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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

reverse transcriptase md
<molecular biology> A viral enzyme that constructs DNA from an RNA template, which is an essential step in the life-cycle of a retrovirus such as HIV ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reverse transcriptase PCR
A technique used to amplify RNA targets. The specimen containing the target RNA (e.g., HIV-1 RNA, Hepatitis C Virus RNA) is subjected to reverse transcription to make complementary DNA (cDNA), which is then, in turn, amplified by PCR. ... Acronym: RT-PCR ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reverse transcription
<molecular biology> The process of copying information found in RNA into DNA. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reverse transcriptons
An enzyme that converts RNA to DNA. Some viruses have only RNA as their primary genetic material. By converting their RNA genes to DNA with this enzyme, the host cell is 'tricked' into creating new copies of the virus. Useful in genetic engineering to make DNA from mRNA. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

reverse Trendelenburg position
Supine position without flexing or extending, in which the head is higher than the feet. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed
1. <botany> Turned side for side, or end for end; changed to the contrary; specifically, sinistrorse or sinistral; as, a reversed, or sinistral, spiral or shell. ... 2. Annulled and the contrary substituted; as, a reversed judgment or decree. ... <photography> Reversed positive or negative, a picture corresponding with the original in lig …

reversed anaphylaxis
Synonym for reversed passive anaphylaxis ... An anaphylactic reaction induced in an animal injected with a specific antigen, which will bind to reactive tissue, and then, after a latent period, with serum from another animal previously sensitised to the identical antigen. ... Synonym: reversed anaphylaxis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed paradoxical pulse
A pulse in which the amplitude increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration, as observed in some cases of tricuspid insufficiency and during A-V dissociation with sinus arrhythmia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed passive anaphylaxis
An anaphylactic reaction induced in an animal injected with a specific antigen, which will bind to reactive tissue, and then, after a latent period, with serum from another animal previously sensitised to the identical antigen. ... Synonym: reversed anaphylaxis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed peristalsis
A wave of intestinal contraction in a direction the reverse of normal, by which the contents of the intestine are forced backward. ... Synonym: antiperistalsis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed phase chromatography
A form of partitionary chromatography in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed Prausnitz-Kustner reaction
The appearance of an urticarial reaction at the site of injection when serum containing reaginic antibody is injected into the skin of a person in whom the allergen is already present. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed reciprocal rhythm
A cardiac arrhythmia in which a normal sinus impulse, before reaching the ventricles, is reflected backward to the atria; thus in the electrocardiogram a ventricular complex is sandwiched between a normal sinus P wave and a retrograde P wave; if the dysrhythmia continues, subsequent cycles are similar to those of reciprocating rhythm. ... (05 Mar 20 …

reversed shunt
Right-to-left shunt that had previously been a left-to-right shunt; rarely the opposite. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversed-field pinch
<radiobiology> A toroidal magnetic confinement scheme which could constitute an alternative to the Tokamak for building a fusion reactor. It is characterised by a magnetic field mostly generated by the plasma itself, with toroidal and poloidal components of comparable intensities, in contrast with the Tokamak where most of the field is toroid …

reversed-three sign
On an oesophagram of a patient with coarctation of the aorta, the shape of the contrast-filled oesophagus caused by the aortic arch (upper convexity) and post-stenotic dilatation (lower convexity); the cusp of the backwards 3 is at the level of the coarctation itself. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible
Capable of going through a series of changes in either direction, forward or backward, as a reversible chemical reaction. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reversible calcinosis
A form of calcinosis sometimes observed in patients who constantly ingest large quantities of milk and alkaline medicines, as in the treatment of peptic ulcer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible colloid
A colloid that is again soluble in water after having been dried at ordinary temperature. ... Synonym: stable colloid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible decortication
A temporary loss of function of the cerebral cortex. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible hydrocolloid
A hydrocolloid composed of a base substance whose physical state may be changed to that of a liquid by the application of heat and then changed to that of an elastic gel by cooling. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible hydrogenase
<enzyme> Isolated from heterocysts and vegetative cells of anabena ... Registry number: EC 1.12.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

reversible process
<chemistry> A cyclic process carried out by a hypothetical pathway, which leaves the universe exactly the same as it was before the process, no real process is reversible. For chemical systems we consider a process at equilibrium to be reversible. Examples are phase transitions that occur at the melting point or boiling point temperatures at …

reversible reaction
A chemical reaction that takes place in either direction i.e., from the forward or reverse direction; ionization is such a reaction, as are reaction's involving racemases, isomerases, mutases, transferases, etc. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversible shock
Shock that will respond to treatment and from which recovery is possible. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reversion
<molecular biology> Reversion of a mutation occurs when a second mutation restores the function that was lost as a result of the first mutation. The second mutation causes a change in the DNA that either reverses the original alteration or compensates for it. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

revert
1. To turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse. 'Till happy chance revert the cruel scence.' (Prior) 'The tumbling stream . . . Reverted, plays in undulating flow.' (Thomson) ... 2. To throw back; to reflect; to reverberate. ... 3. <chemistry> To change back. ... <mathematics> See Revert, To revert a series, to treat a series, as y = a + …

revertant
In microbial genetics, a mutant that has reverted to its former genotype (true reversion) or to the original phenotype by means of a suppressor mutation. ... Origin: L. Re-vertans, pros. P. Of re-verto, to turn back ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

revery
Origin: F. Reverie, fr. Rever to dream, rave, be light-headed. Cf. Rave. ... 1. A loose or irregular train of thought occurring in musing or mediation; deep musing; daydream. 'Rapt in nameless reveries.' 'When ideas float in our mind without any reflection or regard of the understanding, it is that which the French call revery, our language has scar …

review
1. A second or repeated view; a reexamination; a retrospective survey; a looking over again; as, a review of one's studies; a review of life. ... 2. An examination with a view to amendment or improvement; revision; as, an author's review of his works. ... 3. A critical examination of a publication, with remarks; a criticism; a critique. ... 4. A perio …

review literature
Published material which provides an examination of recent or current literature. Reviews can cover a wide range of subject matter of various levels of completeness or comprehensiveness based on analyses of publications on the subject. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form. The presence of research …

review of reported cases
Literature reporting - to the best of the author's ability - all known cases of a disease. The study is usually generated by the investigator's encounter with patients with a given disease and includes the investigator's own cases. The range of time will encompass historical cases and recent cases. The review usually cites the literature in which t …

review, academic
A more or less comprehensive review of the literature on a specific subject, with usually an extensive critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

review, multicase
A type of review literature giving demographic, laboratory, and clinical data on a group of persons or animals ranging from most of the known cases of a rare condition in large populations on whom the results of research will lead to the establishing of epidemiological analyses or predictions of the occurrence and natural history of diseases. It is …

review, tutorial
A type of review citing literature that will give the user a general and reasonably thorough coverage of a subject with which he may or may not be familiar. It often substitutes as a refresher course for a physician to update his or her awareness or as a crash course for a student unfamiliar with the subject. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Revilliod, Leon
<person> Swiss physician, 1835-1919. ... See: Revilliod's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Revilliod's sign
Synonym for sign of the orbicularis ... In hemiplegia, inability to voluntarily close the eye on the paralysed side except in conjunction with closure of the other eye. ... Synonym: Revilliod's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

revival
The act of reviving, or the state of being revived. Specifically: ... Renewed attention to something, as to letters or literature. ... Renewed performance of, or interest in, something, as the drama and literature. ... Renewed interest in religion, after indifference and decline; a period of religious awakening; special religious interest. ... Reanimat …

revive
1. To return to life; to recover life or strength; to live anew; to become reanimated or reinvigorated. 'The Lord heard the voice of Elijah; and the soul of the child came into again, and he revived.' (1 Kings xvii. 22) ... 2. Hence, to recover from a state of oblivion, obscurity, neglect, or depression; as, classical learning revived in the fifteen …

revivescence
Synonym: revivification. ... Origin: L. Re-vivesco, to come to life again, fr. Vivo, to live ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

revolt
1. To turn away; to abandon or reject something; specifically, to turn away, or shrink, with abhorrence. 'But this got by casting pearl to hogs, That bawl for freedom in their senseless mood, And still revolt when trith would set them free.' (Milton) 'HIs clear intelligence revolted from the dominant sophisms of that time.' (J. Morley) ... 2. Hence, …

revolute
Rolled downwards or backwards. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

revolution
1. The act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center; the motion of a body round a fixed point or line; rotation; as, the revolution of a wheel, of a top, of the earth on its axis, etc. ... 2. Return to a point before occupied, or to a point relatively the same; a rolling back; return; as, revolution in an ellipse or spiral. 'That fear C …

revolving
Making a revolution or revolutions; rotating; used also figuratively of time, seasons, etc, depending on the revolution of the earth. 'But grief returns with the revolving year.' (Shelley) 'Revolving seasons, fruitless as they pass.' (Cowper) Revolving firearm. See Revolver. Revolving light, a light or lamp in a lighthouse so arranged as to appear …

revulsion
1. A strong pulling or drawing back; withdrawal. 'Revulsions and pullbacks.' ... 2. A sudden reaction; a sudden and complete change; applied to the feelings. 'A sudden and violent revulsion of feeling, both in the Parliament and the country, followed.' (Macaulay) ... 3. <medicine> The act of turning or diverting any disease from one part of the …

revulsive
1. Effecting revulsion. ... 2. <pharmacology> An agent causing revulsion, a counter irritant. ... Origin: L. Vellere = to draw ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reward
1. Regard; respect; consideration. 'Take reward of thine own value.' (Chaucer) ... 2. That which is given in return for good or evil done or received; especially, that which is offered or given in return for some service or attainment, as for excellence in studies, for the return of something lost, etc.; recompense; requital. 'Thou returnest From fl …

rewarming
Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rexed, Bror
<person> Swedish physician, scientist, and public servant, *1914. ... See: lamina of Rexed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reye syndrome
<radiology> Hepatitis and encephalitis following viral upper respiratory tract infection with history of large dose of aspirin, age: children and young adults, obtundation rapidly followed by coma, 15 - 85% mortality (from white matter oedema and demyelination) CT findings: initially (within 2-3 days) small ventricles, later progressive enlar …

Reye, Ralph Douglas Kenneth
<person> 20th century Australian pathologist. ... See: Reye's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reye's syndrome
<syndrome> A sudden, sometimes fatal, disease of the brain (encephalopathy) with degeneration of the liver, occurs in children (most cases 4-12 years of age), comes after the chickenpox (varicella) or an influenza-type illness, is also associated with taking medications containing aspirin. The child with reye's syndrome first tends to be unus …

Reynold's number
<physiology> A constant without dimensions that relates the inertial and viscous drag acting to hinder a body moving through fluid medium. For cells the Reynold's number is very small, viscous drag is dominant and inertial resistance can be neglected. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

Reynolds number
A dimensionless number that describes the tendency for a flowing fluid, such as blood, to change from laminar flow to turbulent flow or vice versa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reynolds pentad
Abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, shock, and depression of central nervous system function; usually indicative of acute suppurative cholangitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Reynolds, Osborne
<person> English physicist, 1912- ... See: Reynolds number. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rezulin
<drug> This is a prescription medication used to treat type II diabetes.It is especially used to treat people who do not respond to othertreatments. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

RF
Synonym for rheumatoid factor ... Complex of IgG and anti-igG formed in joints in rheumatoid arthritis. Serum rheumatoid factors are more usually formed from IgM antibodies directed against IgG. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

RFA
<abbreviation> Right frontoanterior position. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RFLP
Synonym for restriction fragment length polymorphism ... <molecular biology, technique> A method that allows familial relationships to be established by comparing the characteristic polymorphic patterns that are obtained when certain regions of genomic DNA are amplified (typically by PCR) and cut with certain restriction enzymes. ... The variat …

RFP
<abbreviation> Right frontoposterior position. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RFT
<abbreviation> Right frontotransverse position. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rh
A blood group system and one of the most complex. A person can be said to be rh-positive or rh-negative. Rh stands for rhesus monkeys. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rh antigens
rh blood group ...

Rh blocking test
A test for nonagglutinating Rh antibodies: an Rh agglutination test is first carried out; if the test for Rh agglutinins is negative, then 1 drop of anti-Rho agglutinating serum of moderate titre is mixed with the patient's serum containing Rh-positive test cells; if after incubating for from 1 to 2 hr at 37°C no agglutination occurs, Rho-blocking …

rh factor
An antigen that may or may notbe present on the surface of human bloodcells. If a person's blood has the antigen, their blood type ispositive, if they do not, it is negative. The Rh factor isimportant mainly because if a woman who is Rh- conceives a child who is Rh+, themixing of their bloods in the placenta may provoke an immune reaction in the mo …

rh isoimmunization
The process by which foetal rh+ erythrocytes enter the circulation of an rh- mother during delivery, causing her to produce IgG antibodies, which can cross the placenta and destroy the erythrocytes of rh- foetuses in subsequent pregnancies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rh null syndrome
<syndrome> A lack of all Rh antigens, compensated haemolytic anaemia, and stomatocytosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rh-hr blood-group system
Erythrocyte isoantigens of the rh (rhesus) blood group system, the most complex of all human blood groups, because the genes differ by determining a different number of the over thirty antigens thus far described and do so with remarkably different quality. The major antigen rh or d is the most common cause of erythroblastosis foetalis. ... (12 Dec …

rhabarberone
Synonym for aloe-emodin ... 1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone; 3-hydroxymethylchrysazin;the trimethyl ether of emodin; used as a laxative. ... See: aloin, emodin. ... Synonym: rhabarberone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabd-
See: rhabdo-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdiasoidea
A superfamily of intestinal nematode parasites containing one genus, strongyloides, and several species. It is transmitted through faecal material onto the skin and occurs in animals and humans. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabditida
An order of nematodes of the subclass secernentea. Its organisms are characterised by an annulated or smooth cuticle and the absence of caudal glands. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabditida infections
Infections with nematodes of the order rhabditida. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabditiform
See: rhabditiform larva. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabditiform larva
Early developmental larval stages (first and second) of soil-borne nematodes such as Necator, Ancylostoma, and Strongyloides, which precede the infectious third-stage filariform larva. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rhabditis
A genus of small nematodes (family Rhabditidae, order Rhabditida), some of which are free-living, others parasitic on plants and animals; by dwelling on decaying organic matter, including putrefying flesh, some species have been viewed as parasitic or incipient parasites. Rhabditis strongyloides may invade the skin of dogs, cattle, and rodents, cau …

Rhabditis-like
See: rhabditiform larva. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabditoidea
A superfamily of nematodes of the order rhabditida. Characteristics include an open tube stoma and an excretory system with lateral canals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabdo-
Rod; rod-shaped (rhabdoid). ... Origin: G. Rhabdos ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdocyte
Rarely used term for band cell or metamyelocyte. ... Origin: rhabdo-+ G. Kytos, cell ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdoid
Rod-shaped. ... Origin: rhabdo-+ G. Eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdoid tumour
A rare but highly lethal childhood tumour found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles rhabdomyosarcoma but the tumour cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive ma …

rhabdomyoblast
Large round, spindle-shaped, or strap-shaped cells with deeply eosinophilic fibrillar cytoplasm which may show cross striations; found in some rhabdomyosarcomas. ... Origin: rhabdo-+ G. Mys, muscle, + blastos, germ ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdomyolysis
<pathology> The destruction of skeletal muscle cells. Often the result of electrical injury, alcoholism, injury (or laying in one position for an extended period of time), drug side effects or toxins. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

rhabdomyoma
A benign tumour derived from striated muscle. It is extremely rare, generally occurring in the tongue, neck muscles, larynx, uvula, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart. These tumours are treated by simple excision. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabdomyosarcoma
<oncology, tumour> Malignant tumour (sarcoma) derived from striated muscle. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar
A form of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. 'alveolar' refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respirat …

rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal
A form of rhabdomyosarcoma arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. …

rhabdophobia
<psychology> Morbid fear of a rod (or switch) as an instrument of punishment. ... Origin: rhabdo-+ G. Phobos, fear ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhabdosarcoma
<oncology, tumour> A very dangerous cancer which develops from striated muscle tissue. Thereare three major forms: ... 1. Alveolar rhabdosarcoma: this cancer, which most often afflicts adolescents, typically develops in the extremities, body or eye cavities. ... 2. Embryonal rhabdosarcoma: this cancer, which strikes infants and young children, …

rhabdosphincter
A sphincter made up of striated musculature. ... Synonym: striated muscular sphincter. ... Origin: rhabdo-+ G. Sphinkter, sphincter ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rhabdoviridae
<virology> Class V viruses with a single negative strand RNA genome and an associated virus specific RNA polymerase. ... The capsid is bullet shaped and enveloped by a membrane that is formed when the virus buds out of the plasma membrane of infected cells. The budded membrane contains host lipids but only glycoproteins coded for by the virus, …

rhabdoviridae infections
Virus diseases caused by rhabdoviridae. Important infections include rabies, ephemeral fever, and vesicular stomatitis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhabdovirus
Any virus of the family Rhabdoviridae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhachi-
For words so beginning, see rachi-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rhachis
Origin: See Rachis ... Alternative forms: rechis. ... 1. <anatomy> The spine. ... 2. <botany> The continued stem or midrib of a pinnately compound leaf, as in a rose leaf or a fern. The principal axis in a raceme, spike, panicle, or corymb. ... 3. <zoology> The shaft of a feather. The rhachis of the after-shaft, or plumule, is called …

rhadinovirus
A genus of the family herpesviridae, subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, infecting new world primates. Herpes virus 2, ateline is the type species. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rhagades
<dermatology> Fissures, cracks or fine linear scars in the skin, especially such lesions around the mouth or other regions subjected to frequent movement. ... Origin: pl. Of Gr. Rhagas = rent ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

rhagadiform
Resembling or characterised by rhagades. ... Origin: G. Rhagas (rhagad-), crack, + L. Forma, shape ... (05 Mar 2000) ...