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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

community health nurse
Synonym for public health nurse ... A nurse who provides care to individuals or groups in a community outside of institutions. Usually works through the auspices of a state or city health department. ... Synonym: community health nurse, community nurse. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

community health nursing
General and comprehensive nursing practice directed to individuals, families, or groups as it relates to and contributes to the health of a population. This is not an official program of a public health department. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community health planning
Planning that has the goals of improving health, improving accessibility to health services, and promoting efficiency in the provision of services and resources on a comprehensive basis for a whole community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community health services
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services provided for individuals in the community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community medicine
A branch of medicine concerned with the total health of the individual within the home environment and in the community, and with the application of comprehensive care to the prevention and treatment of illness in the entire community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community mental health centres
Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community mental health services
Diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive mental health services provided for individuals in the community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community networks
Organizations and individuals cooperating together toward a common goal at the local or grassroots level. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community nurse
Synonym for public health nurse ... A nurse who provides care to individuals or groups in a community outside of institutions. Usually works through the auspices of a state or city health department. ... Synonym: community health nurse, community nurse. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

community pharmacy services
Total pharmaceutical services provided to the public through community pharmacies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community psychiatry
Branch of psychiatry concerned with the provision and delivery of a coordinated program of mental health care to a specified population. The foci included in this concept are: all social, psychological and physical factors related to aetiology, prevention, and maintaining positive mental health in the community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community psychology
The application of psychology to community programs, e.g., in the schools, correctional and welfare systems, and community mental health centres. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

community-acquired infections
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (cross infection). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

community-institutional relations
The interactions between members of a community and representatives of the institutions within that community. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Comolli
Antonio, Italian pathologist, *1879. ... See: Comolli's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Comolli's sign
<clinical sign> In cases of fracture of the scapula, a typical triangular cushion-like swelling appears, corresponding to the outline of the scapula. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comorbidity
The presence of coexisting or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcom …

comoros
A group of indian ocean islands, the islands of great comoro, anjouan, mayotte, and moheli, lying between northeast mozambique and northwest madagascar. The capital is moroni. In 1914 they became a colony attached to madagascar administratively and were made a french overseas territory in 1947. Except for mayotte which remained french, comoros beca …

comose
<dermatology> Having a tuft of hair. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

comoviridae
A family of non-enveloped RNA plant viruses, transmitted by biological vectors and experimentally by mechanical inoculation. There are three genera: comovirus, fabavirus, and nepovirus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

comovirus
A genus of plant viruses of the family comoviridae in which the bipartite genome is encapsidated in separate icosahedral particles. Mosaic and mottle symptoms are characteristic, and transmission is exclusively by leaf-feeding beetles. Cowpea mosaic virus is the type species. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

compact bone
The compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. ... Synonym: substantia compacta, compact substance, substantia compacta ossium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compact disks
Computer disks storing data with a maximum reduction of space and bandwidth. The compact size reduces cost of transmission and storage. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

compact substance
Synonym for compact bone ... The compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. ... Synonym: substantia compacta, compact substance, substantia compacta ossium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compact torus
<radiobiology> Any of a series of axially symmetric fusion configurations having closed flux surfaces (like a tokamak, not like a mirror machine), but having no material objects piercing the core (as do the toroidal field coils of a tokamak). ... These devices have an inherently low aspect ratio, approximately unity. The most successful varian …

compacta
Synonym for stratum compactum ... The superficial layer of decidual tissue in the pregnant uterus, in which the interglandular tissue preponderates. ... Synonym: compacta. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compages thoracis
Synonym for thoracic cage ... The skeleton of the thorax consisting of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum. ... Synonym: compages thoracis, skeleton thoracicus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

companion artery to sciatic nerve
Synonym for artery to sciatic nerve ... <anatomy, nerve> Origin, inferior gluteal; distribution, sciatic nerve; anastomoses, branches of profunda femoris. ... Synonym: arteria comitans nervi ischiadici, companion artery to sciatic nerve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

companion cell
<plant biology> Relatively small plant cell, with little or no vacuole, found adjacent to a phloem sieve tube and originating with the latter from a common mother cell. ... Thought to be involved in translocation of sugars in and out of the sieve tube. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

companion vein
Synonym for vena comitans ... A vein accompanying another structure. ... Synonym: accompanying vein, companion vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparascope
<instrument> A microscope accessory by means of which an observer may directly compare simultaneously the findings in two microscopic preparations. ... Origin: L. Comparo, to compare, + G. Skopeo, to view ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparative anatomy
The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparative medicine
A field of study concentrating on similarities and differences between veterinary medicine and human medicine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparative pathology
The pathology of diseases of animals, especially in relation to human pathology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparative physiology
The science concerned with the differences in the vital processes in different species of organisms, particularly with a view to the adaptation of the processes to the specific needs of the species, to illuminating the evolutionary relationships among different species, or to establishing other interspecific generalizations and relationships. ... (0 …

comparative psychology
A branch of psychology concerned with the study and comparison of the behaviour of organisms at different levels of phylogenic development to discover developmental trends. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

comparator microscope
<instrument> A device constructed with one or more microscope's having micrometer eyepieces used to measure dimensional changes during setting or temperature changes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compartment
<biology> In the insect wing, for example: there are two compartments, anterior and posterior, each containing several clones, but clones do not cross the boundary. ... It seems from studies with homoeotic mutants that cells in different compartments are expressing different sets of genes. The evidence for such developmental compartments in ve …

compartment syndrome
<syndrome> A group of symptoms which indicate a nerve, blood vessel or tendon is being constricted due to swelling within a closed anatomic space. ... A compartment syndrome may occur in an extremity after trauma (fracture) or inflammation (carpal tunnel syndrome). Some medications can also precipitate this condition. ... Symptoms include numbn …

compartment syndromes
Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the circulation and function of tissue within that space. Compartmentation involves mainly the leg but also involved are the forearm, arm, thigh, shoulder, and buttock. Some of the causes of increased pressure are trauma, tight dressings, haemorrhage, and exercise. Sequelae i …

compartmental model
<epidemiology> A mathematical model which divides hosts into different compartments according to their infectious state. A typical model for microparasites might be an SEIR model. Sometimes referred to as a prevalence model. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

compartmental syndrome
<syndrome> A condition in which increased pressure in a confined anatomical space adversely affects the circulation and threatens the function and viability of the tissues therein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compartmentation
The division of a cell into different regions, either structurally or biochemically. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compassionate use
<pharmacology> Refers to situations where a drug is provided to a patient on humanitarian grounds prior to the drug's receiving regulatory approval. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

compatibility
The condition of being compatible. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compatibility group
<molecular biology> A group of plasmids (rings of DNA) which is able to coexist in the same cell with another plasmid from a different group. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

compatible
1. <pharmacology> Capable of harmonious coexistence, of medications, suitable for simultaneous administration without nullification or aggravation of the effects of either. ... 2. <haematology> Denoting a donor and recipient of a blood transfusion in which there is no transfusion reaction. ... 3. <immunology> Histocompatible, denoti …

compatible solute
<biochemistry> An organic compounds which serve as cytoplasmic solutes to balance water relations for cells growing in environments of high salt or sugar. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

compensated acidosis
An acidosis in which the pH of body fluids is normal; compensation is achieved by respiratory or renal mechanisms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensated alkalosis
Alkalosis in which there is a change in bicarbonate but the pH of body fluids approaches normal; respiratory alkalosis may be compensated by increased production of metabolic acids or increased renal excretion of bicarbonate; metabolic alkalosis is rarely compensated by hypoventilation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensated glaucoma
Synonym for open-angle glaucoma ... <ophthalmology> A disorder which is characterised by increased pressure within the eyeball. ... This occurs secondary to the chronic blockage of normal fluid circulation within the eye. Increased pressure within the eye can cause damage to the optic nerve and eventual blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause …

compensated metabolic alkalosis
The retention of acid, primarily carbon dioxide by the lung and acid ions by the renal tubules, to reduce the effect on the pH of the blood of excess alkali produced by ingestion or metabolism of alkali-producing substances. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensated respiratory acidosis
Retention of bicarbonate by the renal tubules to minimise the effect on the pH of the blood of retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs, such as occurs with hypoventilation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensated respiratory alkalosis
The increased excretion of acid ions by the kidney to minimise the effect on the pH of the blood of excessive loss of carbon dioxide via the lungs, such as occurs with hyperventilation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensating curve
The anteroposterior and lateral curvature in the alignment of the occluding surfaces and incisal edges of artificial teeth; used to develop balanced occlusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensating emphysema
Compensatory emphysema, increase in the air capacity of a portion of the lung when another portion is consolidated, shrunken, or unable to perform its respiratory function; the alveoli are distended, but there is no destruction of alveolar walls, and hence, no true emphysema, as this term is now defined. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensating eyepieces
<microscopy> Those designed for use with objectives such as apochromats in order to correct chromatic aberration. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

compensating ocular
An ocular that compensates and corrects for the effects of chromatic aberration in the objective. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensation
In interference microscopy, compensation for the phase difference introduced by the object, measured by introducing a quarter wavelength plate and rotating the analyser: the angle of rotation is proportional to the optical path difference. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

compensation neurosis
The development of symptoms of neurosis believed to be motivated by the desire for, and hope of, monetary or interpersonal gain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensatory
Providing compensation; making up for a deficiency or loss. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensatory atrophy
Atrophy especially of an endocrine organ as a result of its function being assumed by a new source of hormone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensatory hypertrophy
Increase in size of an organ or part of an organ or tissue, when called upon to do additional work or perform the work of destroyed tissue or of a paired organ. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensatory pause
The pause following an extrasystole, when the pause is long enough to compensate for the prematurity of the extrasystole; the short cycle ending with the extrasystole plus the pause following the extrasystole together equal two of the regular cycles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

compensatory polycythemia
A secondary polycythemia resulting from anoxia, e.g., in congenital heart disease, pulmonary emphysema, or prolonged residence at a high altitude. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

competence
<cell biology> Ability to take up DNA and become genetically transformed. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

competency
<cell biology> An ephemeral state, induced by treatment with cold cations, during which bacterial cells are capable of uptaking foreign DNA. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

competency-based education
Educational programs designed to ensure that students attain prespecified levels of competence in a given field or training activity. Emphasis is on achievement or specified objectives. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

competent cell
<cell biology> Cells that are able to take up exogenous genetic material. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

competing risk
An event that removes a subject from being at risk for an outcome under investigation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

competition
<zoology> A type of organism interaction which can be either between members of the same species or members of different species. ... The relationship occurs when commodities (like food, mates, shelters, etc.) are scarce and there are not enough to go around for all members which need them. In general, all involved members of the relationship …

competition hybridisation
<molecular biology, technique> A lab technique used to determine how similar two strands of single-stranded nucleic acids are to each other by putting them with a third strand (called a standard) and observing how well they can bond with each other to become double-stranded (how well they hybridize). ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

competitive antagonist
An antimetabolite. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

competitive behaviour
The direct struggle between individuals for environmental necessities or for a common goal. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

competitive bidding
Pricing statements presented by more than one party for the purpose of securing a contract. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

competitive binding assay
General term for an assay in which a binder competes for labelled versus unlabelled ligand; following separation of free and bound ligand, the ligand (the analyte assayed) is quantitated by relating bound and unbound ratios to known standards. ... See: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioreceptor assay, immunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay …

competitive inhibition
<chemistry> Inhibitor that occupies the active site of an enzyme or the binding site of a receptor and prevents the normal substrate or ligand from binding. ... at sufficiently high concentration of the normal ligand inhibition is lost: the Km is altered by the competitive inhibitor, but the Vmax remains the same. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

competitive medical plans
Alternative health care delivery mechanisms, such as preferred provider organizations or other health insurance services or prepaid plans (other than health maintenance organizations), that meet medicare qualifications for a risk-sharing contract. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

competitor DNA
DNA from a test organism that is denatured and then used in in vitro hybridization experiments in which it competes with DNA (homologous) from a reference organism; used to determine the relationship of the test organism to the reference organism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

complaint
A disorder, disease, or symptom, or the description of it. ... Origin: O. Fr. Complainte, fr. L. Complango, to lament ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

complement
<immunology> A term originally used to refer to the heat labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody coated cells and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. ... C …

complement 1
The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with ca ions and when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 1 inactivators
Compounds which inhibit, antagonise, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2-neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hered …

complement 1q
<chemical> Subcomponent of complement 1 (c1) which recognises and binds to the heavy chain of IgG or IgM initiating the classical complement pathway. The interaction of c1q and immunoglobulin activates c1r and c1s. The activated c1r and c1s molecules are cleaved off the complex by c1-inhibitor, allowing the collagen-like region of c1q to beco …

complement 1r
<enzyme> Subcomponent of complement 1 which, when activated by c1q, activates subcomponent c1s by proteolytic cleavage. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.41 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 1s
<enzyme> The activated form of complement 1 which has hydrolase activity. In the classical pathway, it splits first c4 and then c2 into active components, thereby generating a new enzyme referred to as eac142 or c42 or c3 convertase. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.42 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 2
The third component in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a molecular weight of 117,000, a serum concentration of 30 micrograms/ml and a sedimentation coefficient of 4. It activates c3. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 3
The fourth component to attach in the complement reaction sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5, a molecular weight of 185,000 and a serum concentration of 1.3 micrograms/ml. Its fragments have anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histaminic action and affect smooth muscle. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 3 convertase
<enzyme> The enzyme which in both the classical and alternate complement pathways cleaves complement 3 into anaphylatoxin (c3a) and c3b. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.43 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 3 nephritic factor
A magnesium-dependent IgG autoantibody found in serum of patients with chronic mesangioproliferative hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis. It causes inactivation of c3 in the alternate pathway by cleaving c3 into two inactive fragments, c3c and c3d, instead of the normal c3b. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 3a
<chemical> Smaller fragment formed when c3 convertase splits c3 into c3a and c3b. C3a is a 77-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine which is crucial for its biological activities. C3a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) including smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, and local i …

complement 3b
<chemical> The larger fragment formed when c3 convertase splits c3 into c3a and c3b. In both the classical and alternate pathway, c3b participates in immune adherence and enhances phagocytosis. It also forms a cellular intermediate which continues the complement process. In the alternate pathways, c3b initiates a positive feedback activation …

complement 3b inactivators
Compounds which inhibit, antagonise, or inactivate complement 3b. A well-known inhibitor is a beta-globulin which cleaves c3b into inactive fragments c3c and c3d. C3bina plays a key role in the regulation of the complement system by blocking the cytolytic sequence and preventing recruitment of the properdin amplification loop. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 3c
<chemical> An inactivated form of complement 3b (c3b). Complement 3b is inactivated with the help of two regulatory factors, complement factor h and complement factor I. Complement factor h (c3b inactivator accelerator) makes c3b susceptible to the serine protease, complement factor I (formerly called kaf, c3binf, or enzyme 3b inactivator), t …

complement 3d
<chemical> An inactivated fragment of complement 3b (c3b). Factor h makes c3b susceptible to factor I (formerly called kaf, c3binf, or enzyme 3b inactivator) to form ic3b. Then factor I and a trypsin-like proteolytic enzyme further cleave ic3b into c3c and c3dg. Serum proteases degrade c3dg into complement 3d (c3d) and c3g. ... Chemical name: …

complement 4
The second component to react in the complement sequence. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 18.7, a molecular weight of 240,000 and a serum concentration of 430 micrograms/ml. It is activated by complement 1 and serves as a receptor for c2. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 4a
<chemical> Smaller fragment formed when c1s splits c4 into c4a and c4b. As an anaphylatoxin, c4a causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity but it has weaker activity than c3a or c5a. ... Chemical name: Complement C4a ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 4b
<chemical> Larger fragment formed when c1s splits c4 into c4a and c4b. C4b combines with c2b to form the activated c4b2b complex which is often called the classical pathway c3 convertase. ... Chemical name: Complement C4b ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

complement 5
The fifth component in the complement reaction sequence, probably exists in a complex with c6 and c7. It is a beta-globulin with a sedimentation coefficient of 10, serum concentration of 75 micrograms/ml and molecular weight of 180,000. It is activated by c423 and releases fragments with anaphylatoxic, chemotactic, and histamine-releasing actions a …

complement 5a
<chemical> Smaller fragment formed when c5 convertase splits c5 into c5a and c5b. C5a is a 74-amino acid peptide that includes a carboxy-terminal arginine crucial for its spasmogenic activity and a carbohydrate moiety. C5a is the most potent anaphylatoxin mediating immediate hypersensitivity. ... Chemical name: Complement C5a ... (12 Dec 1998)< …