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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

chelonian
Resembling or relating to a turtle, tortoise, or terrapin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chem-
See: chemo-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemexfoliation
Application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. After healing, the treated area has new epithelium. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemiatry
Synonym for iatrochemistry ... Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemic …

chemical
1. <chemistry> Of or pertaining to, chemistry. ... 2. A substance composed of chemical elements or obtained by chemical processes. ... (21 May 1997) ...

chemical antidote
A substance that unites with a poison to form an innocuous chemical compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical attraction
The force impelling atoms of different elements or molecules to unite to form new substances or compounds. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical bond
The link between two atoms within a molecule. Different types of chemical bonds include hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical burn
A burn due to a caustic chemical. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical cautery
Synonym for chemocautery ... Any substance that destroys tissue upon application. ... Synonym: chemical cautery, chemicocautery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical ceptor
Ceptor that initiates chemical reactions in response to the appropriate stimuli. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical change
A process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical complexity
The level measured, via a chemical assay, of a DNA component. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical conjunctivitis
Conjunctival inflammation due to chemical irritants. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis or primary irritation dermatitis due to application of chemicals; usually characterised by erythema, oedema, and vesiculation of the exposed or contacted site. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical diabetes
Synonym for latent diabetes ... A mild form of diabetes mellitus in which the patient displays no overt symptoms, but displays certain abnormal responses to diagnostic procedures, such as an elevated fasting blood glucose concentration or reduced glucose tolerance. ... Synonym: chemical diabetes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical energy
Energy liberated or absorbed by a chemical reaction, e.g., oxidation of carbon, or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical equation
A representation of a chemical reaction in which chemical symbols represent reactants on the left side and products on the right side. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical equilibrium
<chemistry> A state in a reversible chemical reaction at which the reactants are turning into products at the same rate as the products are turning back into the reactants, so that the amounts of each reactant and product remains constant. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical evolution
The theory of the process by which life arose from inorganic matter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical eye injuries
<ophthalmology> There are basically two types of chemical eye injury: acids and bases, with the latter being more severe. ... Alkali injury to the eye results in a penetrating injury known as liquefaction necrosis. Acid injury results in coagulation necrosis. Both injuries require immediate copious eye irrigation with water in addition to medi …

chemical formula
<chemistry> A represention of the elemental composition of a species, subscripts are used to indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each kind of element present. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical industry
The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemical knife
Term sometimes used for restriction endonuclease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical oxygen demand
The amount of dissolved oxygen required to combine with chemicals in wastewater. A measure of the oxygen equivalent of that portion of organic matter that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidizing agent. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

chemical peel
A special plastic surgical procedure in which a chemical is applied to the face which removes the outer layer of the skin. This procedure is used to remove fine lines and wrinkles in the face. After a chemical peel the skin is usually very sensitive to sunlight exposure. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

chemical peeling
Synonym for chemexfoliation ... Application of a cauterant to the skin for the purpose of causing a superficial destruction of the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. After healing, the treated area has new epithelium. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemical peritonitis
Peritonitis due to the escape of bile, contents of the gastrointestinal tract, or pancreatic juice into the peritoneal cavity; the contents of the fluid causes chemical injury, shock, and peritoneal exudation prior to occurrence of any associated infection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical pneumonia
<chest medicine> Pneumonia caused by the inhalation of a toxic gas, such as phosgene or chlorine. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

chemical potential
<chemistry> The work required (in j mol 1) to bring a molecule from a standard state (usually infinitely separated in a vacuum) to a specified concentration. ... More usually employed as chemical potential difference, the work required to bring one mole of a substance from a solution at one concentration to another at a different concentration …

chemical prophylaxis
The administration of chemicals or drugs to members of a community to reduce the number of carriers of a disease and to prevent others contracting the disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical ray
Synonym for actinic ray ... A light ray toward and beyond the violet end of the spectrum that acts upon a photographic plate and produces other chemical effects. ... Synonym: chemical ray. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical reaction
<chemistry> A process in which one or more substances are changed chemically into one or more different substances. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical repair
Conversion of a free radical to a stable molecule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical sampling
A sample that is obtained by whatever means is convenient and then purified of irrelevant elements before analysis; the assumption of thorough mixing is not necessary. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical sequencing
A lab technique used to determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The DNA molecule is labelled with radioactive phosphorous (chemical element P), cut into fragments, and analysed through electrophoresis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical shift
Dependence of the resonance frequency of a nucleus on the chemical binding of the atom or molecule in which it is contained. ... See: chemical shift artifact. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical shift artifact
In magnetic resonance imaging, a dark band caused by a biochemical difference in resonant frequency of adjacent regions rather than a true anatomic separation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical solution
See: solution. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical sympathectomy
<procedure> Destruction of the periareterial sympathetic nerves, as in Doppler's operation, by a corrosive such as phenol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical synapse
<physiology> A nerve nerve or nerve muscle junction where the signal is transmitted by release from one membrane of a chemical transmitter that binds to a receptor in the second membrane. Importantly, signals only pass in one direction. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemical synergism
Interaction of chemicals in a mixture to produce a greater toxic effect than would be expected from the sum of the toxicities of the individual chemicals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemical taxonomy
<procedure> An approach to the classification of organisms based on the distribution of natural products. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemical warfare
Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemical warfare agents
Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemically cured resin
A resin which contains an initiator, usually benzoyl peroxide, and an activator, usually a tertiary amine, in separate pastes. When mixed, the amine reacts with the benzoyl peroxide to form free radicals and polymerization occurs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemiclave
A machine that sterilises surgical instruments with high-pressure, high-temperature water vapor, alcohol vapor, and formaldehyde vapor. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemicocautery
Synonym for chemocautery ... Any substance that destroys tissue upon application. ... Synonym: chemical cautery, chemicocautery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemiluminescence
<chemistry> Light emitted as a reaction proceeds. Becoming used increasingly to assay ATP (using firefly luciferase) and the production of toxic oxygen species by activated phagocytes (using luminol or lucigenin as bystander substrates that release light when oxidized). ... See: bioluminescence. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemiluminescence assays
Including a subcategory using bioluminescence (biologically derived chemiluminescence agents), use the generation of light from oxidative chemical reactions as an indicator of the quantity of unbound luminescent labelled antigen. This allows quantitation of unlabelled antigen from patient specimens in a variety of homogeneous (single phase) or hete …

chemiluminescent labeling
A technique of labeling DNA strands, two different DNA probes emit light when they come together in the same region of a gene. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemiosmosis
<biochemistry, cell biology> A theoretical mechanism (proposed by Mitchell) to explain energy transduction in the mitochondrion. As a general mechanism it is the coupling of one enzyme catalysed reaction to another using the transmembrane flow of an intermediate species. For example Cytochrome oxidase pumps protons across the mitochondrial in …

chemiosmotic coupling
The linking of ATP synthesis to electrontransfer by way of an electrochemical hydrogen cation gradient across amembrane. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemiosmotic hypothesis
Synonym for chemiosmosis ... <biochemistry, cell biology> A theoretical mechanism (proposed by Mitchell) to explain energy transduction in the mitochondrion. As a general mechanism it is the coupling of one enzyme catalysed reaction to another using the transmembrane flow of an intermediate species. For example Cytochrome oxidase pumps protons …

chemiosmotic theory
The theory that the synthesis of ATP (an energy source made and used by the organism) within mitochondria and chloroplasts occurs by way of a proton gradient which forms when electrons are passed through their inner membranes. When protons are then passed through the inner membrane in the opposite direction, energy is released and used to make ATP. …

chemiotaxis
Synonym for chemotaxis ... A response of motile cells or organisms in which the direction of movement is affected by the gradient of a diffusible substance. Differs from chemokinesis in that the gradient alters probability of motion in one direction only, rather than rate or frequency of random motion. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemise
A square of gauze fastened to a catheter passed through its centre; used to retain a tampon packed around the catheter inserted into a wound, such as that resulting from a perineal section. ... Origin: Fr. Shirt ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemist
1. A specialist or expert in chemistry. ... 2. Pharmacist (British). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemistry
The scientific study of the composition, structure, properties, andinteractions of chemicals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemistry, analytical
The branch of chemistry dealing with detection (qualitative) and determination (quantitative) of substances. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemistry, bioinorganic
A field of chemistry which pertains to the study of inorganic compounds or ions in biological systems. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemistry, clinical
The specialty of analytical chemistry applied to assays of physiologically important substances found in blood, urine, tissues, and other biological fluids for the purpose of aiding the physician in making a diagnosis or following therapy. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemistry, inorganic
A field of chemistry which pertains to chemical compounds or ions that do not contain the element carbon (with the exception of carbon dioxide and compounds containing a carbonate radical, e.g., calcium carbonate). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemistry, pharmaceutical
Chemistry that deals with the composition and preparation of substances used in treatment of patients or diagnostic studies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemo-
Chemistry. ... Origin: G. Chemeia, alchemy ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemo-responsive
Responds to chemotherapy, for example, a tumour is chemo-responsive if it shrinks in size following chemotherapy. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

chemoattractant
<cell biology> A substance that elicits accumulation of cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemoattraction
Noncommittal description of cellular response to a diffusible chemical not necessarily by a tactic response. Microturable to chemotaxis when the mechanism is unknown. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemoautotroph
Chemotrophic autotroph. Organism in which energy is obtained from endogenous light independent reactions involving inorganic molecules. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemoautotrophic
Pertaining to a chemoautotroph. ... Synonym: chemolithotrophic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemobiodynamics
Study devoted to elucidation of correlations between the chemical constitution of various materials and their ability to modify the function and morphology of biological systems. ... Origin: chemo-+ G. Bios, life, + dynamis, power ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemocautery
Any substance that destroys tissue upon application. ... Synonym: chemical cautery, chemicocautery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemoceptor
Synonym for chemoreceptor ... A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, for example, olfactory and gustatory receptors or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content and reflexly increases both respiration and blo …

chemodectoma
Aortic body, carotid body, chemoreceptor, or glomus jugulare tumour; nonchromaffin paraganglioma; receptoma; a relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies; consisting histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alve …

chemodectomatosis
Multiple tumours of perivascular tissue of carotid body or presumed chemoreceptor type, which have been reported in the lungs as minute neoplasms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemodifferentiation
Differentiation of the cellular chemical constituents in the embryo prior to cytodifferentiation; sometimes recognizable histochemically. ... Synonym: invisible differentiation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemodynesis
Induction of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells by chemicals rather than by light (photodynesis). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemoembolization, therapeutic
Administration of antineoplastic agent together with an embolizing vehicle. This allows slow release of the agent as well as obstruction of the blood supply to the neoplasm. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemoheterotroph
Synonym: chemoorganotroph. ... Origin: chem-+ G. Heteros, other, + trophe, nourishment ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemoheterotrophic
Synonym for chemoorganotrophic ... Pertaining to a chemoorganotroph. ... Synonym: chemoheterotrophic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemoimmunology
Synonym for immunochemistry ... <chemistry, immunology> A subfield of chemistry that is concerned with the study of the chemical activity involved with immunological processes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemokine
Cytokines that are chemotactic for leucocytes. The first member of the family was IL-8 interleukin-8) but subsequently many other members have been identified. They can now be sub divided into two groups on the basis of the arrangement of a pair of conserved cysteines: the C x C group includes platelet Factor 4, platelet basic protein, interleukin …

chemokine receptor
A molecule that receives a chemokine and a chemokine dock. Several chemokine receptors are essential co-receptors for HIV. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemokines
Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: c (chemokines, c), cc (chemokines, cc), and cxc (chemokines, cxc), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemokines, c
Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemokines, cc
Group of chemokines with adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils but not neutrophils. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemokines, cxc
Group of chemokines with paired cysteines separated by a different amino acid. Cxc chemokines are chemoattractants for neutrophils but not monocytes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

chemokinesis
A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behaviour (klinokinesis). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

chemokinetic
Referring to chemokinesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemolithotroph
An organism which obtains its energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemolithotrophic
Synonym for chemoautotrophic ... Pertaining to a chemoautotroph. ... Synonym: chemolithotrophic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemolithotrophy
The utilization of inorganic compounds or ions to obtain reducing equivalents and energy. ... Origin: chemo-+ G. Lithos, stone, mineral, + trophe, nourishment ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemoluminescence
Synonym for chemiluminescence ... <chemistry> Light emitted as a reaction proceeds. Becoming used increasingly to assay ATP (using firefly luciferase) and the production of toxic oxygen species by activated phagocytes (using luminol or lucigenin as bystander substrates that release light when oxidized). ... See: bioluminescence. ... (18 Nov 1997 …

chemolysis
Chemical decomposition. ... Origin: chemo-+ G. Lysis, dissolution ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemonucleolysis
Injection of chymopapain into the nucleus pulposis of an intervertebral disc. A therapeutic option for the treatment of a herniated nucleus pulposis, e.g., 'slipped disc.' ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemoorganotroph
An organism which oxidizes chemical bonds for energy but requires organic carbon compounds to grow. A type of heterotroph. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

chemoorganotrophic
Pertaining to a chemoorganotroph. ... Synonym: chemoheterotrophic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemopallidectomy
<procedure> Destruction of the globus pallidus by injection of a chemical agent. ... Synonym: chemopallidotomy. ... Origin: chemo-+ globus pallidus + G. Ektome, excision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemopallidothalamectomy
<procedure> Destruction of portions of the globus pallidus and thalamus by injection of a chemical substance. ... Origin: chemo-+ globus pallidus + thalamus + G. Ektome, excision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

chemopallidotomy
Synonym: chemopallidectomy. ... Origin: chemo-+ globus pallidus + G. Tome, incision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...