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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


clinical studies
<pharmacology> Human studies that are designed to measure the safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosage of a new drug or biological. Clinical studies routinely involve the use of a placebo group that is given an inactive substance that looks like the test product. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

clinical syndrome
<syndrome> A clinical syndrome represents a typical constellation of physical (and laboratory) findings that may be seen as part of a primary disease process. ... A good example is shock, a clinical syndrome seen with many primary disease processes. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

clinical thermometer
A small, self-registering thermometer, consisting of a simple scaled glass tube containing mercury, used for taking the temperature of the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinical trial
<pharmacology> Research study conducted with patients, usually to evaluate a new treatment or drug. Each trial is designed to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to treat individuals with a specific disease. ... (12 May 1997) ...

clinical trial, phase I
A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on a small number of healthy persons and conducted over the period of about a year in either the united states or a foreign country. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clinical trial, phase II
A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques based on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients, and conducted over a period of about two years in either the united states or a foreign country. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clinical trial, phase III
A pre-planned, usually controlled, clinical study of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques after phase II trials. A large enough group of patients is studied and closely monitored by physicians for adverse response to long-term exposure, over a period of about three years in either the uni …

clinical trial, phase IV
Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale after clinical trials, phases I, II, and III. These studies, conducted in the united states or a foreign country, often garner additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. ... (12 Dec 1998)< …

clinical trials
Medical research studies conducted with volunteers. Each study is designed to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to prevent, detect, or treat cancer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clinical trials, phase I
Studies performed to evaluate the safety of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques in healthy subjects and to determine the safe dosage range (if appropriate). These tests also are used to determine pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties (toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, and preferred route of adm …

clinical trials, phase II
Studies that are usually controlled to assess the effectiveness and dosage (if appropriate) of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques. These studies are performed on several hundred volunteers, including a limited number of patients with the target disease or disorder, and last about two years. This concept includes …

clinical trials, phase III
Comparative studies to verify the effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques determined in phase II studies. During these trials, patients are monitored closely by physicians to identify any adverse reactions from long-term use. These studies are performed on groups of patients large enough to identify c …

clinical trials, phase IV
Planned post-marketing studies of diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques that have been approved for general sale. These studies are often conducted to obtain additional data about the safety and efficacy of a product. This concept includes phase IV studies conducted in both the u.s. And in other countries. ... (12 De …

clinician
A health professional engaged in the care of patients, as distinguished from one working in other areas. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinicopathologic
Pertaining to the signs and symptoms manifested by a patient, and also the results of laboratory studies, as they relate to the findings in the gross and histologic examination of tissue by means of biopsy or autopsy, or both. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clino-
A slope (inclination or declination) or bend. ... Origin: G. Klino, to slope, incline, or bend ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinocephalic
Clinocephalous ... Relating to clinocephaly. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinocephaly
Craniosynostosis in which the upper surface of the skull is concave, presenting a saddle-shaped appearance in profile. ... Synonym: saddle head. ... Origin: clino-+ G. Kephale, head ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinodactyly
Permanent deflection of one or more fingers. ... Origin: clino-+ G. Daktylos, finger ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinography
Graphic representation of the signs and symptoms exhibited by a patient. ... Origin: G. Kline, bed, + grapho, to write ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinoid
1. Resembling a four-poster bed. ... Synonym: clinoid process. ... Origin: G. Kline, bed, + eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clinoid process
One of three pairs of bony projections from the sphenoid bone: anterior clinoid process, the recurved posterior angle of the lesser wing; middle clinoid process, a little spur of bone on the body of the sphenoid, posterolateral to the tuberculum sellae; posterior clinoid process, a spur of bone at each superior angle of the dorsum sellae. ... Synony …

clinoscope
<instrument> An obsolete instrument for measuring cyclophoria. ... Origin: clino-+ G. Skopeo, to view ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clioquinol
<chemical> A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide. ... Pharmacological action: amebicides, anti-infective agents, local. ... Chemical …

clioxanide
4'-Chloro-3,5-diiodosalicylanilide acetate;an anthelmintic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clip
<abbreviation> Corticotropin-like intermediate-lobe peptide. ... A fastener used to hold a part or thing together with another. ... Wound clip, a metal clasp or device for surgical approximation of skin incisions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clip forceps
A small forceps with spring catch to hold a bleeding vessel. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clipped speech
Synonym for scamping speech ... A form of lalling in which consonants or syllables that are difficult to pronounce are omitted. ... Synonym: clipped speech. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clithrophobia
<psychology> Morbid fear of being locked in. ... Origin: G. Kleithron, a bolt, + phobos, fear ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clition
A craniometric point in the middle of the highest part of the clivus on the sphenoid bone. ... Origin: G. Klitos, a declivity ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoral
<anatomy> Pertaining to the clitoris. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

clitoral recession
Operative procedure to reduce the visual prominence of the clitoris that often occurs in females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; distinct from clitoral amputation (clitorectomy) or clitoral reduction. ... See: clitoroplasty. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoridean
Relating to the clitoris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoridectomy
<procedure> Removal of the clitoris. ... Origin: clitoris + G. Ektome, excision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoriditis
Inflammation of the clitoris. ... Synonym: clitoritis. ... Origin: clitoris + G. -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoris
A small mass of erectile tissue situated at the anterior apex of the vestibule. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clitorism
Prolonged and usually painful erection of the clitoris; the analogue of priapism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoritis
Synonym for clitoriditis ... Inflammation of the clitoris. ... Synonym: clitoritis. ... Origin: clitoris + G. -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoromegaly
An enlarged clitoris. ... Origin: clitoris + G. Megas, great ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clitoroplasty
Any plastic surgery procedure on the clitoris. ... Origin: clitoris + G. Plastos, formed ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clival
Pertaining to the clivus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clivus
1. A downward sloping surface. ... 2. The sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum composed of part of the body of the sphenoid and part of the basal part of the occipital bone. ... Synonym: Blumenbach's clivus. ... Origin: L. Slope ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clivus ocularis
The sloping walls of the fovea leading to the foveola. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Clk3 kinase
<enzyme> Clk - cdc2-like kinase; a lammer kinase from rat, primarily expressed in testis; genbank x94351 ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.- ... Synonym: rat clk3 ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

CLL
Synonym for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ... <haematology> A slowly progressing form of leukaemia, characterised by an increased number of the type of white blood cell known as lymphocytes. With about 3, 500 new cases occurring each year in the UK, it is the most common form of leukaemia and occurs predominantly in late middle age onwards. It …

cloaca
1. <zoology> A common passage for faecal, urinary and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates. ... 2. <embryology> The terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder and genital primordia. ... 3. <pathology> An opening in the involucrum of a necrosed bone. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cloacal
Pertaining to the cloaca. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloacal exstrophy
Congenital anomaly with two exstrophied bladder units separated by an exstrophied segment of intestine, which is usually caecum, receiving ileum superiorly and continuing distally to blend microcolon. A number of variants of anatomic disarray can occur. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloacal membrane
A transitory membrane in the caudal area of the ventral wall of the embryo, separating the endodermal from the ectodermal cloaca; it is divided into anal and genitourinary membrane's that break down during the eighth to ninth week to establish the external opening for the alimentary and genitourinary tracts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloacal plate
A plate, composed of a layer of cloacal endoderm in contact with a layer of proctodeal ectoderm, which subsequently ruptures, forming the anal and urogenital openings of the embryo. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloacal theory
The belief sometimes held by neurotic adults or children that a child is born, as a stool is passed, from a common opening. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloacin
<chemical> A bacteriocin produced by a plasmid that can occur in several bacterial strains. It is a basic protein of molecular weight 56,000 and exists in a complex with its immunity protein which protects the host bacterium from its effects. ... Chemical name: Cloacin DF 13 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cloacitis
An inflammation of the cloacal mucosa of fowls, with ulceration and chronic discharge. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clobazam
A novel benzodiazepine psychotherapeutic agent in which the nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring are in the 1,5-rather than in the more usual 1,4-positions; an anxiolytic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clobetasol
<chemical> Topical corticosteroid that is absorbed faster than fluocinonide. It is used in psoriasis, but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. ... Pharmacological action: glucocorticoids, synthetic, glucocorticoids, topical. ... Chemical name: Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 21-chloro-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-16-methyl-, (11beta,16beta)-
clobetasol propionate
Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,21-chloro-9-fluoro-11-hyroxy-16-methyl-17-(1-oxopropoxy)-,(11b,16b)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clocortolone
9-Chloro-6a-fluoro-11b,21-dihydroxy-16a-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations; available as the acetate and the pivalate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clodronic acid
<chemical> (dichloromethylene)bisphosphonic acid. A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It is an effective inhibitor of bone resorption and soft tissue calcification. ... Pharmacological action: analgesics, non-narcotic. ... Chemical name: Phosphonic acid, (dichloromethylene)bis- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clofazimine
<drug> An antileprosy agent sometimes administered in combination with other drugs to treat MAC. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal upset, skin discolouration and rashes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

clofenamide
4-chloro-m-benzenedisulfonamide;a diuretic. ... Synonym: monochlorphenamide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clofenapate
<chemical> An oral hypolipaemic agent in dogs and rats. ... Pharmacological action: antilipaemic agents. ... Chemical name: Propanoic acid, 2-((4'-chloro(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)oxy)-2-methyl-, methyl ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clofibrate
<chemical> A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of type III hyperlipoproteinaemia and severe hypertriglyceridemias. ... Pharmacological action: anticholesteraemic agents, antilipaemic agents. ... Chemical name: Propanoic acid, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-, ethyl ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clofibric acid
<chemical> An antilipaemic agent and the biologically active metabolite of clofibrate. ... Pharmacological action: anticholesteraemic agents, antilipaemic agents. ... Chemical name: Propanoic acid, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clofibroyl-CoA hydrolase
<enzyme> Rat liver cytosolic enzyme is not the same as palmitoyl CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2) ... Registry number: EC 3.1.2.- ... Synonym: clofibroyl-coenzyme a hydrolase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

clogestone acetate
6-Chloro-3b,17-dihydroxypregna-4,6-dien-20-one diacetate;a progestational agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clomacran phosphate
2-Chloro-9-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acridan phosphate;a tranquilliser. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clomegestone acetate
6-Chloro-17-hydroxy-16a-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione acetate;a progestational drug. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clomiphene
<chemical> A stilbene derivative structurally related to chlorotrianisene and used in the treatment of anovulatory infertility. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the secretion of pituitary gonadotropic hormones. ... Pharmacological action: fertility agents, female. ... Chemical name: Ethanamine, 2-(4-(2-chloro-1,2-di …

clomiphene citrate
<drug, gynaecology> A fertility drug that stimulates ovulation through the release of gonadotrophins from the pituitary gland. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

clomiphene test
A test of pituitary gonadotropin reserve using clomiphene. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clomipramine
<drug> This tricyclic prescription drug is used to treat depression and obsessive disorders. ... It works by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin uptake into central nerve terminals. It can cause seizures, heart arrhythmias, and other side effects. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

clomipramine hydrochloride
Chlorimipramine hydrochloride; 3-chloro-5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine monohydrochloride;an antidepressant. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonal
Pertaining to a clone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonal aging
The deterioration in successive generations of a clone; thus paramecia and other simple forms, if allowed to reproduce asexually for a number of generations, invariably undergo deterioration, the characters of each group of descendants progressively departing from those of the original sexually produced ancestor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonal anergy
Functional inactivation of t- or B-lymphocytes rendering them incapable of eliciting an immune response to antigen. This occurs through different mechanisms in the two kinds of lymphocytes and can contribute to self tolerance. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clonal deletion
The removal of B-cell and T-cell varieties which recognise parts of the organisms body as targets of the immune system. This process naturally occurs early in the organisms development so that the organism will not be autoimmune (having an immune reaction against one's own body tissues) later in life. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

clonal deletion theory
The elimination of certain T-cell populations in the thymus that have receptors for self-antigens. ... See: immunologic tolerance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonal expansion
Production of daughter cells all arising originally from a single cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonal selection
<cell biology> The process whereby one or more clones, i.e. Cells expressing a particular gene sequence are selected by naturally occurring processes from a mixed population. Generally the clonal selection is for general expansion by mitosis, particularly with reference to B lymphocytes where selection with subsequent expansion of clones occu …

clonal selection theory
A theory which states that each lymphocyte has membrane bound immunoglobulin receptors specific for a particular antigen and once the receptor is engaged, proliferation of the cell occurs such that a clone of antibody producing cells (plasma cell) is produced. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonazepam
This prescription drug is used to treat epilepsy (petit mal seizures) and as a sedative. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

clone
<cell biology> A propagating population of organisms, either single cell or multicellular, derived from a single progenitor cell. Such organisms should be genetically identical, though mutation events may abrogate this. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

clone bank
Synonym for genomic library ... <molecular biology> A collection of DNA molecules, derived from restriction fragments that have been cloned in vectors, that includes all or part of the genetic material of an organism. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

clone cells
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clones
<biology, cell culture> A group of cells derived from a single ancestor. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

clones, recombinant
Clones containing recombinant DNA molecules. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

clonic
<neurology> Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

clonic convulsion
A convulsion in which the contractions are intermittent, the muscles alternately contracting and relaxing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonic seizure
A seizure characterised by repetitive rhythmical jerking of all or part of the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonic spasm
Alternate involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonicity
The state of being clonic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonicotonic
Both clonic and tonic; said of certain forms of muscular spasm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

clonidine
<chemical> An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Clonidine's central actions reduce sympathetic tone. It is used as an antihypertensive agent, and has also been used in the treatment of migraine and in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. ... Pharmacological action: adrenergic alpha-agonists, antihypertensive agents …

clonidine hydrochloride
2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride;an antihypertensive agent with central and peripheral actions; it stimulates adrenergic receptors in the brain leading to reduced sympathetic nervous system output. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cloning
<molecular biology> The process whereby clones are established asexually, where cells all genetically identical, to a single ancestor. ... In recombinant DNA technology, the use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA is referred to as cloning DNA. ... The term covers various manipulations fo …

cloning vector
<molecular biology> A DNA molecule originating from a virus (plasmid vector), or the cell of a higher organism into which another DNA fragment of appropriate size can be integrated without loss of the vectors capacity for self- replication. ... Vectors introduce foreign DNA into host cells, where it can be reproduced in large quantities. They …

cloning, cell
The process of producing a group of cells (clones), all genetically identical, from a single ancestor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cloning, DNA
The use of DNA manipulation procedures to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cloning, molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cloning, organism
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, foetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...