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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

condenser, Abbe
<microscopy> Originally a two-lens substage condenser combination designed by Ernst Abbe. It lacks chromatic correction though designed for a minimum of spherical aberration and has only a very low-angle aplanatic cone. It may be rated with a numerical aperture as high as 1.3. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

condenser, dark field
<microscopy> A condenser forming a hollow cone of light with its apex (or focal point) in the plane of the specimen. When used with an objective having a numerical aperture lower than the minimum numerical aperture of the hollow cone, only light deviated by the specimen enters the objective. Objects are seen as bright images against a dark ba …

condenser, darkfield, bispheric
<microscopy> A dark field condenser consisting of a convex spherical reflector mounted concentric with a larger concave reflector. The rays are formed into a diverging cone by the convex reflector. The annular concave reflector then forms a hollow converging cone which is focused on the subject. See ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

condenser, darkfield, paraboloid
<microscopy> A dark field condenser consisting of a reflecting surface in the form of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution. Parallel rays entering the condenser around the periphery of the central stop are reflected from the curved surfaces and converge at the focus of the paraboloid. See ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

condenser, variable-focus
<microscopy> Essentially an Abbe condenser in which the upper lens element is fixed and the lower movable. The lower lens may be used to focus the illumination between the elements so that it emerges from the stationary lens as a large diameter parallel bundle. The field of low-power objectives may thus be filled without removing the top elem …

condensing enzyme
Synonym for citrate synthase ... Citrate (si)-synthase;an enzyme catalyzing the condensation of oxaloacetate, water, and acetyl-CoA, forming citrate and coenzyme A; an important step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. ... Synonym: citrogenase, condensing enzyme, oxaloacetate transacetase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condensing osteitis
Synonym for sclerosing osteitis ... Fusiform thickening or increased density of bones, of unknown cause; it has been considered a form of chronic nonsuppurative osteomyelitis. ... Synonym: condensing osteitis, Garre's disease. ... Osteitis tuberculosa multiplex cystica, an osteitis of tuberculous origin, marked by numerous small cavities in the osseou …

condensing power
Power generated through a final steam turbine stage where the steam is exhausted into a condenser and cooled to a liquid to be recycled back into a boiler. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

condensing turbine
A turbine used for electrical power generation from a minimum amount of steam. To increase plant efficiency, these units can have multiple uncontrolled extraction openings for feedwater heating. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

condensing vacuole
<cell biology> Vacuole formed from the cis face of the Golgi by the fusion of smaller vacuoles. ... Within the condensing vacuole the contents are concentrated and may become semi crystalline (zymogen granules or secretory vesicles). ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

condiments
Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

condition
A mode or state of being, the state of being fit: the physical status of the body as a whole or of one of its parts usually used to indicate abnormality. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

conditional mutation
<molecular biology> A mutation that is only expressed under certain environmental conditions for example temperature sensitive mutants. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

conditional probability
A probability quoted when the range of choices admitted is restricted, i.e., conditional; thus, the probability of the child of a colour-blind man inheriting the gene is 1/2 if the child is female and almost zero if the child is male. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditional use permit
A permit, with conditions, allowing an approved use on a site outside the appropriate zoning class. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

conditional-lethal mutant
Synonym for conditionally lethal mutant ... A viral mutant that can replicate under some (permissive) conditions but not under other (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions, the parent (wild type) strain being able to replicate under both conditions. ... See: suppressor-sensitive mutant, temperature-sensitive mutant. ... Synonym: conditional-lethal …

conditionally lethal mutant
A viral mutant that can replicate under some (permissive) conditions but not under other (restrictive or nonpermissive) conditions, the parent (wild type) strain being able to replicate under both conditions. ... See: suppressor-sensitive mutant, temperature-sensitive mutant. ... Synonym: conditional-lethal mutant. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditioned haemolysis
Synonym for immune haemolysis ... Haemolysis caused by complement when erythrocytes have been sensitised by specific complement-fixing antibody. ... Synonym: conditioned haemolysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditioned medium
<cell biology> Cell culture medium that has already been partially used by cells. Although depleted of some components, it is enriched with cell derived material, probably including small amounts of growth factors, such cell conditioned medium will support the growth of cells at much lower density and, mixed with some fresh medium, is therefo …

conditioned reflex
A reflex that is gradually developed by training and association through the frequent repetition of a definite stimulus. ... See: conditioning. ... Synonym: acquired reflex, behaviour reflex, trained reflex. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditioned response
A response already in an individual's repertoire but which, through repeated pairings with its natural stimulus, has been acquired or conditioned anew to a previously neutral or conditioned stimulus. ... See: conditioning. ... Compare: unconditioned response. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditioned stimulus
A stimulus applied to one of the sense organs (e.g., receptors of vision, hearing, touch) which are an essential and integral part of the neural mechanism underlying a conditioned reflex. ... See: classical conditioning, higher order conditioning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conditioning
1. <psychology> A general term referring to the learning of some particular response. ... 2. <oncology> A preparative regimen of chemotherapy before a bone marrow transplant. ... (03 Jul 1999) ...

conditioning therapy
Synonym for behaviour therapy ... The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behaviour disorders. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

conditioning, eyelid
Reflex closure of the eyelid occurring as a result of classical conditioning. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

conditioning, operant
Learning situations in which the sequence responses of the subject are instrumental in producing reinforcement. When the correct response occurs, which involves the selection from among a repertoire of responses, the subject is immediately reinforced. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

conditioning, pavlovian
Named after the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1848-1936) who conditioned dogs to respond in what proved to be a predictable manner. at different points along the dogs' digestive tracts, he had surgically created pockets ( Pavlov pouches ) from which he could obtain secretions, the aim being to study the physiology of the digestive tra …

condom
<gynaecology> A latex (rubber) sleeve that fits snugly over the penis and is used to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS, hepatitis and chlamydia. ... Compare: female condom ... (04 Jul 1999) ...

conduct disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviours include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonagressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serio …

conductance
1. A measure of conductivity; the ratio of the current flowing through a conductor to the difference in potential between the ends of the conductor; the conductance of a circuit is the reciprocal of its resistance. ... 2. The ease with which a fluid or gas enters and flows through a conduit, air passage, or respiratory tract; the flow per unit press …

conductase
<chemical> Reduces pyruvic and lactic acid concentration in normal subjects after muscular exercise. ... Synonym: pyridoxine-alpha-ketoglutarate, 2-oxo-5-hydroxycarbonylpentanoate pyridoxine, pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

conducting airway
The airway from the nasal cavity to a terminal bronchiole. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conducting system of heart
The system of atypical cardiac muscle fibres comprising the sinoatrial node, internodal tracts, atrioventricular node and bundle, the bundle branches, and their terminal ramifications into the Purkinje network; sometimes also called cardionector. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conduction
<physics, physiology> The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses or electricity. ... Origin: L. Conductio ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

conduction anaesthesia
Regional anaesthesia in which local anaesthetic solution is injected about nerves to inhibit nerve transmission; includes spinal, epidural, nerve block, and field block anaesthesia, but not local or topical anaesthesia. ... Synonym: block anaesthesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conduction analgesia
Synonym for regional anaesthesia ... Use of local anaesthetic solution(s) to produce circumscribed areas of loss of sensation; a generic term including conduction, nerve block, spinal, epidural, field block, infiltration, and topical anaesthesia. ... Synonym: conduction analgesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conduction aphasia
A form of aphasia in which the patient understands spoken and written words, is aware of his deficit, and can speak and write, but skips or repeats words, or substitutes one word for another (paraphasia);word repetition is severely impaired. The responsible lesion is in the associate tracks connecting the various language centres. ... Synonym: assoc …

conduction block
Failure of impulse transmission at some point along a nerve, although conduction along the segments proximal and distal to it are unaffected. Clinically, most often caused by an area of focal demyelination; when caused by focal trauma, called neurapraxia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conductive deafness
Hearing impairment caused by interference with sound or transmission through the external canal, middle ear, or ossicles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conductive hearing loss
<otolaryngology> A form of deafness that results from a blockage of the ear canal or dysfunction of the ossicles or eardrum (sound collecting apparatus). ... In conductive hearing loss the auditory nerve is normal, but there exists a physical problem with the sound collecting apparatus. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

conductive heat
Heat transmitted by direct contact, as by an electric pad or hot water bottle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conductivity
<radiobiology> Degree to which a substance transmits (conducts) a given physical property, such as heat or electricity. ... See: electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

conductometry
Determination of the quantity of a material present in a mixture by measurement of its effect on the electrical conductivity of the mixture. (webster, 3d ed) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

conductor
1. A probe or sound with a groove along which a knife is passed in slitting open a sinus or fistula; a grooved director. ... 2. Any substance possessing conductivity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conduit
A channel. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conduplicate
<botany> Folded together, with the fold-line along the long axis (for example of cotyledons in a seed). ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

conduplicato corpore
Condition in which the foetus is doubled up on itself in shoulder presentation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condurango
The bark of Gonolobus condurango, Marsdenia condurango (family Asclepiadaceae), a shrub of Ecuador and Peru; an aromatic bitter and astringent. ... Origin: Peruv. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar
Relating to a condyle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar articulation
Synonym for ellipsoidal joint ... A modified ball-and-socket synovial joint in which the joint surfaces are elongated or ellipsoidal; it is a biaxial joint, i.e., two axes of motion at right angles to each other, the radiocarpal being an example. ... Synonym: articulatio ellipsoidea, articulatio condylaris, condylar articulation, condylar joint. ... ( …

condylar axis
A line through the two mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate during a part of the opening movement. ... Synonym: condyle cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar canal
The inconstant opening through the occipital bone posterior to the condyle on each side that transmits the occipital emissary vein. ... Synonym: canalis condylaris, posterior condyloid foramen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar emissary vein
<anatomy, vein> A vein that connects the sigmoid sinus and the external vertebral venous plexuses through the condylar canal of the occipital bone. ... Synonym: vena emissaria condylaris, emissarium condyloideum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar fossa
A depression behind the condyle of the occipital bone in which the posterior margin of the superior facet of the atlas lies in extension. ... Synonym: fossa condylaris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar guidance
The mechanical device on an articulator which is intended to produce guidance in articulator movement, similar to those produced by the paths of the condyles in the temporomandibular joints. ... See: condylar guidance inclination. ... Synonym: condylar guide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar guidance inclination
The angle of inclination of the condylar guidance to an accepted horizontal plane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar guide
Synonym for condylar guidance ... The mechanical device on an articulator which is intended to produce guidance in articulator movement, similar to those produced by the paths of the condyles in the temporomandibular joints. ... See: condylar guidance inclination. ... Synonym: condylar guide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar hinge position
The position of the condyles in the temporomandibular joints from which a hinge movement is possible, the maxillomandibular relation from which a consciously stimulated true hinge movement can be executed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylar joint
Synonym for ellipsoidal joint ... A modified ball-and-socket synovial joint in which the joint surfaces are elongated or ellipsoidal; it is a biaxial joint, i.e., two axes of motion at right angles to each other, the radiocarpal being an example. ... Synonym: articulatio ellipsoidea, articulatio condylaris, condylar articulation, condylar joint. ... ( …

condylar process
The articular process of the ramus of the mandible; it includes the head of the mandible, the neck of the mandible and pterygoid fovea. ... Synonym: processus condylaris, condyloid process, mandibular condyle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylarthrosis
A joint, like that of the knee, formed by condylar surfaces. ... Origin: G. Kondylos, condyle, + arthrosis, a jointing ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyle
A rounded articular surface at the extremity of a bone. ... Synonym: condylus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyle cord
Synonym for condylar axis ... A line through the two mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate during a part of the opening movement. ... Synonym: condyle cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyle of humerus
The distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae. ... Synonym: condylus humeri. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyle path
The path traveled by the mandibular condyle in the temporomandibular joint during the various mandibular movements. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylectomy
<procedure> Excision of a condyle. ... Origin: G. Kondylos, condyle, + ektome, excision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylion
A point on the lateral outer or medial inner surface of the condyle of the mandible. ... Origin: G. Kondylion, dim. Of kondylos, condyle ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyloid
Relating to or resembling a condyle. ... Origin: G. Kondylodes, like a knuckle, fr. Kondylos, condyle, + eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyloid process
Synonym for condylar process ... The articular process of the ramus of the mandible; it includes the head of the mandible, the neck of the mandible and pterygoid fovea. ... Synonym: processus condylaris, condyloid process, mandibular condyle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condyloma
<pathology> Condyloma acuminatum, a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. ... Origin: Gr. Kondyloma = knuckle or knob ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

condyloma acuminata
A form of wart or papilloma. Commonly seen in the genital area and sexually transmitted. Causative agent is the human papilloma virus. The most common sexually transmitted disease. Treatment involves the use of special medications or localised surgical treatment (for example cryotherapy, surgical removal). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

condyloma acuminatum
A projecting warty growth on the external genitals or the anus caused by infection with the human papillornavirus (HPV). It is usually a benign or non-cancerous growth. Condyloma acurninaturn is also referred to as genital warts or verruca acuminata. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

condyloma latum
A secondary syphilitic eruption of flat-topped papules, occurring in groups covered by a necrotic layer of epithelial detritus, and secreting a seropurulent fluid; they are found at the anus and wherever contiguous folds of skin produce heat and moisture. ... Synonym: flat condyloma, moist papule, mucous papule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylomata
The pleural og condyloma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylomata acuminata
Genital warts caused by certain human papilloma viruses. Congenital: Present at birth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

condylomatous
Relating to a condyloma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylotomy
<procedure> Division, without removal, of a condyle. ... Origin: G. Kondylos, condyle, + tome, incision ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus
Synonym: condyle. ... Origin: L. Fr. G. Kondylos, knuckle, the knuckle of any joint ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus humeri
Synonym for condyle of humerus ... The distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae. ... Synonym: condylus humeri. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus lateralis
Synonym for lateral condyle ... Condyle farthest from the midline. ... Synonym: condylus lateralis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus lateralis femoris
Synonym for lateral condyle of femur ... The lateral condyle is longer than the medial condyle. ... Synonym: condylus lateralis femoris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus lateralis tibiae
Synonym for lateral condyle of tibia ... The lateral condyle is longer than the medial condyle. ... Synonym: condylus lateralis tibiae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus medialis
Synonym for medial condyle ... Condyle closest to midline. ... Synonym: condylus medialis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus medialis femoris
Synonym for medial condyle of femur ... The shorter condyle closest to the midline. ... Synonym: condylus medialis femoris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus medialis tibiae
Synonym for medial condyle of tibia ... The shorter condyle closest to the midline. ... Synonym: condylus medialis tibiae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

condylus occipitalis
Synonym for occipital condyle ... One of two elongated oval facets on the undersurface of the occipital bone, one on each side of the foramen magnum, which articulate with the atlas. ... Synonym: condylus occipitalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone
1. <plant biology> In gymnosperms and club mosses, a group of sporophylls arranged compactly on a central axis, in the angiosperm family Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and bracteoles associated with the flowers. ... 2. <physiology> The retinal cone responsible for colour vision. ... (03 Jul 1999) ...

cone biopsy
<gynaecology, procedure> A procedure which excises a cone of tissue (mucous membrane) off the cervix for purpose of diagnostics and therapeutics (removes precancerous cells). ... See: cervical dysplasia. ... (05 Jan 1998) ...

cone cell
Synonym for retinal cone ... <ophthalmology, physiology> One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. ... In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, and are differentially sensitive to particular wavelengths of light and therefore imp …

cone cell of retina
Synonym for cone ... 1. <plant biology> In gymnosperms and club mosses, a group of sporophylls arranged compactly on a central axis, in the angiosperm family Casuarina, a woody multiple fruit incorporating the bracts and bracteoles associated with the flowers. ... 2. <physiology> The retinal cone responsible for colour vision. ... (03 Jul …

cone degeneration
Synonym for cone dystrophy ... A retinal abnormality in which colour perception is severely deficient and typical changes occur in electroretinogram. ... See: achromatopsia. ... Synonym: cone degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone disks
Membranous disk's of flattened sacs about 14 nm thick that occur in the outer segment of cones of the retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone down
To narrow a beam of X-rays to a region of interest using a collimator or cone; colloq., to delimit one's attention or activities. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone dystrophy
A retinal abnormality in which colour perception is severely deficient and typical changes occur in electroretinogram. ... See: achromatopsia. ... Synonym: cone degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone granule
Nucleus of a retinal cell connecting with one of the cones. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cone of light
Synonym for pyramid of light ... A triangular area at the anterior inferior part of the tympanic membrane, running from the umbo to the periphery, where there is seen a bright reflection of light. ... Synonym: cone of light, light reflex, Politzer's luminous cone, red reflex, Wilde's triangle. ... Malacarne's pyramid, a lobule on the undersurface of t …

cone vision
Synonym for photopic vision ... Vision when the eye is light-adapted. ... See: light adaptation, light-adapted eye. ... Synonym: cone vision, photopia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conessi
The bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica (family Apocynaceae), an Indian tree; used as an astringent and in the treatment of dysentery and amoebiasis. ... Synonym: kurchi bark. ... Origin: E. Ind. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conessine
Roquessine; 3b-(dimethylamino)con-5-enine; 3b-dimethylamino-18a:20a-methylimino-5-pregnene;a steroid alkaloid derived from Holarrhena antidysenterica (conessi); a yellow astringent, used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery and vaginal trichomoniasis. ... Synonym: neriine, wrightine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

conexus
Official alternate term for connection, connection. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...