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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

retropharyngeal abscess
A soft tissue infection of the throat with entry usually by the pharynx but sometimes as an extension of a lateral neck infection resulting from a neck injury. The major risk is upper airway obstruction caused by pharyngeal swelling. (daniel r. Masys, from a written communication) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retropharyngeal lymph nodes
The three groups of lymph nodes, one median and two lateral, located between the pharynx and the prevertebral fascia; they receive lymph from the nasopharynx, the auditory tube, and the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints. ... Synonym: nodi lymphatici retropharyngeales. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropharyngeal space
That part of the peripharyngeal spatium located posterior to the pharynx. In the normal adult it measures 4 mm (at C3 level), but is considered abnormal when greater than 7 mm. ... Can be icreased with a cervical spine fracture, retropharyngeal abscess. ... Synonym: spatium retropharyngeum, postpharyngeal space. ... (21 Jun 2000) ...

retropharynx
<anatomy> The posterior part of the pharynx. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroplacental
<anatomy> Behind the placenta. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroplasia
<cell biology> That state of cell or tissue in which activity is decreased below that considered normal. Often associated with retrogressive changes (e.g., injury, degeneration, death, necrosis). ... Origin: retro-+ G. Plasis, a molding ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropneumoperitoneum
<surgery> Pathological or accidental introduction of air into the retroperitoneal space. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroposed
Denoting retroposition. ... Origin: retro-+ L. Pono, pp. Positus, to place ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroposition
Simple backward displacement of a structure or organ, as the uterus, without inclination, bending, retroversion, or retroflexion. ... Origin: retro-+ L. Positio, a placing ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroposon
A transposition of sequences in a DNA that does not originate in the DNA but, in an mRNA that is transcribed back into the genomic DNA by reverse transcription. ... Origin: retro-+ L. Pono, pp. Positum, to place, + -on ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropubic
Posterior to the pubic bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropubic hernia
A hernia projecting downward, in the subperitoneal tissues, from the internal inguinal ring. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropubic prostatectomy
<procedure> Surgical removal of the prostate through an incision in the abdomen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retropubic space
The area of loose connective tissue between the bladder with its related fascia and the pubis and anterior abdominal wall. ... Synonym: spatium retropubicum, cavum retzii, Retzius' cavity, Retzius' space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropulsion
1. An involuntary backward walking or running, occurring in patients with the parkinsonian syndrome. ... 2. A pushing back of any part. ... Origin: retro-+ L. Pulsio, a pushing, fr. Pello, pp. Pulsus, beat, drive ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropyloric lymph nodes
A group of lymph nodes located behind the pylorus. ... Synonym: nodi retropylorici, retropyloric nodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retropyloric nodes
Synonym for retropyloric lymph nodes ... A group of lymph nodes located behind the pylorus. ... Synonym: nodi retropylorici, retropyloric nodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrorse
Directed backwards or downwards. ... Compare: antrorse. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

retrospection
The act or process of surveying and reviewing the past. ... Origin: retro-+ L. Specto, pp. Spectatus, to look at ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrospective
Relating to retrospection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrospective falsification
Unconscious distortion of past experience to conform to present psychological needs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrospective studies
Studies used to test aetiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristic …

retrospective study
<epidemiology> A study in which people are enrolled and then have their history of risks, infections or disease measured. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

retrospondylolisthesis
Slipping posteriorly of the body of a vertebra, bringing it out of line with the adjacent vertebrae. ... Origin: retro-+ G. Spondylos, vertebra, + olisthesis, a slipping ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrosternal
<anatomy> Situated or occurring behind the sternum. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

retrosternal hernia
A diaphragmatic hernia protruding through Morgagni's foramen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrosternal space
On lateral chest radiographs, the region dorsal to the sternum and ventral to the ascending aorta. ... Synonym: anterior clear space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrosteroid
A term sometimes used to designate a steroid in which the orientations of the substituents at carbons-9 and -10 are the opposite of those of the reference or 'parent' compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrotarsal
Posterior to the tarsus, or edge of the eyelid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrotarsal fold
Synonym for conjunctival fornix ... The space formed by the junction of the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjunctiva, that of the upper lid being the fornix conjunctivae superior and that of the lower lid the fornix conjunctivae inferior. ... Synonym: fornix conjunctivae, conjunctival cul-de-sac, retrotarsal fold. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrotransposon
<molecular biology> Transposable element with a transpositional mechanism requiring reverse transcriptase in a manner reminiscent of retroviruses, to which they may be related. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

retrotransposons
Transposable elements (transposons) that involve a retrovirus-like process of reverse transcription. The DNA element is transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA, and then inserted at a new site in the genome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retrouterine
Posterior to the uterus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroversioflexion
Combined retroversion and retroflexion of the uterus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroverted
Denoting retroversion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retroviral vector
<molecular biology> See Retroviridae. Retroviral vectors are used in the genetic modification of cells as a means of introducing foreign DNA into the genome. ... For example: retroviral vector 's encoding histochemical markers (reporter genes) are used in the study of neural cell lineage in vertebrates. Retroviral vector's may contain the bact …

Retroviridae
<virology> Viruses with a single stranded RNA genome (Class VI). On infecting a cell the virus generates a DNA replica by action of its virally coded reverse transcriptase. Oncovirinae are one of three subclasses of retroviruses, the others being Lentivirinae and Spumavirinae. ... See: retroviral vector. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

retroviridae infections
Virus diseases caused by the retroviridae. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviridae proteins
Proteins from the family retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the rous sarcoma virus protein. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviridae proteins, oncogenic
Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukaemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retrovirus
<virology> Any virus in the family Retroviridae that has RNA as its nucleic acid and uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy its genome into the DNA of the host cells chromosomes. Many cancers in vertebrates are caused by retroviruses. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

retroviruses type b, mammalian
A genus of the family retroviridae consisting of a few exogenous, vertically transmitted and endogenous viruses of mice. It is associated with mammary carcinoma and T-cell lymphoma. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviruses type c, avian
A genus of the family retroviridae with type c morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviruses type c, mammalian
A genus of retroviridae comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related reticuloendotheliosis viruses of birds, and a reptilian species. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukaemias and sarcomas. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviruses type d, simian
Type d retroviruses that cause simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (saids) and malignancies in monkeys. at least five serotypes of srv are recognised: srv-1, srv-2 (retrovirus-d/new england), srv-3 (mason-pfiser monkey virus), srv-4, and srv-5. Subcutaneous fibrosarcoma is associated with srv-1 infection and retroperitoneal fibromatosis is as …

retroviruses, simian
Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the west african green monkey and the asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

retroviruses, type d
A genus of the family retroviridae consisting of oncogenic exogenous retroviruses that contain type d particles. They include the type species, mason-pfiser monkey virus, isolated from mammary carcinoma and normal tissues in rhesus monkeys, and several other serotypes of simian type d retroviruses (retroviruses type d, simian), all of which cause s …

retruded
<dentistry> A term used when your front teeth are slated lingually (i.e. Toward the back of your mouth). ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

retrusion
1. Retraction of the mandible from any given point. ... 2. The backward movement of the mandible. ... Origin: L. Re-trudo, pp. -trusus, to push back ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrusive excursion
The slight backward and return movement of the mandible between the position of closure and a slightly posterior position. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retrusive occlusion
A biting relationship in which the mandible is forcefully or habitually placed more distally than the patient's centric occlusion. ... Synonym: distal occlusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rett
Andreas, 20th century Austrian paediatrician. ... See: Rett's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rett syndrome
<neurology, syndrome> The syndrome that bears his name was first described by Rett (1966, 1977). Hagberg (1985) estimated the frequency of the disorder to be about 1:15,000 in southwestern Sweden. Among girls aged 0 to 18 years in North Dakota, Burd et al. (1991) found the frequency of Rett syndrome to be 1 in 19,786. ... Hagberg (1983) descri …

Rett's syndrome
<syndrome> A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and purposeless hand movements; associated with hyperammonaemia, principally in girls. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

return
1. To turn back; to go or come again to the same place or condition. 'Return to your father's house.' 'On their embattled ranks the waves return.' (Milton) 'If they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of freedom.' (Locke) 'Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.' (Gen. Iii. 19) ... 2. To come back, or begin again, after an inter …

return extrasystole
A form of reciprocal rhythm in which the impulse having arisen in the ventricle ascends toward the atria, but before reaching the atria is reflected back to the ventricles to produce a second ventricular contraction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

return on investment
(ROI) The interest rate at which the net present value of a project is zero. Multiple values are possible. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

returning cycle
An atrial or ventricular cardiac cycle that begins with an extrasystole or a forced beat. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

retuse
With a very blunt and slightly notched apex. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Retzius, Anders
<person> Swedish anatomist and anthropologist, 1796-1860. ... See: Retzius' cavity, cavum retzii, Retzius' fibres, Retzius' gyrus, Retzius' ligament, Retzius' space, Retzius' veins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius, Magnus
<person> Swedish anatomist and anthropologist, 1842-1919. ... See: Retzius' striae, lines of Retzius, Retzius' foramen, calcification lines of Retzius, Key-Retzius corpuscles, foramen of Key-Retzius, sheath of Key and Retzius. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' cavity
Synonym for retropubic space ... The area of loose connective tissue between the bladder with its related fascia and the pubis and anterior abdominal wall. ... Synonym: spatium retropubicum, cavum retzii, Retzius' cavity, Retzius' space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' fibres
Stiff fibre's in Deiters' cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' foramen
Synonym for lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle ... One of the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle. ... Synonym: apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti, foramen lateralis ventriculi quarti, foramen of Key-Retzius, foramen of Luschka, Retzius' foramen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' gyrus
The intralimbic gyrus in the cortical portion of the rhinencephalon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' ligament
<anatomy> The deep attachment of the inferior extensor retinaculum in the tarsal sinus, it acts as a sling for the extensor tendons of the toes. ... Synonym: fundiform ligament of foot. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' space
Synonym for retropubic space ... The area of loose connective tissue between the bladder with its related fascia and the pubis and anterior abdominal wall. ... Synonym: spatium retropubicum, cavum retzii, Retzius' cavity, Retzius' space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' striae
Dark concentric lines crossing the enamel prisms of the teeth, seen in axial cross sections of the enamel. ... Synonym: brown striae, striae parallelae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Retzius' veins
Portacaval anastomoses formed from vein's in the walls of retroperitoneal viscera, such as the ascending and descending colon, passing to the tributaries of the inferior vena cava in the posterior body wall instead of those of the portal vein. ... Synonym: Ruysch's veins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reunient
Connecting; denoting the ductus reuniens. ... Origin: L. Re-, again, + unio, pp. Unitus, to unite ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reunion
One of the indian ocean islands, east of madagascar. Its capital is saint-denis. It was discovered in 1507 by the portuguese and claimed by france in 1638. It was first colonised in 1662 as isle de bourbon but renamed reunion in 1793. In 1946 it was made an overseas department of france. The name commemorates the reunion of the revolutionaries from …

Reuss, August von
<person> Austrian ophthalmologist, 1841-1924. ... See: Reuss' formula, Reuss' colour tables, Reuss' test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reuss' colour tables
An obsolete charts in which coloured letters are printed on coloured backgrounds in such combination that some of them are invisible to a person with deficient colour vision. ... Synonym: Stilling colour tables. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reuss' formula
A means of estimating the approximate amount of albumin in a transudate or exudate; 3/8 (sp. Gr. -1.000) -2.8 results in a value that is a practicable indication of the percentage of albumin in the fluid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reuss' test
A test for atropine; the addition of oxidizing agents and sulfuric acid to a liquid containing atropine produces an odour of orange-flowers and roses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rev
<molecular biology> A regulatory protein produced by HIV within infected cells. Rev helps transport HIV RNA sequences (messenger RNA) out from the nucleus into the cells cytoplasm, where it directs construction of proteins for new virus particles. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

revaccination
Vaccination of an individual previously successfully vaccinated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

revascularization
Reestablishment of blood supply to a part. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

revelation
1. The act of revealing, disclosing, or discovering to others what was before unknown to them. ... 2. That which is revealed. ... 3. The act of revealing divine truth. That which is revealed by God to man; especially, the Bible. 'By revelation he made known unto me the mystery, as I wrote afore in few words.' (Eph. Iii. 3) ... 4. Specifically, the las …

reverberating circuit
A theory of periodic conduction through the cerebral cortex of trains of impulses traveling in circuit's of neurons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverberation
Multiple echoes or reflections; in ultrasonography, an artifactual image caused by delay of an echo which has been reflected back and forward again before returning to the transducer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reverdin graft
Synonym for pinch graft ... Small bits of skin, of partial or full thickness, removed from a healthy area and seeded in a site to be covered. ... Synonym: Reverdin graft. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reverdin, Jacques
<person> Swiss surgeon, 1842-1929. ... See: Reverdin graft, Reverdin's method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reverdin's method
Synonym for Reverdin graft ... pinch graft ...

reversal
1. The act of reversing; the causing to move or face in an opposite direction, or to stand or lie in an inverted position; as, the reversal of a rotating wheel; the reversal of objects by a convex lens. ... 2. A change or overthrowing; as, the reversal of a judgment, which amounts to an official declaration that it is false; the reversal of an attai …

reversal learning
Any situation where an animal or human is trained to respond differentially to two stimuli (e.g., approach and avoidance) under reward and punishment conditions and subsequently trained under reversed reward values (i.e., the approach which was previously rewarded is punished and vice versa). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reversal of organs, total
This condition (medically called situs inversus totalis) involves complete transposition (right to left reversal) of the thoracic and abdominal organs. The heart is not in its usual position in the left chest but is on the right. Specifically related to the heart, this is referred to as dextrocardia (literally, right-hearted). And the stomach, whic …

reverse
1. To turn back; to cause to face in a contrary direction; to cause to depart. 'And that old dame said many an idle verse, Out of her daughter's heart fond fancies to reverse.' (Spenser) ... 2. To cause to return; to recall. 'And to his fresh remembrance did reverse The ugly view of his deformed crimes.' (Spenser) ... 3. To change totally; to alter t …

reverse banding
Synonym for R-banding stain ... <technique> A reverse Giemsa chromosome banding method that produces bands complementary to G-bands; induced by treatment with high temperature, low pH, or acridine orange staining; often used together with G-banding on human karyotype to determine whether there are deletions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse bevel
The sloping edge of a cutting instrument. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse curve
In dentistry, a curve of occlusion which is convex upward. ... Synonym: anti-Monson curve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse Eck fistula
Side-to-side anastomosis of the portal vein with the inferior vena cava and ligation of the latter above the anastomosis but below the hepatic veins; the blood from the lower part of the body is thus directed through the hepatic circulation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse electron transport
<chemistry> The energy-dependent movement of electrons against the thermodynamic gradient to form a strong reductant from a weaker electron donor. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

reverse genetics
The technique of determining a gene's function by first sequencing it, then mutating it and then trying to identify the nature of the change in the phenotype. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reverse Kingsley splint
Synonym for Kingsley splint ... A winged maxillary splint used to apply traction to reduce maxillary fractures as well as immobilise them by having the wings attached to a head appliance by elastics. ... Synonym: reverse Kingsley splint. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse mutation
Synonym for back mutation ... <molecular biology> A mutation that causes a mutant gene to revert to its original wild-type base sequence. ... Compare: forward mutation. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reverse passive haemagglutination
If antibodies are bonded to the surface of red blood cells haemagglutination will occur if the appropriate bi or multivalent antigen is added in soluble or microparticulate form. Used as a test for for example Hepatitis B virus in the serum. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reverse pulmonary oedema pattern
<radiology> Loeffler pneumonia, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reverse transcriptase
<enzyme> RNA directed DNA polymerase. ... Enzyme first discovered in retroviruses, that can construct double stranded DNA molecules from the single stranded RNA templates of their genomes. Reverse transcription now appears also to be involved in movement of certain mobile genetic elements, such as the Ty plasmid in yeast, in the replication of …

reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase), an enzyme that synthesises DNA on an RNA template. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...