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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

cholesterol monooxygenase
<enzyme> Multi-enzyme complex required for the conversion of cholesterol to adrenal cortex hormones. It releases methylpentanoate or isocaproaldehyde and pregnenolone. The complex contains cytochrome p-450, a flavoprotein, a non-haem iron protein, and NADPH. ... Chemical name: Cholesterol,reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side- …

cholesterol oxidase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of cholesterol in the presence of molecular oxygen to 4-cholesten-3-one and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol, but will also oxidise other 3-hydroxysteroids. ... Chemical name: Cholesterol:oxygen oxidoreductase ... Registry number: EC 1.1.3.6 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterol reductase
<enzyme> Uses NADH; reduces cholesterol to cholestanol (coprostanol) ... Registry number: EC 1.3.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cholesterol sulfotransferase
<enzyme> Transfers sulfate from paps to cholesterol ... Registry number: EC 2.8.2.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cholesterol, bad
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterol, dietary
Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterol, good
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterol, hdl
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (the good cholesterol). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterol, ldl
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (the bad cholesterol). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholesterolaemia
Synonym: cholesteraemia. ... Origin: cholesterol + G. Haima, blood ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholesterologenesis
The biosynthesis of cholesterol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholesterolosis
<radiology> Type of hyperplastic cholecystosis, abnormal deposits of cholesterol esters in macrophages within lamina propria (foam cells) and in mucous epithelium strawberry gallbladder = lipid cholecystitis = cholesterosis, seedlike patchy/diffuse thickening, associated with cholesterol gallstones in 50-70%, not related to serum cholesterol, …

cholesteroluria
The excretion of cholesterol in the urine. ... Synonym: cholesterinuria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholesterosis
<biochemistry> The excessive deposition of cholesterol into body tissues. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholesterosis cutis
Synonym for xanthomatosis ... <dermatology, pathology> An accumulation of an excess of lipids in the body due to disturbance of lipid metabolism and marked by the formation of foam cells in skin lesions. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

cholesteryl ester synthetase
<enzyme> Independent of coenzyme a; dependent on bile salts ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cholestyramine
<chemical> Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteraemic in diarrhoea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. ... Pharmacological …

cholestyramine resin
A strongly basic anion-exchange resin in the chloride form, consisting of a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene with quaternary ammonium functional groups; it lowers the blood cholesterol by binding the bile acids in the intestine, thus promoting their excretion in the faeces instead of reabsorption from the bowel; used in the treatment of hype …

choleuria
Synonym for biliuria ... The presence of various bile salts, or bile, in the urine. ... Synonym: choleuria, choluria. ... Origin: bili-+ G. Ouron, urine ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choleverdin
Synonym for biliverdin ... <biochemistry> A green pigment found in bile which is formed during haem catabolism, mainly the breaking down of old red blood cells, within the liver. It has the chemical formula C33H34N4O6. It transforms into the red-orange bile pigment bilirubin. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cholic
Relating to the bile. ... Synonym: choleic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholic acid
A family of steroids comprising the bile acids (or salts), generally in conjugated form (e.g., glycocholic and taurocholic acids). Chemically, cholic acids are cholan-24-oic (cholanic) acids (the terminal C24 of cholane becoming a -COOH group); biologically, cholic acids are derived from cholesterol (a cholestane derivative) and display varying deg …

cholic acids
<chemical> The 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid family of bile acids in man, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. They act as detergents to solubilise fats for intestinal absorption, are reabsorbed by the small intestine, and are used as cholagogues and choleretics. ... Pharmacological action: cholagogues and cho …

cholicele
Enlargement of the gallbladder due to retained fluids. ... Origin: G. Chole, bile, + kele, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choline
<biochemistry> Esterified in the head group of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin) and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Otherwise a biological source of methyl groups. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

choline acetylase
Synonym for choline acetyltransferase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that controls the production of acetylcholine, appears to be depleted in the brains of alzheimer patients. ... (22 May 1997) ...

choline acetyltransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme that controls the production of acetylcholine, appears to be depleted in the brains of alzheimer patients. ... (22 May 1997) ...

choline chloride
<chemical> A lipotropic agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choline deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of choline in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the b vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis …

choline dihydrogen citrate
<chemical> A lipotropic agent. ... Chemical name: (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium citrate. ... (17 Jul 2002) ...

choline esterase I
Synonym for acetylcholinesterase ... <enzyme, neurology, physiology> An enzyme that breaks down unused acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft (the space between neurons), this enzyme is necessary to restore the synaptic cleft so it is ready to transmit the next nerve impulse. ... (06 May 1997) ...

choline esterase II
Synonym for cholinesterase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine tostop its action. ... (22 May 1997) ...

choline kinase
<enzyme> An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. ... Chemical name: ATP:choline phosphotransferase ... Registry number: EC 2 …

choline monooxygenase
<enzyme> Catalyses conversion of choline to the hydrate form of betaine aldehyde. ... Registry number: EC 1.- ... Synonym: cmo enzyme ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

choline o-acetyltransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the formation of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline. ... Chemical name: Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.6 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

choline phosphatase
Synonym for phospholipase d ... <enzyme> An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyses transphosphatidylation reactions. ... Chemical name: Phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase ... Registry number: EC 3.1 …

choline phosphokinase
Synonym for choline kinase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that is active in the first step of choline phosphoglyceride (lecithin) biosynthesis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of choline to phosphorylcholine in the presence of ATP. Ethanolamine and its methyl and ethyl derivatives can also act as acceptors. ... Chemical name: ATP:choline phosphotransf …

choline salicylate
Choline salt of salicyclic acid, an analgesic and antipyretic (because of the salicylate moiety). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choline theophyllinate
Synonym for oxtriphylline ... A true salt of theophylline; it has mild diuretic, myocardial stimulating vasodilator, and bronchodilator actions, with the same uses as theophylline, but is better absorbed and less irritating. ... Synonym: choline theophyllinate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinephosphotransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between CDP-choline and 1,2-diacylglycerol to form a phosphatidylcholine and CMP. The last step in lecithin biosynthesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinergic
<pharmacology> Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action, stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholinergic agent
An agent that mimics the action of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g., methacholine). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinergic agents
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of muscarinic agonist, although most modern texts discourage that us …

cholinergic agonists
Drugs that bind to and activate cholinergic receptors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholinergic antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholinergic blockade
Inhibition by a drug of nerve impulse transmission at autonomic ganglionic synapses (ganglionic blockade), at postganglionic parasympathetic effector cells (e.g., by atropine), and at myoneural junctions (myoneural blockade), the inhibition of a cholinergic agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinergic fibres
Nerve fibres liberating acetylcholine at the synapse after an impulse. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholinergic medication
<pharmacology> Medications which stimulate cholinergic receptors (for example bethanechol). ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholinergic neuron
<physiology> Neurons in which actylcholine is the neurotransmitter. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholinergic receptors
Chemical sites in effector cells or at synapses through which acetylcholine exerts its action. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinergic system
<physiology> The system of nerve cells that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter, nerve cells in the cholinergic system are damaged in the brains of Alzheimer patients. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholinergic urticaria
A form of physical or non-allergic urticaria initiated by heat (e.g., hot baths, physical exercise, pyrexia, exposure to sun or to a warm room) or by excitement; the rather distinctive lesions consist of pruritic areas 1 to 2 mm in diameter surrounded by bright red macules. ... Synonym: heat urticaria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinester
An ester of choline; e.g., acetylcholine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinesterase
<enzyme> An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine tostop its action. ... (22 May 1997) ...

cholinesterase inhibitor
<pharmacology> These are substances which which act to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine and thus enhance and subsequently prevent transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another or to a muscle. ... Examples include pyridostigmine, ambenonium and neostigmine. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

cholinesterase reactivator
A drug that reacts directly with the alkylphosphorylated enzyme to free the active unit; the drugs used therapeutically to reactivate phosphorylated forms of acetylcholinesterase are oximes, e.g., diacetylmonoxime, monoisonitrosoacetone, 2-pralidoxime. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinesterase reactivators
Drugs used to reverse the inactivation of cholinesterase caused by organophosphates or sulfonates. They are an important component of therapy in agricultural, industrial, and military poisonings by organophosphates and sulfonates. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholinesterases
<enzyme> Chemical name: Acylcholine acylhydrolase ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.8 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cholinoceptive
Referring to chemical sites in effector cells with which acetylcholine unites to exert its actions. ... Compare: adrenoceptive. ... Origin: acetylcholine + L. Capio, to take ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinolytic
Preventing the action of acetylcholine. ... Origin: acetylcholine + G. Lysis, loosening ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinomimetic
Having an action similar to that of acetylcholine, the substance liberated by cholinergic nerves; term proposed to replace the less accurate term, parasympathomimetic. ... Compare: adrenomimetic. ... Origin: acetylcholine + G. Mimetikos, imitating ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinoreactive
Responding to acetylcholine and related compounds. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholinoreceptors
See: cholinergic receptors. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholistine sulphomethate sodium
Synonym for colistimethate sodium ... Pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate;contains the pentasodium salt of the penta(methanesulfonic acid) derivative of colistin A as the major component, with a small proportion of the pentasodium salt of the same derivative of colistin B; an effective antibiotic against most Gram-negative bacilli (except Proteus), …

cholo-
See: chole-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chololith
An obsolete term for gallstone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chololithiasis
Synonym for cholelithiasis ... <gastroenterology> The presence or formation of gallstones. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chololithic
Rarely used term relating in any way to gallstones. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choloplania
The presence of bile salts in the blood or tissues. ... Origin: cholo-+ G. Plane, a wandering ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholopoiesis
Synonym for cholepoiesis ... Formation of bile. ... Synonym: cholopoiesis. ... Origin: chole-+ G. Poiesis, making ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholorrhoea
An obsolete term for an excessive secretion of bile. ... Origin: cholo-+ G. Rhoia, a flow ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choloscopy
Rarely used term for cholangioscopy. ... Origin: cholo-+ G. Skopeo, to view ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholothorax
Bile in the pleural cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choloyl
The radical of cholic acid or cholate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

choloylglycine hydrolase
<enzyme> Also acts on choloyltaurine (taurocholic acid) ... Registry number: EC 3.5.1.24 ... Synonym: glycocholase, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylcglycine amidohydrolase, bile salt hydrolase, cholylglycine hydrolase, cholanoyl amino acid hydrolase, cholyltaurine hydrolase, glycocholic acid hydrolase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

choluria
Synonym: biliuria. ... Origin: G. Chole, bile, + ouron, urine ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholyl-coenzyme A
A condensation product of cholic acid and coenzyme A; an intermediate in the formation of bile salts from bile acids, as taurocholic acid from cholic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cholyl-coenzyme A synthetase
cholate ligase ...

chondral
Synonym: cartilaginous. ... Origin: G. Chondros, cartilage ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondralgia
<symptom> Pain in and around cartilage. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

chondralloplasia
Occurrence of cartilage in abnormal situations in the bony skeleton. ... Origin: G. Chondros, cartilage, + allos, other, + plasia, formed ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrectomy
<procedure> Excision of cartilage. ... Origin: G. Chondros, cartilage, + ektome, excision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Chondrichthyes
Class of cartilaginous fishes, including the sharks, rays, and chimeras. ... Origin: G. Chondros, cartilage, + ichthys, a fish ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrification
Conversion into cartilage. ... Origin: G. Chondros, cartilage, + L. Facio, to make ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrification centre
A site of earliest cartilage formation in the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrify
To become cartilaginous. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrin
An obsolete term for a gelatin-like substance obtained from cartilage by boiling. ... See: collagen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrin ball
One of the globular masses formed by a group of cells enclosed in a capsule, in hyaline cartilage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrio-
See: chondro-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondriosome
An obsolete term for mitochondrion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondritis
<pathology> Inflammation of cartilage. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

chondro-
1. <prefix> Cartilage or cartilaginous. ... 2. Granular or gritty substance. ... Origin: G. Chondrion, dim. Of chondros, groats (coarsely ground grain), grit, gristle, cartilage ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondro-2-sulfatase
<enzyme> Acts on d-glucuronate 2-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate ... Registry number: EC 3.1.6.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

chondro-4-sulfatase
<enzyme> An arylsulfatase that catalyses the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the disaccharide repeating units from chondroitin sulfate n-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate. The deficiency of chondro-4-sulfatase has been proposed as the defect in maroteaux-lamy syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis vi). ... Chemical name: 4-Deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuro …

chondro-osseous
Relating to cartilage and bone, either as a mixture of the two tissues or as a junction between the two, such as the union of a rib and its costal cartilage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondro-osteodystrophy
Term used for a group of disorders of bone and cartilage which includes Morquio syndrome and similar conditions. ... Synonym: osteochondrodystrophia deformans, osteochondrodystrophy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondroblast
<embryology> Embryonic cartilage producing cell. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

chondroblastoma
<oncology, tumour> A benign tumour arising in the epiphyses of long bones, consisting of tissue resembling foetal cartilage. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

chondrocalcin
A 69,000 molecular weight protein believed to play a role in mineralization in hard tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chondrocalcinosis
<rheumatology> Pseudogout, chronic recurrent arthritis clinically similar to gout, features include calcification of cartilage. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...