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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


ratio
1. <mathematics> The relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind. It is expressed by the quotient of the division of the first by the second; thus, the ratio of 3 to 6 is expressed by 3/6/ or 1/2; of a to b by a/b; or (less commonly) the second is made the dividend; as, a:b = b/a. ... Some writers consider ratio as …

ratio of decayed and filled teeth
An index of decayed and filled permanent teeth per person, per full complement of 28 teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

ratio scale
A scale that involves physical units and demonstrates their relations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

ration
1. A fixed daily allowance of provisions assigned to a soldier in the army, or a sailor in the navy, for his subsistence. ... Officers have several rations, the number varying according to their rank or the number of their attendants. ... 2. Hence, a certain portion or fixed amount dealt out; an allowance; an allotment. ... Origin: F, fr. L. Ratio a r …

rational
1. Relating to reason; not physical; mental. 'Moral philosophy was his chiefest end; for the rational, the natural, and mathematics . . . Were but simple pastimes in comparison of the other.' (Sir T. North) ... 2. Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning. 'It is our glory and happiness to have a rat …

rational drug design
<pharmacology> Modeling the molecular structure of the target of a drug, for example, an antigen, and then designing a drug that will attack it. ... (17 Dec 1997) ...

rational formula
In chemistry, a formula that indicates the constitution as well as the composition of a substance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rational surface
<physics> Magnetic flux surface where the ratio of toroidal to poloidal field strengths is a rational number, this means that a particle travelling along this surface makes an integer number of turns in each direction and then its orbit closes in on itself. ... The result is that the particle does not sample the entire flux surface in its moti …

rational therapy
Therapeutic procedures introduced by Albert Ellis and based on the premise that lack of information or illogical thought patterns are basic causes of a patient's difficulties; it is assumed that the patient can be assisted in overcoming his or her problems by a direct, prescriptive, advice-giving approach by the therapist. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rationalism
1. The doctrine or system of those who deduce their religious opinions from reason or the understanding, as distinct from, or opposed to, revelation. ... 2. <philosophy> The system that makes rational power the ultimate test of truth; opposed to sensualism, or sensationalism, and empiricism. ... Origin: Cf. F. Rationalisme. ... Source: Websters …

rationalization
A defense mechanism operating unconsciously, in which the individual attempts to justify or make consciously tolerable, by plausible means, feelings, behaviour, and motives that would otherwise be intolerable. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Ratner
See: Kurzrok-Ratner test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rats
The common name for the species rattus norvegicus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, brattleboro
A mutant strain of rattus norvegicus used in research on renal function and hypertension and as a disease model for diabetes insipidus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, gunn
Mutant strain of rattus norvegicus which is used as a disease model of kernicterus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, inbred bb
A strain of rattus norvegicus which is a model for spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, inbred shr
A strain of rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, inbred strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, inbred wky
A strain of rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (shr). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, mutant strains
Rats bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, nude
A mutant strain of rattus norvegicus without a thymus and with depressed or absent T-cell function. This strain of rats may have a small amount of hair at times, but then lose it. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, sprague-dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the sprague-dawley animal company. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the wistar institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rats, zucker
Two populations of zucker rats have been cited in research--the 'fatty' or obese and the lean. The 'fatty' rat (rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

ratsbane
Synonym for arsenic ... 1. <chemistry> One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel-gray colour and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356 deg Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found …

rattan
<botany> One of the long slender flexible stems of several species of palms of the genus Calamus, mostly East Indian, though some are African and Australian. They are exceedingly tough, and are used for walking sticks, wickerwork, chairs and seats of chairs, cords and cordage, and many other purposes. ... Origin: Malay rotan ... Alternative for …

rattle
1. A rapid succession of sharp, clattering sounds; as, the rattle of a drum. ... 2. Noisy, rapid talk. 'All this ado about the golden age is but an empty rattle and frivolous conceit.' (Hakewill) ... 3. An instrument with which a ratting sound is made; especially, a child's toy that rattle when shaken. 'The rattles of Isis and the cymbals of Brasilea …

rattlesnake
<zoology> Any one of several species of venomous American snakes belonging to the genera Crotalus and Caudisona, or Sistrurus. They have a series of horny interlocking joints at the end of the tail which make a sharp ratting sound when shaken. The common rattlesnake of the Northern United States (Crotalus horridus), and the diamond rattlesnak …

rattlesnake bite
A venomous (poisonous) snake bite. All rattlesnakes are venomous and secrete poisonous venom. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rattus
The rats, a genus of rodents, family Muridae. Rattus rattus, the black r., is the species most commonly responsible for transmitting plague to man by means of its flea, Xenopsylla cheopis; it is smaller and darker in colour than the Norwegian, sewer, or brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) and has longer ears and tail. ... See: rat. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rau, Johann
<person> Dutch anatomist, 1668-1719. ... See: Rau's process, processus ravii. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rau's process
Synonym for anterior process of malleus ... A slender spur running anteriorward from the neck of the malleus toward the petrotympanic fissure. ... Synonym: processus anterior mallei, Folli's process, follian process, long process of malleus, processus gracilis, processus ravii, Rau's process, Ravius' process, slender process of malleus. ... (05 Mar 20 …

Rauber
August A., German anatomist, 1841-1917. ... See: Rauber's layer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rauber's layer
The thinned-out trophoblastic membrane over the embryonic disk in developing carnivores and ungulates, outermost cell layer which helps form the blastodisk; called blastodermic or primitive ectoderm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

raucousness
The quality or state of being raucous. ... Origin: L. Raucus = hoarse ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

Rauscher
F.J., 20th century U.S. Oncologist. ... See: Rauscher's virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rauscher leukaemia virus
An RNA retrovirus associated with leukaemia in rodents; similar to Friend virus. ... Synonym: Rauscher's virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rauscher virus
A murine leukaemia virus associated with mouse tumours similar to those caused by the friend virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rauscher's virus
Synonym for Rauscher leukaemia virus ... An RNA retrovirus associated with leukaemia in rodents; similar to Friend virus. ... Synonym: Rauscher's virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Raussly disease
A rare autosomal dominant neurological disorder with many of the clinical features of hereditary hypertrophic sensorimotor polyneuropathy combined with an essential tremor. ... Synonym: hereditary areflexic dystasia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rauwolfia
A genus of the apocynaceae or dogbane family of tropical trees and shrubs containing alkaloids. These alkaloids have been used as tranquillisers and antihypertensive agents. Reserpine is derived from r. Serpentina. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rauwolfia alkaloids
<chemical> Alkaloids from rauwolfia serpentina benth and other species. The prototype is reserpine, which is a depleter of catecholamines and serotonin from the sympathetic postganglionic fibres and brain areas. They have been used in hypertension and psychoses despite their wide range of potentially adverse effects. ... Pharmacological action …

RAV
<abbreviation> Rous-associated virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

ravage
Desolation by violence; violent ruin or destruction; devastation; havoc; waste; as, the ravage of a lion; the ravages of fire or tempest; the ravages of an army, or of time. 'Would one think 't were possible for love To make such ravage in a noble soul?' (Addison) ... Synonym: Despoilment, devastation, desolation, pillage, plunder, spoil, waste, rui …

raven
<zoology> A large black passerine bird (Corvus corax), similar to the crow, but larger. It is native of the northern part of Europe, Asia and America, and is noted for its sagacity. ... <zoology> Sea raven, the cormorant. ... Origin: AS. Hraefn; akin to raaf, G. Rabe, OHG. Hraban, Icel. Hrafn, Dan. Ravn, and perhaps to L. Corvus, Gr. ... S …

ravenala
<botany> A genus of plants related to the banana. ... Ravenala Madagascariensis, the principal species, is an unbranched tree with immense oarlike leaves growing alternately from two sides of the stem. The sheathing bases of the leafstalks collect and retain rain water, which flows freely when they are pierced with a knife, whence the plant is …

ravish
1. To seize and carry away by violence; to snatch by force. 'These hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin Will quicken, and accuse thee.' (Shak) 'This hand shall ravish thy pretended right.' (Dryden) ... 2. To transport with joy or delight; to delight to ecstasy. 'Ravished . . . For the joy.' 'Thou hast ravished my heart.' (Cant. Iv. 9) ... 3. To …

ravishment
1. The act of carrying away by force or against consent; abduction; as, the ravishment of children from their parents, or a ward from his guardian, or of a wife from her husband. ... 2. The state of being ravished; rapture; transport of delight; ecstasy. 'In whose sight all things joy, with ravishment Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze.' (Milton) …

Ravius
See: Rau. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Ravius' process
Synonym for anterior process of malleus ... A slender spur running anteriorward from the neck of the malleus toward the petrotympanic fissure. ... Synonym: processus anterior mallei, Folli's process, follian process, long process of malleus, processus gracilis, processus ravii, Rau's process, Ravius' process, slender process of malleus. ... (05 Mar 20 …

raw
1. Not altered from its natural state; not prepared by the action of heat; as, raw sienna; specifically, not cooked; not changed by heat to a state suitable for eating; not done; as, raw meat. ... 2. Hence: Unprepared for use or enjoyment; immature; unripe; unseasoned; inexperienced; unpracticed; untried; as, raw soldiers; a raw recruit. 'Approved h …

raw score
The actual score, measurement, or value obtained before any statistics are applied to it. ... Compare: standard score. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rawhead
A specter mentioned to frighten children; as, rawhead and bloodybones. ... (01 Mar 1998) ...

ray
<botany> A zygomorphic flower in the family Asteraceae, a radial band of cells traversing the conducting elements in woody stems. ... Of a compound umbel, one of the first (lower) series of branches of the inflorescence main stem. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

ray therapeutics
An obsolete term for radiotherapy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

ray, light
<microscopy> The term applied to the lines perpendicular to the wavefronts of waves of light to indicate their direction of travel in an isotropic medium. ... Note the wave normal and the ray do not coincide in isotropic media. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

Rayer, Pierre
<person> French physician, 1793-1867. ... See: Rayer's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rayer's disease
Synonym for biliary xanthomatosis ... Xanthomatosis with hypercholesterolaemia, resulting from biliary cirrhosis. ... Synonym: Rayer's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rayl
Unit of acoustic impedance. 1 rayl = 1 kg &times; m-2 &times; sec-1. ... Origin: Baron Rayleigh (John W. Strutt), Eng. Physicist ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rayleigh criterion
<microscopy> A criterion chosen by Lord Rayleigh to define the limit of resolution of a diffraction-limited optical instrument. It is the condition that arises when the centre of one diffraction pattern is superimposed with the first minimum of another diffraction pattern, produced by a point (or line) source equally bright as the first. For …

Rayleigh equation
A ratio of red to green required by each observer to match spectral yellow. ... Synonym: Rayleigh test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rayleigh test
Synonym for Rayleigh equation ... A ratio of red to green required by each observer to match spectral yellow. ... Synonym: Rayleigh test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Rayleigh, Lord John
<person> British physicist and Nobel laureate, 1842-1919. ... See: Rayleigh equation, Rayleigh test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Raynaud, Maurice
<person> French physician, 1834-1881. ... See: Raynaud's syndrome, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Raynaud's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Raynaud's disease
<disease> Paroxysmal spasm of the digital arteries causing pallor (blanching) of the fingers and toes. ... Maurice Raynaud, French physician (1834-81). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

Raynaud's phenomenon
<clinical sign, dermatology> (Maurice Raynaud, French physician, 1834-1881) intermittent bilateral attacks of ischaemia of the fingers or toes and sometimes of the ears or nose, marked by severe pallor and often accompanied by paraesthesia and pain, it is brought on characteristically by cold or emotional stimuli and relieved by heat and is d …

Raynaud's sign
Synonym for acrocyanosis ... <clinical sign, dermatology> A condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discolouration of the skin of the digits, wrists and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. ... The appearance is causes by constriction of small arterioles i …

Raynaud's syndrome
<syndrome> Idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction; caused by cold or emotion. ... See: Raynaud's phenomenon. ... Synonym: Raynaud's disease, symmetric asphyxia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

razor
1. A keen-edged knife of peculiar shape, used in shaving the hair from the face or the head. 'Take thee a barber's rasor.' ... 2. <zoology> A task of a wild boar. Razor fish. ... <zoology> A small Mediterranean fish (Coryphaena novacula), prized for the table. The razor shell. ... <botany> Razor grass, any marine bivalve shell belong …

razoxane
<chemical> An antimitotic antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressive properties. It has also been used to prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. ... Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, cardiovascular agents. ... Chemical name: 2,6-Piperazinedione, 4,4'-(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-, (+-)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Rb
<molecular biology> Tumour suppressor gene encoding a nuclear protein that, if inactivated, enormously raises the chances of development of cancer, classically retinoblastoma, but also other sarcomas and carcinomas. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

RBC
Synonym for red blood cell ... <haematology> Cell specialised for oxygen transport, having a high concentration of haemoglobin in the cytoplasm (and little else). Biconcave, anucleate discs, 7nm diameter in mammals, nucleus contracted and chromatin condensed in other vertebrates. ... Acronym: RBC ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

RBE
Abbreviation used in radiation protection for relative biologic effectiveness; same as quality factor, QF. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RBF
<abbreviation> Renal blood flow. ... See: effective renal blood flow. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rci recombinase
<enzyme> A basic protein of 374 amino acid residues; the putative site-specific recombinase gene, rci of inci2 plasmid r721 contains a r721 shufflon (a novel type of DNA arrangement) ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... Synonym: rci gene product, r721 rci gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

RCP
<abbreviation> Royal College of Physicians (of England). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RCPC
<abbreviation> Royal College of Physicians of Canada. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RCRA
See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

RCS
<abbreviation> Royal College of Surgeons (England). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RCSC
<abbreviation> Royal College of Surgeons of Canada. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RCT
<abbreviation> Randomised controlled trial. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RD
<abbreviation> Reaction of degeneration; registered dietician. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RDA
<abbreviation> Recommended daily allowance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RDF
See Refuse-derived fuel. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

RDFS
<abbreviation> Ratio of decayed and filled surfaces. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RDFT
<abbreviation> Ratio of decayed and filled teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rDNA
<molecular biology> DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

Re
1. Symbol for rhenium. ... 2. <prefix> Meaning again or backward. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

re-demption
The act of redeeming, or the state of being redeemed; repurchase; ransom; release; rescue; deliverance; as, the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo. Specifically: The procuring of God's favor by the sufferings and death of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of …

re-entrant mechanism
The probable basis of most arrhythmias, requiring at least three criteria in the heart: 1. A loop circuit, 2. Unidirectional block, 3. Slowed conduction. Impulses enter the loop circuit and divide in both directions (blocked in one direction only), negotiate the loop circuit to the area of block where the slowed conduction has allowed the impulse t …

reabsorption
1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules and their return to the circulating blood. ... 2. Resorption. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reach
1. To extend; to stretch; to thrust out; to put forth, as a limb, a member, something held, or the like. 'Her tresses yellow, and long straughten, Unto her heeles down they raughten.' (Rom. Of R) 'Reach hither thy hand and thrust it into my side.' (John xx. 27) 'Fruit trees, over woody, reached too far Their pampered boughs.' (Milton) ... 2. Hence, …

reactance
The weakening of an alternating electric current by passage through a coil of wire or a condenser. ... Synonym: inductive resistance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reaction
Standard method for identifying Clostridium perfringens. When grown on agar containg egg yolk, an opalescent halo is formed around colonies that produce _ toxin (lecithinase). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reaction centre
<plant biology> The site in the chloroplast that receives the energy trapped by chlorophyll and accessory pigments and initiates the electron transfer process. ... A photosynthetic complex containing chlorophyll (or bacteriochlorophyll) and other components, within which occurs the initial electron transfer reactions of photophosphorylation.
reaction formation
In psychoanalysis, a postulated defense mechanism in which attitudes and behaviours that are adopted are the opposites of that which the individual would ordinarily be expected to express and actually feel at an unconscious level. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reaction intermediate
<biochemistry> Any biomolecule which iscreated and destroyed during the course of of a particular reaction pathway. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

reaction of degeneration
The electrical reaction in a degenerated nerve and the muscles supplied by it; characterised by absence of response to both galvanic and faradic stimulus in the nerve and to faradic stimulus in the muscles; the muscles may still respond to galvanic stimulation, but the cathodal closing contraction is greater than the anodal closing contraction, the …

reaction of identity
See: gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reaction of nonidentity
See: gel diffusion precipitin tests in two dimensions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...