: double antibody immunoassay, double antibody method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double antibody method
Synonym for double antibody precipitation ... A method of separating antibody-bound antigen (e.g., insulin) from free antigen by precipitating the former with antibody specific for immunoglobulin. ... Synonym: double antibody immunoassay, double antibody method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double antibody precipitation
A method of separating antibody-bound antigen (e.g., insulin) from free antigen by precipitating the former with antibody specific for immunoglobulin. ... Synonym: double antibody immunoassay, double antibody method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double antibody sandwich assay
For antigen; an application of the ELISA method in which material being tested for antigen is added to wells coated with known antibody; the presence of antigen fixed to the antibody coat can be determined either directly, by adding human antibody linked to the enzyme of the indicator system, or indirectly, by first adding unlabelled known antibody …

double aortic arch
Congenital malformation of the aorta that splits and has a right and a left arch instead of a single arch. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double aortic stenosis
Subaortic stenosis associated with stenosis of the valve itself, both lesions being congenital. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double athetosis
A type of cerebral palsy manifested predominantly as bilateral involuntary movements, beginning at about the age of 3 years, and preceded by generalised hypotonia and delayed motor development. Due to various causes, including kernicterus and birth hypoxia. ... Synonym: congenital choreoathetosis, double congenital athetosis, Vogt syndrome. ... (05 M …

double back cross
A mating that is a back cross at each of two loci of interest; of special value and importance in linkage analysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double bind
A type of personal interaction in which one receives two mutually conflicting verbal or nonverbal instructions or demands from the same person or different individuals, resulting in a situation in which either compliance or noncompliance with either alternative threatens one of the needed relationships. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double bind theory
Contradictions in verbal and behavioural communication between parent and child (patient) which entrap the child because he is unable to comment on the incongruity or to escape from the situation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

double bond
<chemistry> A covalent bond resulting from the sharing of two pairs of electrons; e.g., H2C==CH2 (ethylene). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double bubble sign
<radiology> Gas in stomach and duodenal bulb, duodenal atresia, annular pancreas, Ladd's bands, congenital duodenal web (or diaphragm) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

double chin
Synonym for buccula ... A fatty puffing under the chin. ... Synonym: double chin. ... Origin: L. Dim. Of bucca, cheek ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double compartment hydrocephalus
Independent supra-and infra-tentorial hydrocephalus usually due to a veil occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double concave lens
Synonym for biconcave lens ... A lens that is concave on two opposing surfaces. ... Synonym: concavoconcave lens, double concave lens. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double congenital athetosis
Synonym for double athetosis ... A type of cerebral palsy manifested predominantly as bilateral involuntary movements, beginning at about the age of 3 years, and preceded by generalised hypotonia and delayed motor development. Due to various causes, including kernicterus and birth hypoxia. ... Synonym: congenital choreoathetosis, double congenital at …

double consciousness
A condition in which one lives in two seemingly unrelated mental states, being, while in one, unaware of the other or of the acts performed in the other. ... See: dual personality. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double contrast enema
After evacuation of a barium enema and injection of air into the rectum, radiographs show fine details of mucosa of the rectum and colon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double convex lens
Synonym for biconvex lens ... A lens with both surfaces convex. ... Synonym: convexoconvex lens, double convex lens. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double crossover
<genetics, molecular biology> Two events of recombination occuring on the same chromosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

double decidual sac
<radiology> DDS, visualization correlates with presence of pregnancy in 98%, may be seen at less than 5 weeks on transvaginal scans see: gestational sac ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

double digestion
<molecular biology> Treating DNA with two different restriction enzymes, or enzymes which will cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

double displacement mechanism
Synonym for ping-pong mechanism ... A special multisubstrate reaction in which, for a two-substrate, two-product (i.e., bi-bi) system, an enzyme reacts with one substrate to form a product and a modified enzyme, the latter then reacting with a second substrate to form a second, final product, and regenerating the original enzyme. An example of such …

double flap amputation
<orthopaedics, surgery> Amputation in which a flap is cut from the soft parts on either side of the limb. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double fracture
Synonym for segmental fracture ... A fracture in two parts of the same bone. ... Synonym: double fracture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double helix
<molecular biology> Conformation or shape that two linear strands of DNA assume when bonded together and become twisted into a helix. ... (10 Nov 1998) ...

double hemiplegia
Synonym for diplegia ... Paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body. ... Synonym: double hemiplegia. ... Origin: G. Di-, two, + plege, a stroke ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double immunodiffusion
See: gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double intussusception
<gastroenterology, surgery> A second intussusception that involves the bowel above the first; the first intussusception is followed by contraction of the bowel wall around it, and the solid mass so formed is enveloped by the proximal portion of the bowel and is thus the cause of the second intussusception. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double layer
<physiology> The zone adjacent to a charged particle in which the potential falls effectively to zero. ... An excess or deficiency of electrons on the surface (charge, not to be confused with the transmembrane potential) leads to an equivalent excess of ions of the opposite charge in the surrounding fluid. For most cells, that have negative ch …

double lip
Congenital or acquired excess tissue on the inner mucosal aspect of the lip; may be a manifestation of Ascher's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double loop hernia
Synonym for 'w' hernia ... The presence of two loops of intestine in a hernial sac. ... Synonym: double loop hernia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double membrane
<cell biology> Two biomembrane layers, with an intermembranal space, surrounding certain organelles (e.g., mitochondria) or structures. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double minute
<molecular biology> Small pieces of a chromosome containing many copies of the same gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

double minute chromosomes
<genetics, molecular biology> Paired, extrachromosomal elements lacking centromeres, often associated with a drug resistance gene. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double outlet right ventricle
<cardiology, embryology> Incomplete transposition of the great vessels in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle, often associated with a subaortic ventricular septal defect. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

double pedicle flap
Synonym for bipedicle flap ... A flap with two pedicles, one at each end. ... Synonym: double pedicle flap. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double pleurisy
Synonym for bilateral pleurisy ... Inflammation of the pleura on both sides of the thorax. ... Synonym: double pleurisy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double pneumonia
<chest medicine> Lobar pneumonia involving both lungs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double product
The product of systolic blood pressure multiplied by the heart frequency; a measure of heart work load. ... See: Robinson index. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double protrusion
Synonym for bimaxillary protrusion ... The excessive forward projection of both the maxilla and the mandible in relation to the cranial base. ... Synonym: double protrusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double quotidian fever
Malaria in which two paroxysms of fever occur daily. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double refraction
<microscopy> The refraction of light in two slightly different directions to form two rays or vector components. Each ray is polarized, and their vibration directions are perpendicular to each other. Furthermore, each ray has a different velocity, and therefore a different refractive index. ... See: birefringence. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

double salt
A salt in which two different positive ions are bonded to the same negative ion, or vice versa; e.g., NaKSO4. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double stain
<technique> A mixture of two dyes, each of which stains different portions of a tissue or cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double tachycardia
The simultaneous tachycardia of two ectopic pacemakers, e.g., atrial and junctional tachycardia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double tertian
Denoting malarial infections with two different sets of organisms producing daily paroxysms. ... See: quotidian malaria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double tertian malaria
See: quotidian malaria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double thymidine block
<cell culture, procedure> A lab technique used to synchronise the cell cycles of all the cells in a culture. This is done by adding excessive amounts of thymidine (a deoxynucleoside) to the culture so that DNA replication is blocked. Eventually, all of the cells will reach the same point in the cell cycle and stop. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

double track sign
In paediatric radiology, a less common sign of congenital pyloric stenosis, when barium is caught between mucosal folds in the hypertrophied pylorus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double vision
Synonym for diplopia ... <ophthalmology, symptom> The perception of two images of a single object. ... Synonym: ambiopia, double vision, binocular polyopia. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

double-blind
<statistics> A kind of clinical study in which neither the participants nor the person administering treatment know which treatment any particular subject is receiving. Usually the comparison is between an experimental drug and a placebo or standard comparison treatment. ... This method is believed to achieve the most accuracy because neither …

double-blind experiment
<statistics> An experiment conducted with neither experimenter nor subjects knowing which experiment is the control; prevents bias in recording results. ... See: double-masked experiment. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-blind method
<statistics> A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

double-blind study
A study in which neither the experimenter nor any other assessor of the results, including patients, know which group is subject to which procedure, thus helping assure that the biases or expectations of either will not influence the results. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-channel catheter
A catheter with two lumens, allowing irrigation and aspiration. ... Synonym: two-way catheter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-masked experiment
A double-blind study conducted so neither the subject nor the observer know the identity of the control or variable. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-mouthed uterus
Synonym for biforate uterus ... Septate uterus in which the cervix is divided into two by a septum. ... Synonym: double-mouthed uterus, uterus biforis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-point threshold
The least degree of separation of two points applied to the body surface that permits of their being felt as two. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-reciprocal plot
<statistics> A graph made to analyse how fast an enzyme can convert its substrate into its product, depending on how much substrate is present (its concentration) and to determine its maximum speed (after which the enzyme does not get any faster no matter how high the concentration of substrate gets), called Vmax. ... It is a plot of 1/v versu …

double-shock sound
Synonym for bruit de rappel ... Applied by J. B. Bouillaud to describe the cadence of a split-second heart sound, or of the second sound followed by an opening snap or early third heart sound. ... Synonym: double-shock sound. ... Origin: Fr. Drum-beat ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-strand break
A break in double-stranded DNA in which both strands have been cleaved; however, the two strands have not separated from each other. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

double-stranded complimentary DNA
<molecular biology> A duplex DNA molecule copied from a copy DNA template. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

double-voided specimen
This refers to a urine specimen which is collected after first emptying the bladder and then waiting until another specimen can be collected. These double-voided urine specimens are more accurate for purposes of glucose testing (urinalysis). If you test a urine specimen that has been held in the bladder for an extended period of time, it will not a …

doublet
<microscopy> Two simple lens elements cemented together, for the purpose of giving spherical and chromatic corrections. An achromatic doublet may be composed of a positive crown-glass lens and a negative flint-glass lens. The errors of one element are made to compensate those of the other element. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

doublet microtubule
<cell biology> Microtubules of the axoneme. The outer nine sets are often referred to as doublet microtubules, although only one the A tubule) is complete and has 13 protofilaments. The B tubule has only 10 or 11 protofilaments and shares the remainder with the A tubule. A and B tubules differ in their stability and in the other proteins atta …

doubling time
<cell biology> The time taken for a cell to complete the cell cycle. ... (10 Oct 1997) ...

doubly armed suture
A suture with a needle attached at both ends. ... Synonym: cobbler's suture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

doubly heterozygous
In the analysis of linkage between two loci, denoting that genotype in which a parent is heterozygous at both loci, the state that on average contains the maximum information about the linkage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

doubtful
1. Not settled in opinion; undetermined; wavering; hesitating in belief; also used, metaphorically, of the body when its action is affected by such a state of mind; as, we are doubtful of a fact, or of the propriety of a measure. 'Methinks I should know you, and know this man; yet I am doubtful.' (Shak) 'With doubtful feet and wavering resolution.' …

douche bath
The local application of water in the form of a large jet or stream. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

douching
<procedure> A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...