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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

districhiasis
Growth of two hairs in a single follicle. ... Origin: G. Dis, double, + thrix (trich-), hair ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

district
1. The territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing. ... 2. A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc, made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes; as, a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district, etc. 'To exercise exclusive legislation . . . Over su …

district heating or cooling
A system that involves the central production of hot water, steam, or chilled water and the distribution of these transfer media to heat or cool buildings. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

district of columbia
A federal area located between maryland and virginia on the potomac river; it is coextensive with washington, d.c., which is the capital of the united states. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

distrix
Splitting of the hairs at their ends. ... Origin: G. Dis, twice, + thrix, hair ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disturbance
Deviation from, interruption of, or interference with a normal state. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disturbed area
<ecology> An area where vegetation, soil and/or hydrology have been significantly altered, thereby making a wetland determination difficult. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

disturbed condition
<ecology> Refers to areas in which indicators of one or more characteristics (vegetation, soil and/or hydrology) have been sufficiently altered by man's activities or natural events so as to make it more difficult to recognise whether or not the wetland identification criteria are met. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

disulfamide
5-Chlorotoluene-2,4-disulfonamide;a diuretic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disulfate
A molecule containing two sulfates. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disulfide
1. A molecule containing two atoms of sulfur to one of the reference element, e.g., CS2, carbon disulfide. ... 2. A compound containing the -S-S-group, e.g., cystine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disulfide bond
A single bond between two sulfurs; specifically, the -S-S- link binding two peptide chains (or different parts of one peptide chain); also occurs as part of the molecule of the amino acid, cystine, and is important as a structural determinant in many protein molecules, notably keratin, insulin, and oxytocin. A symmetric disulfide is R-S-S-R; R'-S-S …

disulfide bridge
A disulfide linkage between two cysteinyl residues in a poly-or oligopeptide or in a protein, any disulfide linkage between any thiol-containing moieties of a larger molecule. ... Synonym: cystine bridge. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

disulfides
Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -s-s-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

disulfiram
<chemical> A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, re …

disulfoglucosamine-6-sulfatase
<enzyme> Acts on various n-substituted glucosamine-6-o-sulfates ... Registry number: EC 3.1.6.11 ... Synonym: disulphoglucosamine-6-sulphatase, glucosamine o,n-disulfate o-sulfohydrolase, glucosamine sulfatase, n-sulfoglucosamine-6-sulfatase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

disulfoton
<chemical> An organothiophosphate insecticide. ... Pharmacological action: insecticide, organothiophosphate. ... Chemical name: Phosphorodithioic acid, O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl) ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

disulphide bond
<chemistry, molecular biology> The S S linkage. A linkage formed between the SH groups of two cysteine moieties either within or between peptide chains. ... Each cysteine then becomes a half cystine residue. S S linkages stabilise, but do not determine, secondary structure in proteins. They are easily disrupted by SH groups in an exchange reac …

disulphide bridge
<chemistry> A covalent link made by a cystine residue that joins two polypeptide chains. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

disulphiram
<drug> This prescription drug is used to treat alcoholism, it causes an extremely unpleasant reaction if the person taking the drug drinks even a tiny amount of alcohol. ... It works by blocking the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

disulphuric
<chemistry> Applied to an acid having in each molecule two atoms of sulphur in the higher state of oxidation. Disulphuric acid, a thick oily liquid, H2S2O7, called also Nordhausen acid (from Nordhausen in the Harts, where it was originally manufactured), fuming sulphuric acid, and especially pyrosulphuric acid. See Pyrosulphuric. ... Origin: P …

disuse atrophy
Muscle wasting caused by immobilization, such as casting. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

DIT
<abbreviation> Diiodotyrosine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diterpenes
Hydrocarbons or their derivatives containing 4 isoprene units, hence containing 20 carbon atoms and 4 branched methyl groups; e.g., vitamin A, retinene, aconitine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dithiazanine
<chemical> 3-ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye. ... Pharmacological action: antinematodal agent, fluorescent dyes. ... Chemical name: Benzothiazolium, 3-ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolyl …

dithiazanine iodide
3-Ethyl-2-[5-(3-ethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolylidene)-1,3-pentadienyl]benzothiazolium iodide;a broad spectrum anthelmintic, effective against Strongyloides. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dithioerythritol
<chemical> (r*,s*)-1,4-dimercapto-2,3-butanediol. A compound that, along with its isomer, cleland's reagent (dithiothreitol), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups. ... Pharmacological action: sulfhydryl reagents. ... Chemical name: 2,3-Butanediol …

dithionite
<chemical> Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts. ... Chemical name: Dithionite ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dithionitrobenzoic acid
<chemical> 3,3'-dithiobis(6-nitrobenzoic acid). A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The colour produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate. ... Pharmacol …

dithiothreitol
<chemical> A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of sh (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols. ... Pharmacological action: sulfhydryl reagents, expectorants. ... Chemical name: 2,3-Butanediol, 1,4-dimercapto-, (R*,R*)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dithizone
<chemical> Phenylazothionoformic acid 2-phenylhydrazine. Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay; causes diabetes. ... Pharmacological action: antidotes, chelating agents, indicators and reagents. ... Chemical name: Diazenecarbothioic acid, phenyl-, 2-phenylhydrazide ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

dithranol
Synonym for anthralin ... <chemical> An anti-inflammatory anthracene derivative used for the treatment of dermatoses, especially psoriasis. It may cause folliculitis. ... Pharmacological action: anti-inflammatory agent, topical. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

ditiocarb
<chemical> A chelating agent that has been used to mobilise toxic metals from the tissues of man and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of disulfiram and has varied neurobiological actions. The sodium salt is an immunomodulating agent that is under investigation in HIV infection. ... Pharmacological action: adjuvants, immunologic, …

dittany
<botany> A plant of the Mint family (Origanum Dictamnus), a native of Crete. ... The Dictamnus Fraxinella. See Dictamnus. ... In America, the Cunila Mariana, a fragrant herb of the Mint family. ... Origin: OE. Dytane, detane, dytan, OF. Ditain, F. Dictame, L. Dictamnum, fr. Gr, a plant growing in abundance on Mount Dicte in Crete. Cf. Dittander. …

Dittrich, Franz
<person> German pathologist, 1815-1859. ... See: Dittrich's plugs, Dittrich's stenosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dittrich's plugs
Minute, dirty-grayish, ill-smelling masses of bacteria and fatty acid crystals in the sputum in pulmonary gangrene and fetid bronchitis. ... Synonym: Traube's plugs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dittrich's stenosis
Synonym for infundibular stenosis ... Narrowing of the outflow tract of the right ventricle below the pulmonic valve; may be due to a localised fibrous diaphragm just below the valve or, more commonly, to a long narrow fibromuscular channel. ... Synonym: Dittrich's stenosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diuresis
<physiology> Increased excretion of urine. Can be due to metabolic conditions such as diabetes, where the increased glucose level in the blood causes water to be lost in the urine. Can also be produced specifically by diuretic drugs that increase sodium and water loss from the kidney. ... Origin: Gr. Diourein = to urinate, to pass in urine ... …

diuretic
<pharmacology> An agent that promotes the excretion of urine. ... Origin: Gr. Diouretikos = promoting urine ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diuretics
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diuretics, mercurial
A group of organometallic compounds, now rarely used, that promote diuresis by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of sodium and chloride. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diuretics, osmotic
Diuretics that are filtered at the glomerulus and reabsorbed in the renal tubule only to a limited extent. They thus increase the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine and a corresponding increase in urine volume. These compounds also increase the osmolality of plasma, thereby increasing the diffusion of water from the intraocular and ce …

diuretics, sulfamyl
Diuretics containing one or more sulfonamide groups. They are similar to the benzothiazide diuretics in their pharmacological actions, but differ chemically in the nature of the heterocyclic ring. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diuretics, thiazide
Diuretics characterised as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diurnal
Occurring during the day. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diurnal enuresis
Urinary accidents during wakefulness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diurnal periodicity
A circadian rhythm with primary expression of the periodicity during daylight hours, as in the release of microfilariae of Loa loa into the peripheral blood during the day, with far fewer released at night; associated with the day-biting habits of the vector, Chrysops species. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diurnal rhythm
Synonym for diurnal ... Occurring during the day. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diurnule
A pill, tablet, or capsule containing the maximum daily dose of a drug. ... Origin: L. Diurnus, daily, fr. Dies, day ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diuron
<chemical> A pre-emergent herbicide. ... Pharmacological action: herbicides, urea. ... Chemical name: Urea, N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

divalence
Synonym for bivalence ... A combining power (valence) of 2. ... Synonym: divalence, divalency. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divalent
<chemistry> An atom or radical group which has a valence of two, or which can combine with two (rather than one) different other atoms or molecules. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

divalproex sodium
Pentanoic acid, 2-propyl-, sodium salt (2:1); an anticonvulsant used in absence seizures and related seizure disorders. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divaricate
Widely spreading. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

diver
1. One who, or that which, dives. 'Divers and fishers for pearls.' (Woodward) ... 2. One who goes deeply into a subject, study, or business. 'A diver into causes.' ... 3. <zoology> Any bird of certain genera, as Urinator (formerly Colymbus), or the allied genus Colymbus, or Podiceps, remarkable for their agility in diving. ... The northern diver …

diver's palsy
Synonym for decompression sickness ... A disorder characterised by joint pains, respiratory manifestations, skin lesions, and neurologic signs, occurring in aviators flying at high altitudes and following rapid reduction of air pressure in persons who have been breathing compressed air in caissons and diving apparatus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diver's paralysis
Lay term for decompression sickness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergence
1. A moving or spreading apart or in different directions. ... 2. The spreading of branches of the neuron to form synapses with several other neurons. ... Origin: L. Di-, apart, + vergo, to incline ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergence excess exotropia
Exotropia in which the strabismus is notably greater for far vision than for near vision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergence insufficiency
That condition in which an exophoria or exotropia is more marked for near vision than for far vision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergence insufficiency exotropia
Exotropia in which the strabismus is notably greater for near vision than for far vision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergent
Separated from one another, having tips further apart than the bases. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

divergent evolution
The process by which a species or gene product gives rise to two or more different products. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divergent squint
Synonym for exotropia ... <clinical sign> The outward or temporal deviation of an eye. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

divergent strabismus
Synonym for exotropia ... <clinical sign> The outward or temporal deviation of an eye. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

diverging
Tending in different directions from a common center; spreading apart; divergent. ... <mathematics> Diverging series, a series whose terms are larger as the series is extended; a series the sum of whose terms does not approach a finite limit when the series is extended indefinitely; opposed to a converging series. ... Source: Websters Dictionar …

diverging meniscus
A convexoconcave lens in which the power of the concavity exceeds that of the convexity. ... Synonym: negative meniscus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divers
1. Different in kind or species; diverse. 'Every sect of them hath a divers posture.' (Bacon) 'Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds.' (Deut. Xxii. 9) ... 2. Several; sundry; various; more than one, but not a great number; as, divers philosophers. Also used substantively or pronominally. 'Divers of Antonio's creditors.' (Shak) ... Divers …

divers' spectacles
Strongly convex lenses for clear vision underwater. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diversity
<ecology> The number and variety of species present in an area and their spatial distribution. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

diversity index
<ecology> The relationship of the number of taxa (richness) to the number of individuals per taxon (abundance) for a given community. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

diverticula
The plural of diverticulum. As a person ages, pressure within the large intestine (colon) causes pockets of tissue (sacs) that push out from the colon walls. A small bulging sac pushing outward from the colon wall is a diverticulum. Diverticula can occur throughout the colon but are most common near the end of the left side of the colon, the sigmoi …

diverticula of colon
Diverticula, which are herniations of mucosa and submucosa through or between fibres of the major muscle layer (muscularis propria) of the colon. Usually multiple, it occurs in 50% of western populations above the age of 70, but is much less common in other populations. Can cause bleeding and episodes of severe inflammation. ... Synonym: colonic div …

diverticular disease
Symptomatic congenital or acquired diverticula of any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Such diverticula occur in about 15% of the population but rarely cause symptoms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diverticular disease of colon
<radiology> Overactivity of smooth muscle causing herniation of mucosa and submucosa through the muscle layers, incidence: 5-10% in 5th decade; 50% past 7th decade; M:F = 1:1, aetiology: decreased faecal bulk; diet high in refined fibre and low in roughage, location: sigmoid (80%): narrowest colonic segment with highest pressure, entire colon …

diverticulate
<botany> Having short offshoots approximately at right angles to the main stem. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

diverticulectomy
<procedure> Excision of a diverticulum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diverticulitis
<pathology, surgery> Inflammation of a diverticulum, especially inflammation related to colonic diverticula, which may undergo perforation with abscess formation. Sometimes called left sided appendicitis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diverticulitis, bleeding from
Diverticular bleeding typically occurs intermittently over several days. Colonoscopy is usually performed to confirm the diagnosis and exclude bleeding from other causes. Thermal probes cannot be employed to stop active diverticular bleeding. Therefore, surgical removal of the bleeding diverticula is necessary for those with persistent bleeding. …

diverticulitis, colonic
Inflammatory complications of colonic diverticulosis in which diverticula may undergo perforation with abscess formation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diverticulitis, treatment of acute
Antibiotics are usually needed. Oral antibiotics are sufficient when symptoms are mild. Liquid or low fibre foods are advised during acute diverticulitis attacks. In severe diverticulitis with high fever and pain, patients are hospitalised and given intravenous antibiotics. Surgery is needed for persistent bowel obstruction or abscesses not respond …

diverticuloma
Development of a granulomatous mass in the wall of the colon. ... Origin: diverticulum + G. -oma, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diverticulopexy
A plastic operation to obliterate a diverticulum. ... Origin: diverticulum + G. Pexis, fixation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diverticulosis
<gastroenterology, surgery> A condition in which a person has small sacs or pouch in the walls of a canal or organ, such as the stomach or intestine. ... These sacs can become inflamed to cause diverticulitis and can be a risk factor for certain types of cancer. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

diverticulosis, colonic
Presence of multiple herniations of the mucosa and submucosa of the colon through the circular muscle layer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diverticulum
<anatomy, surgery> A small sac-like structure that sometimes forms in the walls of the intestines, diverticula can trap particles of food (especially small seeds and undigested grains) and become very inflammed and painful (this condition is called diverticulitis). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

divertor
<radiobiology> Component of a toroidal fusion device that diverts charged particles on the outer edge of the plasma into a separate chamber where they strike a barrier and become neutralised. In a reactor, the divertor would incorporate a system for pumping out the neutralised particles as exhaust from the machine. A divertor, like a limiter, …

divest
1. To unclothe; to strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage; opposed to invest. ... 2. To strip; to deprive; to dispossess; as, to divest one of his rights or privileges; to divest one's self of prejudices, passions, etc. 'Wretches divested of every moral feeling.' (Goldsmith) 'The tendency of the language to divest itself of its gutturals.' (Earle)< …

divicine
A base with alkaloidal properties present in Lathyrus sativus which is responsible, in part at least, for the latter's poisonous action. ... See: lathyrism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divide
1. To part asunder (a whole); to sever into two or more parts or pieces; to sunder; to separate into parts. 'Divide the living child in two.' (1 Kings III. 25) ... 2. To cause to be separate; to keep apart by a partition, or by an imaginary line or limit; as, a wall divides two houses; a stream divides the towns. 'Let it divide the waters from the w …

divided
Referring to the blade of a leaf when it is cut into distinct divisions to, or almost to, the midvein. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

divided dose
A definite fraction of a full dose; given repeatedly at short intervals so that the full dose is taken within a specified period, usually one day. ... Synonym: fractional dose. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

divided spectacles
Synonym for Franklin spectacles ... An early form of bifocal spectacles in which the lower half of the lens is for near vision, the upper half for distant vision. ... Synonym: divided spectacles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dividend
1. A sum of money to be divided and distributed; the share of a sum divided that falls to each individual; a distribute sum, share, or percentage; applied to the profits as appropriated among shareholders, and to assets as apportioned among creditors; as, the dividend of a bank, a railway corporation, or a bankrupt estate. ... 2. <mathematics> …

divider
1. One who, or that which, divides; that which separates anything into parts. ... 2. One who deals out to each his share. 'Who made me a judge or a divider over you?' (Luke xii. 14) ... 3. One who, or that which, causes division. 'Hate is of all things the mightiest divider.' (Milton) 'Money, the great divider of the world.' (Swift) ... 4. An instrume …

divine
1. Of or belonging to God; as, divine perfections; the divine will. 'The immensity of the divine nature.' ... 2. Proceeding from God; as, divine judgments. 'Divine protection.' ... 3. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise; religious; pious; holy; as, divine service; divine songs; divine worship. ... 4. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, a dei …

diving
That dives or is used or diving. ... <zoology> Diving beetle, any beetle of the family Dytiscidae, which habitually lives under water; called also water tiger. Diving bell, a hollow inverted vessel, sometimes bell-shaped, in which men may descend and work under water, respiration being sustained by the compressed air at the top, by fresh air p …

diving goiter
A freely movable goiter that is sometimes above and sometimes below the sternal notch. ... Synonym: wandering goiter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diving reflex
A reflex by which immersing the face or body in water, especially cold water, tends to cause bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction; mean aortic pressure is little affected because the reduction in cardiac output tends to balance the increased peripheral resistance that reduces peripheral blood flow. Although relatively minor in most humans, t …

divinity
Origin: F. Divinite, L. Divinitas. See Divine. ... 1. The state of being divine; the nature or essence of God; deity; godhead. 'When he attributes divinity to other things than God, it is only a divinity by way of participation.' (Bp. Stillingfleet) ... 2. The Deity; the Supreme Being; God. 'This the divinity that within us.' (Addison) ... 3. A preten …