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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


Renshaw, B
<person> 20th century U.S. Neurophysiologist. ... See: Renshaw cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

renunculus
Synonym: cortical lobules of kidney. ... Synonym: reniculus. ... Origin: L. Dim. Of ren ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

REO virus
Synonym for respiratory enteric orphan virus ... A nonenveloped icosahedral virus whose genome consists of double stranded RNA, belonging to the family Reoviridae, frequently found in both the respiratory and enteric tract. ... Synonym: REO virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reoperation
<surgery> A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient. ... It includes reoperation for reexamination, reoperation for disease progression or recurrence, or reoperation following operative failure. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...

Reoviridae
<virology> Class III viruses, with a segmented double stranded RNA genome, there are about 8-10 segments each coding for a different polypeptide and only one strand of the RNA (minus strand) acts as template for mRNA (plus strand). ... Icosahedral capsid and the virion includes all the enzymes needed to synthesise mRNA. The viruses originally …

Reovirus
<virology> A genus of viruses (family Reoviridae) that are 75 to 80 nm in diameter, with distinct double layers of capsomeres, and have vertebrates as hosts; a causative relationship to illness has not been proven. ... They have been recovered from children with mild fever and sometimes diarrhoea, and from children with no apparent infection; …

reovirus 3
<virology> A species of orthoreovirus and the suspected cause of biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis in human infants. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...

reovirus-like agent
Synonym for Rotavirus ... <virology> Genus of the Reoviridae having a double layered capsid and 11 double stranded RNA molecules in the genome. They have a wheel like appearance in the electron microscope and cause acute diarrhoeal disease in their mammalian and avian hosts. ... Probably the most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhoea …

REP
Synonym for roentgen-equivalent physical ... <radiobiology, unit> A roentgen equivalent physical is a unit of absorbed radiation approximately equivalent to a roentgen, an international unit of x- or gamma-radiation. ... An obsolete unit of measurement; that quantity of ionizing radiation of any kind which, upon absorption by living tissue, pro …

rep protein
<protein> A protein that triggers a plasmid's replication. ... An acronym for Repetitive Extragenic Palindromicprotein, this protein is an enzyme produced by a mutant strain of E. Coli that unwinds the DNA helix. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repair
1. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as, to repair a house, a road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune. 'Secret refreshings that repair his strength.' (Milton) 'Do thou, as thou art wont, repair My heart with gladness.' (Wordsworth) ... 2. To ma …

repair enzyme
<enzyme, molecular biology> An enzyme that can catalyze the repair of damaged DNA; e.g., DNA ligase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repair nuclease
<enzyme, molecular biology> Class of enzymes involved in DNA repair. It includes endonucleases that recognise a site of damage or an incorrect base pairing and cut it out and exonucleases that remove neighbouring nucleotides on one strand. These are then replaced by a DNA polymerase. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reparative dentin
Synonym for tertiary dentin ... Morphologically irregular dentin formed in response to an irritant. ... Synonym: irregular dentin, irritation dentin, reparative dentin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reparative giant cell granuloma
Synonym for giant cell granuloma ... <dermatology, oncology> A non-neoplastic lesion characterised by a proliferation of granulation tissue containing numerous multinucleated giant cells. ... It occurs on the gingiva and alveolar mucosa (occasionally on other soft tissues) where it presents as a soft red-blue haemorrhagic nodular swelling. It a …

RepB helicase
<enzyme> Member of the sf2 superfamily of helicases; homologous to rad25/xpb; isolated from dictyostelium discoideum; do not confuse with repb protein; genbank u77065 ... Registry number: EC 3.1.- ... Synonym: DNA helicase repb ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

RepD helicase
<enzyme> Member of the sf2 superfamily of nucleases; homologous to rad3/xpd; isolated from dictyostelium discoideum; do not confuse with repd protein; genbank u77066 ... Registry number: EC 3.1.- ... Synonym: DNA helicase repd ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

repeal
1. To recall; to summon again, as persons. 'The banished Bolingbroke repeals himself, And with uplifted arms is safe arrived.' (Shak) ... 2. To recall, as a deed, will, law, or statute; to revoke; to rescind or abrogate by authority, as by act of the legislature; as, to repeal a law. ... 3. To suppress; to repel. 'Whence Adam soon repealed The doubts …

repeating
Doing the same thing over again; accomplishing a given result many times in succession; as, a repeating firearm; a repeating watch. Repeating circle. See the Note under Circle. ... <mathematics> Repeating decimal, instruments for observing angles, as a circle, theodolite, etc, so constructed that the angle may be measured several times in succ …

repellant guiding molecule
<cell biology> Specific molecules that inhibit the activity of growth cones and are thought to be important in establishing axon pathways during nervous system development. ... See: growth cone collapse. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

repent
<plant biology> Said of a stem that is prostrate and rooting at the nodes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repercussion
1. The act of driving back, or the state of being driven back; reflection; reverberation; as, the repercussion of sound. 'Ever echoing back in endless repercussion.' (Hare) ... 2. Rapid reiteration of the same sound. ... 3. <medicine> The subsidence of a tumour or eruption by the action of a repellent. ... 4. <obstetrics> In a vaginal exam …

repercussive
1. Tending or able to repercuss; having the power of sending back; causing to reverberate. 'Ye repercussive rocks! repeat the sound.' (W. Pattison) ... 2. Repellent. 'Blood is stanched by astringent and repecussive medicines.' ... 3. Driven back; rebounding; reverberated. 'Rages loud the repercussive roar.' ... Origin: Cf. F. Repercussif. ... Source: W …

reperfusion
The restoration of blood flow to an organ or tissue. After a heart attack, an immediate goal is to quickly open blocked arteries and reperfuse the heart muscles. Early reperfusion minimises the extent of heart muscle damage and preserves the pumping function of the heart. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reperfusion injury
Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

repetition
1. The act of repeating; a doing or saying again; iteration. 'I need not be barren of accusations; he hath faults, with surplus to tire in repetition.' (Shak) ... 2. Recital from memory; rehearsal. ... 3. The act of repeating, singing, playing, the same piece or part a second time; reiteration of a note. ... 4. Reiteration, or repeating the same word, …

repetition rate
The number of pulses per minute, describing an energy outpute.g., ultrasound pulses in echocardiography rather than vascular pulses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repetition time
In magnetic resonance imaging, the time between repetitions of the pulse sequence. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repetition-compulsion
In psychoanalysis, the tendency to repeat earlier experiences or actions, in an unconscious effort to achieve belated mastery over them; a morbid need to repeat a particular behaviour such as handwashing or repeated checking to see if the door is locked. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repetition-compulsion principle
In psychoanalysis, the impulse to redramatise or reenact earlier emotional experiences or situations. ... Synonym: principle of inertia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repetition-replication
There are four plots in a repetition/replication, the early, mid and late seral treatment plots and a control plot. A repetition/replication is also called a 'block.' There should be at least three repetitions/ replications in a research study to obtain statistical reliability. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

repetitive
Containing repetition, repetitions. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

repetitive DNA
<molecular biology> Nucleotide sequences in DNA that are present in the genome as numerous copies. Originally identified by the C0t_ value derived from kinetic studies of DNA renaturation. These sequences are not thought to code for polypeptides. One class of repetitive DNA, termed highly repetitive DNA, is found as short sequences, 5-100 nuc …

repetitive sequences, nucleic acid
Nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. They include direct, inverted, tandem, and terminal repeat sequences and the alu family repeat (named for the restriction endonuclease cleavage enzyme alu I). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

replace
1. To place again; to restore to a former place, position, condition, or the like. 'The earl . . . Was replaced in his government.' (Bacon) ... 2. To refund; to repay; to restore; as, to replace a sum of money borrowed. ... 3. To supply or substitute an equivalent for; as, to replace a lost document. 'With Israel, religion replaced morality.' (M. Arn …

replaceable
1. Capable or admitting of being put back into a place. ... 2. Admitting of having its place supplied by a like thing or an equivalent; as, the lost book is replaceable. ... 3. <chemistry> Capable of being replaced (by), or of being exchanged (for); as, the hydrogen of acids is replaceable by metals or by basic radicals. ... Source: Websters Dic …

replacement bone
Synonym for endochondral bone ... A bone that develops in a cartilage environment after the latter is partially or entirely destroyed by calcification and subsequent resorption. ... Synonym: cartilage bone, replacement bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replacement fibrosis
The formation of fibrous tissue that occupies sites where various other cells and tissues have become atrophied, or degenerated and necrotic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replacement therapy
Therapy designed to compensate for a lack or deficiency arising from inadequate nutrition, from certain dysfunctions (e.g., glandular hyposecretion), or from losses (e.g., haemorrhage); replacement may be physiological or may entail administration of a substitute (e.g., a synthetic oestrogen in place of estradiol). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replacement vector
A cloning vector, such as a bacteriophage, in which some of the DNA of the vector can be replaced with foreign DNA. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

replenish
1. To fill again after having been diminished or emptied; to stock anew; hence, to fill completely; to cause to abound. 'Multiply and replenish the earth.' (Gen. I. 28) 'The waters thus With fish replenished, and the air with fowl.' (Milton) ... 2. To finish; to complete; to perfect. 'We smothered The most replenished sweet work of nature.' (Shak)
replica
A specimen for electron microscopic examination obtained by coating a crystalline array or other virus material with carbon; the mold (the replica) obtained after the viral material has been dissolved provides details of structure and arrangement. ... Origin: It., fr. L.L. Re-plico, to fold back ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replica methods
<technique> Methods in the preparation of specimens for transmission electron microscopy. The specimen (for example: a piece of freeze fractured tissue) is shadowed with metal and coated with carbon and then the tissue is digested away. The replica is then picked up on a grid and it is the replica that is examined in the microscope. ... (18 No …

replica plate
A technique in which the pattern of bacterial colonies on a culture plate is copied using sterile filter paper, and then the paper is pressed against a second sterile plate. The new plate is infected with cells in the same relative positions as the colonies in the original plate. Usually the new plate is tested quite destructively for some property …

replica plating
<technique> Technique for testing the genetic characteristics of bacterial colonies. A dilute suspension of bacteria is first spread, in a petri dish, on agar containing a medium expected to support the growth of all bacteria, the master plate. Each bacterial cell in the suspension is expected to give rise to a colony. A sterile velvet pad, t …

replica techniques
Methods of preparing tissue specimens for visualization using an electron microscope, usually a scanning electron microscope. The methods involve the creation of exact copies of the specimens by making a mold or cast (i.e., replica) of the specimen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

replicase
<enzyme> Generic (and rather unhelpful) term for an enzyme that duplicates a polynucleotide sequence (either RNA or DNA). The term is more usefully restricted to the enzyme involved in the replication of certain viral RNA molecules. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

replicate
1. One of several identical processes or observations. ... 2. To repeat; to produce an exact copy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replication
1. A turning back of a part so as to form a duplication. ... 2. <molecular biology> The process of duplicating or reproducing, as the replication of an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand of DNA or RNA. ... Origin: L. Replicatio = a fold backwards ... (14 May 1997) ...

replication fork
A Y-shaped region in a chromosome that serves as the growing site for DNAreplication. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

replication origin
A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesised, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (rieger et al., glossary of genetics: classical an …

replication site
The in vivo site on DNA of DNA replication. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replication, DNA
A wondrous complex process whereby the ( parent ) strands of DNA in the double helix are separated and each one is copied to produce a new ( daughter ) strand. This process is said to be semi-conservative since one of each parent strand is conserrved and remains intact after replication has taken place. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

replicative form
An intermediate stage in the replication of either DNA or RNA viral genomes that is usually double stranded, the altered, double-stranded form to which single-stranded coliphage DNA is converted after infection of a susceptible bacterium, formation of the complementary ('minus') strand being mediated by enzymes that were present in the bacterium be …

replicative intermediate
<molecular biology, virology> Intermediate stage in the replication of a RNA virus, a copy of the original RNA strand or of a single strand copy of the first replicative intermediate. Essentially an amplification strategy. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

replicator
The specific site of a bacterial genome (chromosome) at which replication begins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

replicon
<molecular biology> Tandem regions of replication in a chromosome, each about 30m long, derived from an origin of replication. By definition a replicon must contain an origin of replication. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

replisome
<molecular biology> Complex of proteins involved in the replication (elongation) of DNA that moves along as the new complementary strand is synthesised. On this basis a minimum content would be DNA polymerase III and a primosome. An RNA replisome has been proposed as a putative ancestor of the ribosome. ... Origin: Gr. Soma = body ... (18 Nov 1 …

replitase
<chemical> ... Synonym: DNA replitase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

replum
A longitudinal partition in an ovary, formed between parietal placentas. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repolarization
The process whereby the membrane, cell, or fibre, after depolarisation, is polarised again, with positive charges on the outer and negative charges on the inner surface. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reportable disease
Synonym for notifiable disease ... <epidemiology> Diseases, usually of an infectious nature, whose occurrence is required by law to be made known to a health officer or local government authority. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

reporter gene
<molecular biology> A gene that encodes an easily assayed product (e.g. CAT) that is coupled to the upstream sequence of another gene and transfected into cells. The reporter gene can then be used to see which factors activate response elements in the upstream region of the gene of interest. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reporting, anonymous
In public health, anonymous reporting permits the acquisition of certain data such as the proportion of persons with a positive test or with a disease. It is different from anonymous testing, in which no name is used on the test sample. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reporting, named
In public health, named reporting is the reporting of infected persons by name to public health departments. This is standard practice for the surveillance of many infectious diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, and tuberculosis that pose a public health threat. The opposite of named reporting is anonymous testing in which the individual remains …

reporting, unique identifier
In public health, a system that uses information such as the person's birth date and part of their identification number (in the u.s., the social security number) to create a unique code that is reported instead of a name. It is an alternative to named reporting that provides some of the surveillance benefits of reporting by name, such as the elimi …

repose
1. A lying at rest; sleep; rest; quiet. 'Shake off the golden slumber of repose.' (Shak) ... 2. Rest of mind; tranquillity; freedom from uneasiness; also, a composed manner or deportment. ... 3. A rest; a pause. ... 4. That harmony or moderation which affords rest for the eue; opposed to the scattering and division of a subject into too many unconnect …

repositioning
Synonym for reduction ... <orthopaedics, surgery> The correction of a fracture, dislocation or hernia. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reprehend
To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. 'Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish.' (Bacon) 'Pardon me for reprehending thee.' (Shak) 'In which satire human vice …

represent
1. To present again or anew; to present by means of something standing in the place of; to exhibit the counterpart or image of; to typify. 'Before him burn Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing The heavenly fires.' (Milton) ... 2. To portray by pictoral or plastic art; to delineate; as, to represent a landscape in a picture, a horse in bronze, an …

representative
1. Fitted to represent; exhibiting a similitude. ... 2. Bearing the character or power of another; acting for another or others; as, a council representative of the people. ... 3. Conducted by persons chosen to represent, or act as deputies for, the people; as, a representative government. ... 4. Serving or fitted to present the full characters of the …

repressed
Subjected to repression. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repressible enzyme
<biochemistry> In bacteria, an enzyme whose creation is inhibited when its reaction product is plentiful. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repression
The inhibition of a gene's expression, this is typically caused by the change in the activity of a regulatory protein. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repression-sensitization
Defense mechanisms involving approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli. The sensitizing process involves intellectualization in approaching or controlling the stimulus whereas repression involves unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

repressor
A type of protein molecule that binds to DNA that shuts up transcription of a gene. See: operon or operator. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

repressor gene
A gene that prevents a nonallele from being transcribed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

repressor protein
<molecular biology> A protein that binds to an operator of a gene preventing the transcription of the gene. The binding affinity of repressors for the operator may be affected by other molecules. Inducers bind to repressors and decrease their binding to the operator, while co repressors increase the binding. The paradigm of repressor proteins …

repressor proteins
Proteins which are normally bound to the operator locus of an operon, thereby preventing transcription of the structural genes. In enzyme induction, the substrate of the inducible enzyme binds to the repressor protein, causing its release from the operator and freeing the structural genes for transcription. In enzyme repression, the end product of …

reproachful
1. Expressing or containing reproach; upbraiding; opprobrious; abusive. 'The reproachful speeches . . . That he hath breathed in my dishonor here.' (Shak) ... 2. Occasioning or deserving reproach; shameful; base; as, a reproachful life. ... Synonym: Opprobrious, contumelious, abusive, offensive, insulting, contemptuous, scornful, insolent, scurrilous …

reprobation
1. The act of reprobating; the state of being reprobated; strong disapproval or censure. 'The profligate pretenses upon which he was perpetually soliciting an increase of his disgraceful stipend are mentioned with becoming reprobation.' (Jeffrey) 'Set a brand of reprobation on clipped poetry and false coin.' (Dryden) ... 2. The predestination of a c …

reproducibility
1. Ability to cause to exist again or to present again. ... 2. The ability to duplicate measurements over long periods of time by different laboratories. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reproducibility of results
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of …

reproduction
The production of offspring by organised bodies. ... Origin: L. Re = again, productio = production ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reproduction techniques
Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reproduction, asexual
Reproduction without fusion of sex cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reproductive
Relating to reproduction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reproductive adaptation
A peculiarity of the reproductive mechanism of a species that results in it being better fitted to its environment (for example, prolonged seed dormancy). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reproductive and urinary physiology
Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the reproductive process and the physiology of the urinary tract. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reproductive assimilation
In sensorimotor theory, an active cognitive process by which past experience is applied to novel situations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reproductive cells
The eggs and sperm are the reproductive cells. Each mature reproductive cell is haploid in that it has a single set of 23 chromosomes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reproductive control agents
Substances used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reproductive cycle
The cycle which begins with conception and extends through gestation and parturition. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reproductive endocrinologist
An ob-gyn who specialises in the treatment of hormonal disorders that affect reproductive function. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reproductive history
An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage. ... (12 D …

reproductive medicine
A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologi …

reproductive nucleus
Synonym for micronucleus ... <cell biology> The smaller nucleus in ciliate protozoans, fully active in inheritance and passed after meiosis to conjugating pairs. Gives rise to the macronucleus or macronuclei. Genes in the micronucleus are not actively transcribed. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reproductive ratio
<epidemiology> 1. Basic reproductive ratio , Ro , a dimensionless parameter which encapsulates the biological details of different transmission mechanisms. For microparasites, Ro , is defined as the average number of secondary cases of infection to which one primary case gives rise throughout its infectious period if introduced into a defined …

reproductive surgeon
An ob-gyn or urologist who specialises in the surgical correction of anatomical disorders that impair reproductive function. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reproductive system
In women, the organs that are directly involved in producing eggs and in conceiving and carrying babies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...