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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197
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retinaculum musculorum flexorumSynonym for flexor retinaculum of lower limb ... A wide band passing from the medial malleolus to the medial and upper border of the calcaneus and to the plantar surface as far as the navicular bone; it holds in place the tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus. ... Synonym: retinaculum musculorum flexor …
retinaculum of flexor musclesSynonym for flexor retinaculum of lower limb ... A wide band passing from the medial malleolus to the medial and upper border of the calcaneus and to the plantar surface as far as the navicular bone; it holds in place the tendons of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus. ... Synonym: retinaculum musculorum flexor …
retinaculum of skinSynonym for retinaculum cutis ... One of the numerous small fibrous strands that extend through the superficial fascia attaching the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia determining the mobility of the skin over the deep structures; these are particularly well developed over the breast where they are known as suspensory ligaments …
retinaculum patellae lateraleSynonym for lateral patellar retinaculum ... Part of the aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle passing lateral to the patella to attach to the tibial tuberosity. ... Synonym: retinaculum patellae laterale. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinaculum patellae medialeSynonym for medial patellar retinaculum ... Part of the aponeurosis of the vastus medialis muscle passing medial to the patella to attach to the medial condyle of the tibia, forming the anteromedial aspect of the fibrous capsule of the knee joint. ... Synonym: retinaculum patellae mediale. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinaculum tendinumA ligamentous structure to restrain tendons, such as the flexor or extensor retinacula, or the annular parts of the digital fibrous sheaths. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal1. <anatomy> Pertaining to the retina. ... 2. <biochemistry> The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11 cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form …
retinal adaptationAdjustment to degree of illumination. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal anlage tumourSynonym for melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy ... A benign neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin that most often involves the anterior maxilla of infants in the first year of life. It presents clinically as a rapidly growing blue-black lesion producing a destructive radiolucency; histologically, it is characterised by small round undifferenti …
retinal artery<anatomy, artery> Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its centre, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal artery occlusionOcclusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal blood vesselsThe blood vasculature of the retina, including the branches and tributaries of the central retinal artery and vein, respectively, and the vascular circle of the optic nerve. ... Synonym: vasa sanguinea retinae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal cameraAn instrument for photographing the ocular fundus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal cone<ophthalmology, physiology> One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. ... In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, and are differentially sensitive to particular wavelengths of light and therefore important for colour vision. …
retinal degeneration<ophthalmology> A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalised, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. ... Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is macular degeneration. ... (03 Jul 1999) ...
retinal dehydrogenaseAn oxidoreductase catalyzing the interconversion of retinaldehyde and NAD+ to retinoic acid and NADH; thus affecting growth and differentiation. ... Synonym: retinaldehyde dehydrogenase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal detachment<ophthalmology> A painless disorder (when spontaneous) where the patient complains of a gradual raising or lowering of a curtain over the visual field of the affected eye. May also occur as the result of trauma. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...
retinal disease<ophthalmology> A general term which describes any retinal changes (haemorrhages or exudates) that can affect vision (for example diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...
retinal disparityThe slight difference in retinal images that arises because of the lateral separation of the two eyes that stimulates stereoscopic vision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal drusen<ophthalmology> Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal dysplasia<ophthalmology> Congenital, often bilateral, retinal abnormality characterised by the arrangement of outer nuclear retinal cells in a palisading or radiating pattern surrounding a central ocular space. This disorder is sometimes hereditary. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal embolismEmbolism of an artery of the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal foldA congenital or secondary fold, consequent to membrane contraction, producing star-shaped, meridional, or circular fold's on the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal ganglion cellSynonym for ganglion cell ... <pathology> A type of interneuron that conveys information from the retinal bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells to the brain. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retinal ganglion cellsCells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal imageA real image formed on the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal isomerase<enzyme> Converts all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal ... Registry number: EC 5.2.1.3 ... Synonym: retinal photoisomerase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinal monooxygenase<enzyme> Cytochrome p-450 and NADPH-dependent enzyme from rabbit liver microsomes ... Registry number: EC 1.14.13.- ... Synonym: retinoic acid synthase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinal necrosis syndrome, acute<ophthalmology> Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal neovascularization<ophthalmology> New blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina. This process is characterised by a diseased retina with a disturbed vascular bed. Neovascularization is associated with a variety of conditions including vascular occlusion, sickle cell diseases, sarcoidosis. ... …
retinal perforation<ophthalmology> Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal pigmented epithelial cellSee: pigmented retinal epithelium, retina. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retinal pigments<ophthalmology, physiology> Chemicals functioning in the visual cycle in retinal rod cells. Through excitation by visible light, a series of complex molecular changes occur that serve to trigger in the optical nerve endings an impulse transmitted to the brain, resulting in the perception of vision. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal reductaseAlcohol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinal rod<ophthalmology, physiology> Major photoreceptor cell of vertebrate retina (about 125 million in a human eye). ... Columnar cells (about 40m long, 1m diameter) having three distinct regions: a region adjacent to and synapsed with, the neural layer of the retina contains the nucleus and other cytoplasmic organelles, below this is the inner segme …
retinal vein<ophthalmology> Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal vein occlusion<ophthalmology> Occlusion of the retinal vein. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinal vessels<ophthalmology> The vessels which supply and drain the retina. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinaldehyde<chemical> A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidised form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. ... It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isomerization at the 11-position o …
retinaldehyde dehydrogenaseSynonym for retinal dehydrogenase ... An oxidoreductase catalyzing the interconversion of retinaldehyde and NAD+ to retinoic acid and NADH; thus affecting growth and differentiation. ... Synonym: retinaldehyde dehydrogenase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinaldehyde isomeraseSynonym for retinal isomerase ... <enzyme> Converts all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal ... Registry number: EC 5.2.1.3 ... Synonym: retinal photoisomerase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinaldehyde reductaseAlcohol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinectomy<procedure> A surgical excision of a piece of the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retineneSynonym for retinaldehyde ... <chemical> A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidised form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. ... It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isome …
retinene-1Synonym for retinaldehyde ... <chemical> A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidised form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. ... It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isome …
retinene-2Synonym for dehydroretinaldehyde ... 3-Dehydroretinaldehyde;dehydroretinol with -CHO instead of -CH2OH at the terminal carbon of the side chain. ... Synonym: retinene-2, vitamin A2 aldehyde. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinitis<ophthalmology> Inflammation of the retina. ... (05 May 1997) ...
retinitis pigmentosa<ophthalmology> Disease caused by overactivity of the pigmented retinal epithelial cells, leading to damage and occlusion of photoreceptors and blindness. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retinitis proliferansSynonym for proliferative retinopathy ... <ophthalmology, pathology> A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye. ... See: diabetic retinopathy. ... Origin: Gr. Pathos = disease ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
retinitis sclopetariaA severe contusion lesion of the retina, as from a shot pellet or BB. ... Origin: from sclopetum, a medieval handgun ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinitis syphiliticaSyphilitic retinitis, retinitis often associated with syphilitic choroiditis, especially in congenital syphilis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retino tectal connectionA problem that has exercised developmental biologists is the way in which nerve fibres from the developing retina are mapped on to the tectum of the brain. There seems to be a good positioning system in operation and a variety of mechanisms probably operate, including control of the fasciculation of fibres in the optic nerve and some specific recog …
retino-The retina. ... Origin: Med. L. Retina ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinoblastoma<oncology, tumour> Malignant tumour of the retina, usually arising in the inner nuclear layer of the neural retina. ... Retinoblastoma is unusual in being caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in some cases (about 6%), in which case it may be bilateral. ... The gene product of the retinoblastoma gene is a tumour suppressor that interacts wit …
retinoblastoma protein<molecular biology, protein> Product of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor gene. ... It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesised to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus e1a protein, the sv40 t antigen, and the human …
retinochoroidSynonym for chorioretinal ... Relating to the choroid coat of the eye and the retina. ... Synonym: retinochoroid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinochoroiditisInflammation of the retina extending to the choroid. ... Synonym: chorioretinitis, choroidoretinitis. ... Origin: retinochoroid + G. -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinochoroiditis juxtapapillarisRetinochoroiditis close to the optic disk. ... Synonym: Jensen's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinodialysisSynonym: dialysis retinae. ... Origin: retino-+ G. Dialysis, separation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinoic acid<biochemistry> The aldehyde (retinal) has long been known to be involved in photoreception, but retinoic acid has other roles. ... There are cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding proteins and retinoic acid response elements that regulate gene transcription. Retinoic acid is thought to be a morphogen in chick limb bud development and in early devel …
retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase<enzyme> Catalyses the hydroxylation of all-trans retinoic acid to 4-hydroxyretinoic acid ... Registry number: EC 1.14.- ... Synonym: ra-4-hydroxylase, cytochrome p450 4-hydroxylase, cyp450 4-hydroxylase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinoid<biochemistry> Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
retinoidsA class of keratolytic drugs derived from retinoic acid and used for treatment of severe acne and psoriasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinolVitamin A1alcohol; 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene;a half-carotene bearing the b (or beta-ionone) form of the cyclic end group and a CH2OH at the C-15 position (numbering as in carotenoids) or 9'-position (numbering as a nonyl side chain on a cyclohexene ring); an intermediate in the vision cycl …
retinol 4-hydroxylase<enzyme> Converts retinol to 4-hydroxyretinol in presence of NADPH ... Registry number: EC 1.14.13.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinol dehydratase<enzyme> Catalyses conversion of retinol to anhydroretinol; isolated from spodoptera frugiperda; genbank u28654 ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinol dehydrogenase<enzyme> 9-cis-retinol dehydrogenase is also available ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.105 ... Synonym: 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, p32 retinol dehydrogenase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinol isomerase<enzyme> Catalyses the isomerization of all trans-retinol to 11-cis-retinol in the dark; found in the pigment epithelium in the eye ... Registry number: EC 5.2.1.7 ... Synonym: retinoid isomerase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
retinol-binding protein<molecular biology> Proteins which bind with retinol. ... The retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of 21,000-22,000. The protein has one binding site for retinol and is responsible for the transport of vitamin A. ... The retinol- protein complex (molecular weight 80,000 to 90, …
retinopapillitisInflammation of the retina extending to the optic disk. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinopathy1. <ophthalmology> Retinitis: inflammation of the retina. ... 2. <disease> Retinosis: degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina. ... Origin: Gr. Pathos = disease ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retinopathy of prematurity<ophthalmology, paediatrics> A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterised by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, oedema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental memb …
retinopathy punctata albescensA disease in which both fundi show numerous white dots through the retina; causes night blindness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinopexyA procedure to repair a detached retina by holding it in place; e.g., by producing chorioretinal adhesions by freezing ('retinal cryopexy'). ... Origin: retino-+ G. Pexis, fixation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinopiesisRepositioning a detached retina by pressing it into position by gas or fluid. ... See: retinopexy. ... Origin: retino-+ G. Piesis, pressure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinoschisisDegenerative splitting of the retina, with cyst formation between the two layers. ... Origin: retino-+ G. Schisis, division ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinoscope<instrument> An optical device used to illuminate a subject's retina during retinoscopy. ... Origin: retino-+ G. Skopeo, to view ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinotomy<procedure> A surgical incision through the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retinyl phosphateThe phosphoester of all-trans retinol; essential for the biosynthesis of certain glycoproteins needed for growth regulation and for mucous secretion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retired1. Private; secluded; quiet; as, a retired life; a person of retired habits. 'A retired part of the peninsula.' (Hawthorne) ... 2. Withdrawn from active duty or business; as, a retired officer; a retired physician. ... <astronomy> Retired flank, a list of officers, who, by reason of advanced age or other disability, are relieved from active ser …
retirement1. The act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as, the retirement of an officer. 'O, blest Retirement, friend of life's decline.' (Goldsmith) 'Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books.' (Thomson) ... 2. A place of seclusion or privacy; a place to which one withdraws or retreats; a private abode. 'This coast full of p …
retoperitheliumThe reticular cells related to the reticular fibre network, as in the stroma of lymphatic tissue. ... Origin: L. Rete, net, + G. Peri, around, + Mod. L. Thelium, fr. G. Thele, nipple ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retort1. The return of, or reply to, an argument, charge, censure, incivility, taunt, or witticism; a quick and witty or severe response. 'This is called the retort courteous.' (Shak) ... 2. [F. Retorte (cf. Sp. Retorta), fr. L. Retortus, p. P. Of retorquere. So named from its bent shape. See Retort. ... <chemistry> A vessel in which substances are s …
RetortamonasA genus of protozoan flagellates, one species of which, Retortamonas intestinalis, is found occasionally in the human intestine, although it is nonpathogenic and infrequently reported. ... Origin: L. Re-torqueo, to twist back, + G. Monas, single, a unit ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retothelioma<tumour> Old term for a neoplasm derived from reticular cells of the reticuloendothelial system. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retract1. To draw back; to draw up or shorten; as, the cat can retract its claws; to retract a muscle. ... 2. Ti withdraw; to recall; to disavow; to recant; to take back; as, to retract an accusation or an assertion. 'I would as freely have retracted this charge of idolatry as I ever made it.' (Bp. Stillingfleet) ... 3. To take back, as a grant or favor pre …
retracted publicationDesignation of an article or book retracted in whole or in part by an author or authors or an authorised representative. It identifies a citation previously published and now retracted through a formal issuance from the author, publisher, or other authorised agent, and is distinguished from retraction of publication, which identifies the citation r …
retractile testisA testis that periodically disappears from the scrotum, as contrasted with an undescended testis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retraction1. The act of drawing back, the condition of being drawn back. ... 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. ... Origin: L. Retrahere = to draw back ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retraction fibreThin projections from crawling cells associated with areas where the cell body is becoming detached from the substratum, but focal adhesions persist. Usually contain a bundle of microfilaments that are under tension. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
retraction of publicationA statement issued by one or more authors of an article or a book, withdrawing or disavowing acknowledgment of their participation in performing research or writing the results of their study. In indexing, the retraction is sent to the editor of the publication in which the article appeared and is published under the rubric 'retraction' or in the f …
retraction syndrome<syndrome> A retraction of the globe and pseudoptosis on attempted adduction; due to co-innervation of the horizontal recti. Sometimes there is an inability to abduct the affected eye (type 1), or adduct the affected eye (type 2), or both (type 3). ... Synonym: Duane's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retradBackward; toward the back part; directed posteriorly. ... Origin: L. Retro, backward, + ad, to ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retrahens auremRetrahens auriculam ... See: posterior auricular muscle. ... Origin: L. Drawing back the ear, or auricle ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retreat1. The act of retiring or withdrawing one's self, especially from what is dangerous or disagreeable. 'In a retreat he otruns any lackey.' (Shak) ... 2. The place to which anyone retires; a place or privacy or safety; a refuge; an asylum. 'He built his son a house of pleasure, and spared no cost to make a delicious retreat.' (L'Estrange) 'That pleasi …
retreat from realitySubstitution of imaginary satisfactions or fantasy for relations with the real world. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retreatmentThe therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the …
retrenchmentThe cutting away of superfluous tissue. ... Origin: F. Re-, back, + trancher, to cut ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retrievalThe third stage in the memory process, after encoding and storage, involving mental processes associated with bringing stored information back into consciousness. ... See: memory. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
retro-<prefix> Prefix, to words formed from L. Roots, denoting backward or behind. ... Origin: L. Back, backward ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
