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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

reciprocal
1. Recurring in vicissitude; alternate. ... 2. Done by each to the other; interchanging or interchanged; given and received; due from each to each; mutual; as, reciprocal love; reciprocal duties. 'Let our reciprocal vows be remembered.' (Shak) ... 3. Mutually interchangeable. 'These two rules will render a definition reciprocal with the thing defined …

reciprocal anchorage
Anchorage in which the movement of one or more teeth is balanced against the movement of one or more opposing teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal arm
A clasp arm or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose the action of some other part or parts of the appliance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal beat
See: reciprocal rhythm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal bigeminy
Paired beats, each pair consisting of an A-V nodal beat followed by a reciprocal beat. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal forces
In dentistry, force's whereby the resistance of one or more teeth is utilised to move one or more opposing teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal inhibition
Synonym for reciprocal innervation ... Contraction in a muscle is accompanied by a loss of tone or by relaxation in the antagonistic muscle. ... Synonym: reciprocal inhibition. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal innervation
Contraction in a muscle is accompanied by a loss of tone or by relaxation in the antagonistic muscle. ... Synonym: reciprocal inhibition. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal rhythm
A cardiac arrhythmia in which the impulse arising in the A-V junction descends to and activates the ventricles on one intrajunctional pathway and simultaneously ascends toward the atria in parallel pathways; before reaching the atria, however, the impulse is reflected downward and again activates the ventricles, producing an echo or reciprocal beat …

reciprocal transfusion
An attempt to confer immunity by transfusing blood taken from a donor into a receiver suffering from the same affection, the balance being maintained by transfusing an equal amount from the receiver to the donor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal translocation
Translocation without demonstrable loss of genetic material. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocal treanslocation
Mutual exchange of chromosome segments between two nonhomologous chromosomes (chromosomes that do not belong to the same pair). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reciprocally
1. In a reciprocal manner; so that each affects the other, and is equally affected by it; interchangeably; mutually. 'These two particles to reciprocally affect each other with the same force.' (Bentley) ... 2. <mathematics> In the manner of reciprocals. ... <mathematics> Reciprocally proportional, proportional, as two variable quantities …

reciprocate
To move forward and backward alternately; to recur in vicissitude; to act interchangeably; to alternate. 'One brawny smith the puffing bellows plies, And draws and blows reciprocating air.' (Dryden) Reciprocating engine, a steam, air, or gas engine, etc, in which the piston moves back and forth; in distinction from a rotary engine, in which the pis …

reciprocating rhythm
A cardiac arrhythmia initiated by an A-V junctional beat followed in turn by a reciprocal beat; the descending impulse of the reciprocal beat, before reaching the ventricles, is also reflected backward to the atria, but before reaching the atria is reflected downward again to the ventricles, so that there is both retrograde atrial activation and or …

reciprocation
In prosthodontics, the means by which one part of an appliance is made to counter the effect created by another part. ... Origin: L. Reciprocare, pp. Reciprocatus, to move back and forth ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reciprocity law
Synonym for Bunsen-Roscoe law ... In two photochemical reactions, e.g., the darkening of a photographic plate or film, if the product of the intensity of illumination and the time of exposure are equal, the quantities of chemical material undergoing change will be equal; the retina for short periods of exposure obeys this law. ... Synonym: reciprocit …

recirculation
Returning a fraction of the effluent outflow to the inlet to dilute incoming wastewater. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

Recklinghausen
Friedrich D. Von, German histologist and pathologist, 1833-1910. ... See: central Recklinghausen's disease type II, Recklinghausen's disease of bone, Recklinghausen's disease type I, Recklinghausen's tumour, von Recklinghausen disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Recklinghausen's disease of bone
Synonym for osteitis fibrosa cystica ... Rarefying osteitis with fibrous degeneration and formation of cysts, and with the presence of fibrous nodules on the affected bones. It is due to marked osteoclastic activity secondary to hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Recklinghausen's disease type I
type 2 neurofibromatosis ...

Recklinghausen's tumour
Synonym for adenomatoid tumour ... A small, circumscribed, benign tumour of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reckoning
1. The act of one who reckons, counts, or computes; the result of reckoning or counting; calculation. Specifically: An account of time. ... Adjustment of claims and accounts; settlement of obligations, liabilities, etc. 'Even reckoning makes lasting friends, and the way to make reckonings even is to make them often.' (South) 'He quitted London, neve …

reclaim
1. To call back, as a hawk to the wrist in falconry, by a certain customary call. ... 2. To call back from flight or disorderly action; to call to, for the purpose of subduing or quieting. 'The headstrong horses hurried Octavius . . . Along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them.' (Dryden) ... 3. To reduce from a wild to a tamed state; to bring under …

reclamation
The engineering of derelict terrain so that it can be used for some purpose. ... The combined process of land treatment that minimizes water degradation, air pollution, damage to aquatic or wildlife habitat, flooding, erosion, and other adverse effects from surface mining operations, including adverse surface effects incidental to underground mines, …

reclination
1. The act of leaning or reclining, or the state of being reclined. ... 2. The angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it intersects in a horizontal line. ... 3. <surgery> The act or process of removing a cataract, by applying the needle to its anterior surface, and depressing it into the vitreous humor in such a way …

reclotting phenomenon
Synonym for thixotropy ... The property of certain gels of becoming less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity upon standing (e.g., synovial fluid, ferrous hydroxide gel); a characteristic of a system exhibiting a decrease in viscosity with an increase in the rate of shear, usually a function of …

recognition factors
Factors which effect 'recognition' of target antigens by polymorphonuclear leukocytes; apparently the Fc portion of antibody molecules and the activated third component of complement (C3), for both of which phagocytes have receptor sites. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recognition sequence
A nucleotide sequence --typically composed of 4, 6, or 8nucleotides -- that is recognised by a restriction endonuclease. Type II enzymes cut (and theircorresponding modification enzymes methylate) within or very near the recognition sequence. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recognition time
The interval between the application of a stimulus and the recognition of its nature. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recoil
1. A starting or falling back; a rebound; a shrinking; as, the recoil of nature, or of the blood. ... 2. The state or condition of having recoiled. 'The recoil from formalism is skepticism.' (F. W. Robertson) ... 3. Specifically, the reaction or rebounding of a firearm when discharged. Recoil dynamometer, an instrument for measuring the force of the …

recoil atom
The remainder of an atom from which a nuclear particle has been emitted or ejected at high velocity; the remainder recoils with a velocity inversely proportional to its mass. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recoil wave
Synonym for dicrotic wave ... The second rise in the tracing of a dicrotic pulse. ... Synonym: recoil wave. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recollection
In renal physiology, a technique in which a known fluid is infused into a renal tubule lumen at one point and collected for analysis by a second micropipette further downstream. ... Origin: re-+ L. Collectus, pp. Of colligo, to collect ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recombinant
<molecular biology> A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent, usually applied to linked genes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombinant clone
<molecular biology> Clones containing recombinant DNA molecules. ... See: recombinant DNA technologies. ... (14 Oct 1997) ...

recombinant clones
Clones containing recombinant DNA molecules. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recombinant DNA
<molecular biology> Spliced DNA formed from two or more different sources that have been cleaved by restriction enzymes and joined by ligases. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombinant DNA molecules
A combination of DNA molecules of different origin that are joined using recombinant DNA technology. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recombinant DNA technologies
Procedures used to join together DNA segments in a cell-free system (an environment outside a cell ororganism). Under appropriate conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule canenter a cell and replicate there, either autonomously or after it hasbecome integrated into a cellular chromosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recombinant DNA technology
A series of procedures used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed (recombined) from segments from 2 or more different DNA molecules. Under certain conditions, a recombinant DNA molecule can enter a cell and replicate there, autonomously (on its own) or after it has become integrated into a chromosome.< …

recombinant fusion proteins
Proteins that are the result of genetic engineering. A regulatory part or promoter of one or more genes is combined with a structural gene. The fusion protein is formed after transcription and translation of the fused gene. This type of fusion protein is used in the study of gene regulation or structure-activity relationships. They might also be us …

recombinant proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recombinant strain
Synonym for recombinant ... <molecular biology> A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent, usually applied to linked genes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombinant vector
A vector into which a foreign DNA has been inserted. ... Synonym: vector. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recombinase
<enzyme> Enzymes that mediate site specific recombination in prokaryotes. They fall into two families, phage integrases and resolvases. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombination
<molecular biology> The creation, by a process of intermolecular exchange, of chromosomes combining genetic information from different sources, typically two genomes of a given species. Site specific, homologous, transpositional and nonhomologous illegitimate) types of recombination are known. 1st ed ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombination coefficient
<radiobiology> The rate of recombination of positive ions with electrons (or negative ions) in a gas, per unit volume, divided by the product of the particle densities of the two species (positive ions and electrons/negative ions) involved. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recombination fraction
The proportion of progeny of a mating pair of specific genotype and coupling phase that are recombinant; there must be no differential selection among the possible types of progeny, and the recombination fraction should be the same regardless of the alleles involved or their coupling phase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recombination frequency
The frequency at which crossingover occurs between two chromosomal loci--the probability that twoloci will become unlinked during meiosis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recombination nodule
<molecular biology> Protein containing assemblies of about 90 nm diameter placed at intervals in the synaptonemal complexes that develop between homologous chromosomes at the zygotene stage of meiosis. Some nodules may be associated with the site of recombination. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recombination radiation
<physics> Radiation produced when a free electron in a plasma is captured by an ion. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recombination, genetic
Production of new arrangements of genes by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, crossing over, gene conversion, transformation, conjugation, transduction, f-duction, or mixed infection of viruses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recombinatorial repair
The incorporation of corresponding DNA of a DNA segment from an identical DNA molecule for the purpose of replacing a damaged segment of DNA. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

RECOMBIVAX-HB
A vaccine against hepatitis B (hep B) to stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies against the hep b virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recommend
1. To commend to the favorable notice of another; to commit to another's care, confidence, or acceptance, with favoring representations; to put in a favorable light before any one; to bestow commendation on; as, he recommended resting the mind and exercising the body. 'Maecenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus, whose praises . . . Have mad …

recompense
1. To render an equivalent to, for service, loss, etc.; to requite; to remunerate; to compensate. 'He can not recompense me better.' (Shak) ... 2. To return an equivalent for; to give compensation for; to atone for; to pay for. 'God recompenseth the gift.' (Robynson (More's Utopia)) 'To recompense My rash, but more unfortunate, misdeed.' (Milton) …

recon
<molecular biology> Unit of genetic recombination, the smallest section of a chromosome that is capable of recombination. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

reconnaissance
The act of reconnoitering; preliminary examination or survey. Specifically: An examination of a territory, or of an enemy's position, for the purpose of obtaining information necessary for directing military operations; a preparatory expedition. Reconnoissance in force, a demonstration or attack by a large force of troops for the purpose of discove …

reconstitution
1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. ... 2. <procedure> The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stor …

reconstruction
The computerised synthesis of one or more two-dimensional images from a series of X-ray projections in computed tomography, or from a large number of measurements in magnetic resonance imaging; several methods are used; the earliest was back-projection, most common is 2D Fourier transformation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reconstructive mammaplasty
The making of a simulated breast by plastic surgery, to replace the appearance of one that has been removed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reconstructive psychotherapy
A form of therapy, such as psychoanalysis, that seeks not only to alleviate symptoms but also to produce alterations in maladaptive character structure and to expedite new adaptive potentials; this aim is achieved by bringing into consciousness an awareness of and insight into conflicts, fears, inhibitions, and their manifestations. ... (05 Mar 2000 …

reconstructive surgery
Synonym for plastic surgery ... The surgical specialty or procedure concerned with the restoration, construction, reconstruction, or improvement in the shape and appearance of body structures that are missing, defective, damaged, or misshapen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

reconstructive surgical procedures
Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

reconvalescence
Renewed convalescence, complete convalescence. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

record
1. To recall to mind; to recollect; to remember; to meditate. 'I it you record.' ... 2. To repeat; to recite; to sing or play. 'They longed to see the day, to hear the lark Record her hymns, and chant her carols blest.' (Fairfax) ... 3. To preserve the memory of, by committing to writing, to printing, to inscription, or the like; to make note of; to …

record base
Synonym for baseplate ... <cell biology> A hypothetical cell adhesion molecule possibly involved in sponge cell adhesion, existence unproven. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

record of decision
(ROD) The decision document for an environmental impact statement (EIS). Separate from the EIS itself, this document states the decision, states the reasons for the decision, identifies all alternatives, and states compliance with applicable laws. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

record rim
Synonym for occlusion rim ... Occluding surfaces built on temporary or permanent denture bases for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relation records and for arranging teeth. ... Synonym: bite rim, occlusal rim, record rim. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

records
The commitment in writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. The concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recoupe
1. To keep back rightfully (a part), as if by cutting off, so as to diminish a sum due; to take off (a part) from damages; to deduct; as, where a landlord recouped the rent of premises from damages awarded to the plaintiff for eviction. ... 2. To get an equivalent or compensation for; as, to recoup money lost at the gaming table; to recoup one's los …

recourse
1. A coursing back, or coursing again, along the line of a previous coursing; renewed course; return; retreat; recurence. 'Swift recourse of flushing blood.' 'Unto my first I will have my recourse.' (Chaucer) 'Preventive physic . . . Preventeth sickness in the healthy, or the recourse thereof in the valetudinary.' (Sir T. Browne) ... 2. Recurrence i …

recover
1. To regain health after sickness; to grow well; to be restored or cured; hence, to regain a former state or condition after misfortune, alarm, etc.; often followed by of or from; as, to recover from a state of poverty; to recover from fright. 'Go, inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall recover of this disease.' (2 Kings i. 2) …

recoverin
<protein> Calcium binding protein containing 3 EF hand motifs. No longer thought to be activator of photoreceptor guanylate cyclase. Related to visinin, P26, 23 kD protein, s modulin, also to 21 kD CaBP and neurocalcin. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

recovery
1. A getting back or regaining; recuperation. ... 2. Emergence from general anaesthesia. ... 3. In nuclear magnetic resonance, refers to relaxation. ... Origin: M.E., fr. O.Fr. Recoverer, fr. L. Recupero, to recover, get back, fr. Re-, again, + capio, to take ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recovery boiler
A pulp mill boiler in which lignin and spent cooking liquor (black liquor) is burned to generate steam. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

recovery room
Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anaesthesia. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recovery score
A number expressing the condition of an infant at various stipulated intervals greater than 1 minute after birth and based on the same features assessed by the Apgar score at 60 seconds after birth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recreate
To give fresh life to; to reanimate; to revive; especially, to refresh after wearying toil or anxiety; to relieve; to cheer; to divert; to amuse; to gratify. 'Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before them colours mixed with blue and green, to recreate their eyes, white wearying . . . The sight more than any.' (Dryden) 'St. John, who …

recreation
Activity engaged in for pleasure. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recreational drug
Synonym for street drug ... A controlled substance taken for non-medical purposes. Street drugs comprise various amphetamines, anaesthetics, barbiturates, opiates, and psychoactive drugs, and many are derived from natural sources (e.g., the plants Papaver somniferum, Cannibis sativa, Amanita pantherina, Lophophora williamsii). Slang names include ac …

recrudescence
<epidemiology> Reappearance of disease in a host whose infection has been quiescent. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

recrudescent
Becoming active again, relating to a recrudescence. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

recrudescent typhus
Synonym for brill-zinsser disease ... Recrudescence of epidemic typhus years after the initial attack. The agent that causes epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) remains viable for many years and then when host defenses are down, it is reactivated causing recurrent typhus. The disease is named for the physician Nathan Brill and the great bacterio …

recrudescent typhus fever
Synonym for brill-zinsser disease ... Recrudescence of epidemic typhus years after the initial attack. The agent that causes epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) remains viable for many years and then when host defenses are down, it is reactivated causing recurrent typhus. The disease is named for the physician Nathan Brill and the great bacterio …

recruit
A juvenile fish that has survived long enough to become a part of (i.e., recruited into) a population or an exploitable segment of the population. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

recruiting response
Synonym for recruitment ... <neurology> The gradual increase to a maximum in a reflex when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is prolonged. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recruitment
<neurology> The gradual increase to a maximum in a reflex when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is prolonged. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

recruitment detection
<otolaryngology, technique> Tests for measuring loudness recruitment. ... (04 Jul 1999) ...

recruitment zone
<cell biology> Region of cytoplasm in the rear third of a moving amoeba where endoplasm is recruited from ectoplasm. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

rectal
<anatomy> Pertaining to the rectum, the distal portion of the large intestine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

rectal ampulla
A dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal. ... Synonym: ampulla recti, ampulla of rectum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rectal anaesthesia
General anaesthesia produced by instillation into the rectum of a solution containing a central nervous system depressant. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rectal cancer
A malignant tumour arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. The third leading cause of cancer in males, fourth in females in the u.s. Risk factors include heredity (family history), colon polyps, and long-standing ulcerative colitis. most colorectal cancers develop from polyps. Colon polyp removal can prevent colorectal cancer. Colon pol …

rectal columns
Synonym for anal columns ... A number of vertical ridges in the mucous membrane of the upper half of the anal canal formed as the caliber of the canal is sharply reduced from that of the rectal ampulla. ... Synonym: columnae anales, Morgagni's columns, rectal columns. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rectal fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the rectum. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

rectal folds
Synonym for transverse rectal folds ... The three or four crescentic folds placed horizontally in the rectal mucous membrane; the superior rectal fold is situated near the beginning of the rectum on the left side; the middle rectal fold (Nelaton's fold) is most prominent and consistent and projects from the right side about 8 cm above the anus (appr …

rectal plexuses
See: inferior rectal plexuses, middle rectal plexuses, superior rectal plexus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

rectal prolapse
Protrusion of the rectal mucous membrane through the anus. There are various degrees: incomplete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with displacement of the anal sphincter muscle; complete with no displacement of the anal sphincter muscle but with herniation of the bowel; and internal complete with rectosigmoid or upper rec …