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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

dietary supplements
<nutrition> Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Dieterle's stain
<technique> Stain used to demonstrate spirochetes and Leishman-Donovan bodies; employs silver nitrate and uranium nitrate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dietetic
1. Relating to the diet. ... 2. <nutrition> Descriptive of food that, naturally or through processing, has a low caloric content. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dietetic albuminuria
<nephrology> The excretion of protein in the urine following the ingestion of certain foods. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dietetic treatment
Treatment of a clinical condition with a specific diet. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dietetics
<study> The study and regulation of the diet. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diethadione
5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione;an analeptic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethanolamine
Bis(hydroxyethyl)amine; 2,2'-iminodiethanol;used as an emulsifier and as a dispersing agent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. ... Synonym: diethylolamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethazine
10-(2-Diethylaminoethyl)phenothiazine;an anticholinergic agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethenoid fatty acid
A fatty acid containing two double bonds, e.g., linoleic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethyl
A compound containing two ethyl radicals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3;a flammable, volatile organic solvent used in extraction procedures; formerly widely used as an inhalation anaesthetic; shortcomings include: irritating vapor, slow onset and prolonged recovery phase, explosion hazard. ... Synonym: ethyl ether, ethyl oxide, sulfuric ether. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethyl pyrocarbonate
<chemical> Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester. Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent. ... Pharmacological action: food preservatives. ... Chemical name: Dicarbonic acid, diethyl ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diethyl succinate carboxylesterase
<enzyme> Liver-specific enzyme elevated in plasma of sheep exposed to high copper intake ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.- ... Synonym: ds-carboxylesterase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

diethylcarbamazine
<chemical> N,n-diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide. An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with wucheria bancrofti or loa loa. ... Pharmacological action: filaricides, lipoxygenase inhibitors. ... Chemical name: 1-Piperazinecarboxamide, N,N-diethyl-4-methyl- ... (12 Dec 1998)< …

diethylcarbamazine citrate
N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide citrate;an effective microfilaricide, although relatively ineffective against the adult filariae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethylene glycol
An organic solvent chemically related to ethylene glycol. Upon metabolic conversion it becomes oxalic acid, which is toxic to the kidney. A sweet, viscous liquid that was used to make the infamous elixir of sulfanilamide that proved fatal to over 100 children in 1937, leading to the establishment of the FDA to monitor drug safety. ... (05 Mar 2000)< …

diethylenediamine
Synonym for piperazine ... Pyrazine hexahydride;its former use in gout was based upon its property of dissolving uric acid in vitro, but it is ineffective in increasing uric acid excretion; its compounds are now used as anthelmintics in oxyuriasis and ascariasis. ... Synonym: diethylenediamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
An important chelating agent used in therapy (e.g., in therapy for lead poisoning), and in metal-containing diagnostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear scanning. ... Acronym: DTPA ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethylhexyl phthalate
<chemical> Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. A plasticiser. ... Chemical name: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diethylnitrosamine
<chemical> N-ethyl-n-nitrosoethanamine. A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. ... Pharmacological action: alkylating agents, carcinogens, mutagens. ... Chemical name: Ethanamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diethylolamine
Synonym for diethanolamine ... Bis(hydroxyethyl)amine; 2,2'-iminodiethanol;used as an emulsifier and as a dispersing agent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. ... Synonym: diethylolamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethylpropion
<chemical> A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. ... Pharmacological action: appetite depressants. ... Chemical name: 1-Propanone, 2-(diethylamino)-1-phenyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) …

diethylpropion hydrochloride
1-Phenyl-2-diethylaminopropanone-1 hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug resembling amphetamine in its actions and used as an appetite suppressant. Increases blood pressure, heart rate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethylstilbestrol
<drug> A synthetic oestrogen (originally prescribed to prevent miscarriage) that caused malformations of the reproductive organs in some who were exposed to the drug during foetal development. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

diethylstilbestrol monooxygenase
<enzyme> Catalyses the hydroxylation of des to form 1-hydroxy-des ... Registry number: EC 1.13.99.- ... Synonym: des monooxygenase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

diethyltoluamide
M-Delphene; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide;an insect repellent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diethyltryptamine
N,N-Diethyltryptamine;a hallucinogenic agent similar to dimethyltryptamine. ... Acronym: DET ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

dietician
A nonmedically qualified person who specialises in the art and science of dietetics - the study of food and its nutritional properties. Dieticians give advice on the design of special diets for well and ill patients. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

dietitian
An expert in dietetics. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dietl
Jozef, Polish physician, 1804-1878. ... See: Dietl's crisis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dietl's crisis
Intermittent pain, sometimes with nausea and emesis, caused by intermittent proximal obstruction of ureter. Originally believed due to a mobile kidney that caused ureter to kink with positional changes. ... Synonym: incarceration symptom. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dieuaide diagram
Synonym for triaxial reference system ... The figure resulting from rearranging the lines of derivation of the three standard limb leads of the electrocardiogram (as represented in Einthoven's triangle) so that, instead of forming the sides of an equilateral triangle, they bisect one another. ... Synonym: Dieuaide diagram. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dieulafoy, Georges
<person> French physician, 1839-1911. ... See: Dieulafoy's erosion, Dieulafoy's theory. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dieulafoy's erosion
Acute ulcerative gastroenteritis complicating pneumonia, possibly caused by overproduction of adrenal steroid hormones. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Dieulafoy's theory
An obsolete theory that appendicitis is always the result of the transformation of the appendicular canal into a closed cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

DIF-1 3(5)-dechlorinase
<enzyme> Found in the prestalk cells of dictyostelium discoideum; catalyses the degradation of dif-1 ... Registry number: EC 4.5.1.- ... Synonym: dif-1 dechlorinase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

difarnesyl group
A 30-carbon open chain hexaisoprenoid hydrocarbon radical; occurs as a side chain in vitamin K2. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

difenoxin
1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylisonipecotic acid;an antidiarrhoeal agent with actions similar to those of diphenoxylate. ... Synonym: difenoxylic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

difenoxylic acid
Synonym for difenoxin ... 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenylisonipecotic acid;an antidiarrhoeal agent with actions similar to those of diphenoxylate. ... Synonym: difenoxylic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differ
1. To be or stand apart; to disagree; to be unlike; to be distinguished; with from. 'One star differeth from another star in glory.' (1 Cor. Xv. 41) 'Minds differ, as rivers differ.' (Macaulay) ... 2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion; to disagree in sentiment; often with from or with. ... 3. To have a difference, cause of variance, or quarrel; to …

difference
1. The act of differing; the state or measure of being different or unlike; distinction; dissimilarity; unlikeness; variation; as, a difference of quality in paper; a difference in degrees of heat, or of light; what is the difference between the innocent and the guilty? 'Differencies of administration, but the same Lord.' (1 Cor. Xii. 5) ... 2. Disa …

difference equation
<epidemiology> The mathematical formulation corresponding to a discrete time model. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

differential
1. Relating to or indicating a difference; creating a difference; discriminating; special; as, differential characteristics; differential duties; a differential rate. 'For whom he produced differential favors.' (Motley) ... 2. <mathematics> Of or pertaining to a differential, or to differentials. ... 3. <mechanics> Relating to differences …

differential adhesion
The differential adhesion hypothesis was advanced by Steinberg to explain the mechanism by which heterotypic cells in mixed aggregates sort out into isotypic territories. Quantitative differences in homo and hetero typic adhesion are supposed to be sufficient to account for the phenomenon without the need to postulate cell type specific adhesion sy …

differential blood pressure
The arterial blood pressure at corresponding points on the two sides of the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential centrifugation
A technique for separating organellesor other differently-sized cellcomponents in a centrifuge, particles of the same size and weight willsettle out into common layers. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

differential diagnosis
The determination of which two or more diseases with similar symptoms is the one from which a patient is suffering from based on an analysis of the clinical data. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

differential display PCR
Method of image formation in the light microscope based on the method proposed by Nomarski (though strictly speaking all forms of optical microscopy rely to a greater or lesser extent on differential interference). The light beam is split by a Wollaston prism in the condenser, to form slightly divergent beams polarized at right angles. One passes t …

differential equation
<epidemiology> The mathematical formulation corresponding to a continuous model; an equation involving derivatives. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

differential gene expression
Gene expression that responds to signals or triggers; a means of gene regulation; e.g., effects of certain hormones on protein biosynthesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential growth
Different rates of growth in associated tissues or structures; used especially in embryology when the differences in growth rates result in changing the original proportions or relations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential interference contrast
<technique> A mode of contrast generation in microscopy that yields an image with a shadow relief. The relief reflects the gradient of optical path difference. Differential Interference Contrast, which is a form of interferenc microscopy that uses polarizing beam splitters, can be of the Smith or Nomarski type. ... Acronym: DIC ... (05 Aug 1998 …

differential manometer
Any device that indicates the difference in pressure between two fluids, regardless of any changes in their absolute pressures. ... Mercurial manometer, an manometer in which the varying pressures are shown by differences of elevation in a column of mercury. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential medium
A medium which is used to differentiate different types of microorganisms based on their different colours or colony shapes. ... Examples of differential media are: Macconkey's agar and SS agar. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

differential renal function test
Synonym for differential ureteral catheterization test ... A study performed to determine various functional parameters of one kidney compared to the contralateral kidney; ureteral catheters are inserted at cystoscopy into the ureter or renal pelvis bilaterally, and simultaneous measurements are made of urine flow rate, insulin, or PAH (if infused), …

differential screening
Process in development of a multicellular organism by which cells become specialised for particular functions. Requires that there is selective expression of portions of the genome, the fully differentiated state may be preceded by a stage in which the cell is already programmed for differentiation but is not yet expressing the characteristic pheno …

differential spinal anaesthesia
A form of diagnostic spinal anaesthesia producing blockade of different types of nerves in the subarachnoid space, based upon their differences in sensitivity to local anaesthetics; also observed during surgical spinal anaesthesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential stain
Synonym for contrast stain ... <technique> A dye used to colour one portion of a tissue or cell which remained unaffected when the other part was stained by a dye of different colour. ... Synonym: differential stain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differential thermal analysis
Technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

differential thermometer
Synonym for thermoscope ... <instrument, physics> An instrument for indicating changes of temperature without indicating the degree of heat by which it is affected; especially, an instrument contrived by Count Rumford which, as modified by Professor Leslie, was afterward called the differential thermometer. ... Origin: Thermo- + -scope. ... Sour …

differential threshold
The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

differential white blood count
An estimate of the percentage of white blood cell types which make up the total white blood cell count. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

differentiate
The process cells undergo as they mature into normal cells. Differentiated cells have distinctive characteristics, perform specific functions and are less likely to divide. ... See: dedifferentiate, undifferentiated. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

differentiated
The similarity between a normal cell and the cancer cell, defines what degree of change has occurred. Cancer cells that are well differentiated are close to the original cell and are usually less aggressive. Poorly differentiated cells have changed more and are more aggressive. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

differentiation
The distinguishing of one thing or disease from another. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

differentiation antigen
Any large structural macromolecule that can be detected by immune reagents and that also is associated with the differentiation of a particular cell type or types. Many cells can be identified by their possession of a unique set of differentiation antigens. There should be no implication that the antigens cause differentiation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

difficult
1. Hard to do or to make; beset with difficulty; attended with labour, trouble, or pains; not easy; arduous. ... Difficult implies the notion that considerable mental effort or skill is required, or that obstacles are to be overcome which call for sagacity and skill in the agent; as, a difficult task; hard work is not always difficult work; a diffic …

difficulty
Origin: L. Difficultas, fr. Difficilis difficult; dif- = dis- + facilis easy: cf. F. Difficulte. See Facile. ... 1. The state of being difficult, or hard to do; hardness; arduousness; opposed to easiness or facility; as, the difficulty of a task or enterprise; a work of difficulty. 'Not being able to promote them [the interests of life] on account o …

diffluence
The process of becoming fluid. ... Origin: L. Dif-fluo, to flow in different directions, dissolve ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffraction
When a wave train passes an obstacle secondary waves are set up that interfere with the primary wave and give rise to bands of constructive and destructive interference. Around a point source of light, in consequence, is a series of concentric light and dark bands (coloured bands with white light), a diffraction pattern. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diffraction grating
<microscopy> An artificially produced periodic array of scattering centres capable of producing a pattern of diffracted energy, such as accurately ruled lines on a plane surface. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

diffuse
Not definitely limited or localised, widely distributed. ... Origin: L. Dis = apart, fundere = to pour ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

diffuse abdominal calcification
<radiology> Ovarian cystadenocarcinoma (psammomatous Calcium), pseudomyxoma peritonei, pseudomucinous cystadenoma of ovary, mucocele of appendix, undifferentiated abdominal malignancy, TB peritonitis, oil granulomata, meconium peritonitis ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diffuse abscess
A collection of pus not circumscribed by a well-defined capsule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse aneurysm
An aneurysm that has enlarged and spread to the surrounding tissues in consequence of rupture of its walls. ... Synonym: consecutive aneurysm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse angiokeratoma
Synonym for fabry's disease ... <disease> Lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase a and resulting in an accumulation of globotriaosylceramide in the renal and cardiovascular systems. ... The disease is characterised by telangiectatic skin lesions, renal failure, and disturbances of the cardiovascular, gastrointes …

diffuse arterial ectasia
Spontaneous enlargement with dilation of the vessels in a circumscribed area. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse brain atrophy
A form of dementia caused by destruction (atrophy) of the frontal lobes of the brain. This condition leads to the progressive deterioration of mental functioning. ... Incidence: 9 in 10,000 people in the general population. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

diffuse choroiditis
A widespread exudative inflammation of the choroid, with progressive resolution of older lesions as new ones occur. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis caused by several New and Old World species and strains of Leishmania (L. Mexicana amazonensis, L. M. Pifanoi, possibly L. M. Garnhami and L. M. Venezuelensis; in Ethiopia, L. Aethiopica, and unidentified leishmanial agents in Namibia and Tanzania). The condition is associated with a suppressed cell-mediated immune response, so that t …

diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis
A benign process consisting of focal cutaneous infiltrates composed of mast cells; lesions are flat or slightly elevated, form wheals and itch when stroked; bone lesions may occur. ... Synonym: urticaria pigmentosa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse deep keratitis
Synonym for keratitis profunda ... An inflammation of the posterior corneal stroma. ... Synonym: diffuse deep keratitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse emphysema
Synonym for panlobular emphysema ... Emphysema affecting all parts of the lobules, in part, or usually the whole, of the lungs, and usually associated with a1-antiprotease deficiency emphysema. ... Synonym: diffuse emphysema, generalised emphysema, panacinar emphysema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse gallbladder wall thickening
<radiology> Criterion: gall bladder wall greater than 3 mm may appear thicker due to surrounding ascites, cholecystitis (acute or chronic), non-fasting state, chronic hypoalbuminaemia, hepatitis, congestive heart failure, fat in gall bladder fossa Cf: focal thickening ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diffuse ganglion
A cystic swelling due to inflammatory effusion into one or several adjacent tendon sheaths. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis affecting most of the renal glomeruli; it may lead to azotemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse goiter
Goiter in which the morbid process involves the whole gland, as opposed to nodular goiter or thyroid adenoma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse interstitial fibrosis
Progressive fibrous changes and scarring within the lung tissue, eventually interfering with normal gas exchange. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

diffuse leishmaniasis
Synonym for diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis ... Leishmaniasis caused by several New and Old World species and strains of Leishmania (L. Mexicana amazonensis, L. M. Pifanoi, possibly L. M. Garnhami and L. M. Venezuelensis; in Ethiopia, L. Aethiopica, and unidentified leishmanial agents in Namibia and Tanzania). The condition is associated with a supp …

diffuse mastocytosis
Infiltration of many organ systems by mast cells with varied clinical manifestations that can include fever, weight loss, flushing, bronchospasm, rhinorrhoea, palpitations, dyspnea, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal bleeding, and hypotension. ... Synonym: systemic mastocytosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse mesangial proliferation
Synonym for mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis ... <nephrology, pathology> Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus (blood filtering portion of the kidney) due to the abnormal deposition of IgM antibody in the mesangium layer of the glomerular capillary. A form of glomerulonephritis that appears to be caused by an abnormal immune response …

diffuse nontoxic goitre
A common cause of hyperthyroidism thought to be caused by an underlying autoimmune mechanism. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

diffuse obstructive emphysema
The major component of chronic obstructive lung disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse oesophageal spasm
A disorder characterised by episodic contractions of the oesophagus. The oesophageal spasms fail to effectively propel food to the stomach. ... Symptoms may be confused with angina. Common symptoms include chest pains, epigastric pain, heartburn, pain on swallowing and difficulty swallowing. ... Treatment includes the use of sublingual nitroglycerin …

diffuse osteosclerosis
<radiology> Mnemonic: 3M PROFS, renal osteodystrophy, metastasis, mastocytosis, myelofibrosis, sickle cell disease, osteopetrosis (Albers-Schoenberg disease), pyknodysostosis, fluorosis ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

diffuse panbronchiolitis
Synonym for panbronchiolitis ... Idiopathic inflammation and obstruction of bronchioles, eventually accompanied by bronchiectasis; cases reported almost entirely from Japan. ... Synonym: diffuse panbronchiolitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse peritonitis
Synonym for general peritonitis ... Peritonitis throughout the peritoneal cavity. ... Synonym: diffuse peritonitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse phlegmon
A diffuse inflammation of the subcutaneous tissues accompanied by constitutional symptoms of sepsis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage
<radiology> Thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, Goodpasture syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegeners granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Behcet disease, D-penicillamine, lymphangiography ... (12 Dec 1998) ...