Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

infectious hemolytic anemia
a type due to an incompletely compensated decrease in red blood cell survival secondary to infectious agents, such as protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium in malaria), bacteria, or certain viruses.

infectious hepatitis
former name for hepatitis A.

infectious jaundice
Weil syndrome.

infective
(in-fek´tiv) capable of producing infection. infectious (def. 1).

infective dose
(ID) that amount of a pathogenic agent that causes infection in susceptible subjects.

infective endocarditis
endocarditis caused by infection with microorganisms, especially bacteria and fungi, traditionally classified according to course as acute or subacute. The acute form is usually due to staphylococci, pneumococci, gonococci, or streptococci, involves a normal heart valve, and has a short history and rapid course. The subac...

inferior
(in-fēr´e-әr) situated below, or directed downward; in anatomy, used in reference to the lower surface of a structure, or to the lower of two (or more) similar structures.

inferior alveolar artery
origin,maxillary artery; branches, dental, peridental, mental, and mylohyoid branches; distribution, lower jaw, lower lip, and chin.

inferior alveolar nerve
origin, mandibular nerve; branches, inferior dental plexus, mylohyoid and mental nerves; distribution, teeth and gums of lower jaw, skin of chin and lower lip, mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle; modality, motor and general sensory.

inferior ampullary nerve
posterior ampullary nerve.

inferior anal nerves
origin, pudendal nerve, or independently from sacral plexus; distribution, external anal sphincter, skin around anus, and lining of anal canal up to pectinate line; modality, general sensory and motor.

inferior anastomotic vein
a vein that interconnects the superficial middle cerebral vein and the transverse sinus.

inferior basal vein
either of two veins, each draining the medial and posterior basal segments of the inferior lobe of a lung and emptying into the corresponding common basal vein.

inferior bulb of jugular vein
a dilatation of the internal jugular vein just before it joins the brachiocephalic vein.

inferior cardiac nerve
inferior cervical cardiac nerve origin, cervicothoracic ganglion; distribution, heart via cardiac plexus; modality, sympathetic (accelerator) and visceral afferent (chiefly pain).

inferior carotid triangle
that between the median line of the neck in front, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the anterior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

inferior cerebellar peduncle
a large bundle of nerve fibers serving to connect the medulla oblongata and spinal cord with the cerebellum; it courses along the lateral border of the fourth ventricle and turns posteriorly into the cerebellum. Formerly called caudal cerebellar peduncle.

inferior cerebellar veins
veins that drain the inferior surface of the cerebellum and empty into the straight or sigmoid sinus, or into the inferior petrosal and occipital sinuses.

inferior cerebral veins
superficial cerebral veins that branch on the base and the inferolateral surface of the brain: those on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe drain into the inferior sagittal sinus and the cavernous sinus; those on the temporal lobe drain into the superior petrosal sinus and the transverse sinus; those on the occipital...

inferior choroid vein
a vein that drains the inferior choroid plexus into the basal vein.

inferior cluneal nerves
general sensory nerve branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, innervating the skin of the lower part of the buttocks.

inferior epigastric artery
origin, external iliac artery; branches, pubic branch, cremasteric artery, artery of round ligament of uterus; distribution, abdominal wall.

inferior epigastric vein
a vein that accompanies the inferior epigastric artery and opens into the external iliac vein.

inferior ganglion of vagus nerve
the lower of two ganglia of the vagus nerve as it passes through the jugular foramen.

inferior gemellus muscle
origin, tuberosity of ischium; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, nerve to quadratus femoris; action, rotates thigh laterally.

inferior gluteal artery
origin, internal iliac artery; branches, sciatic artery; distribution, buttock, back of thigh.

inferior gluteal nerve
origin, sacral plexus (L5–S2); distribution, gluteus maximus muscle; modality, motor.

inferior gluteal veins
accompanying veins of the inferior gluteal artery; they drain the subcutaneous tissue of the back of the thigh and the muscles of the buttock, unite into a single vein after passing through the greater sciatic foramen, and empty into the internal iliac vein.

inferior hemorrhoidal nerves
inferior anal nerves.

inferior hypophysial artery
a small branch from the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery that supplies the pituitary gland.

inferior labial artery
origin, facial artery; branches, none; distribution, lower lip.

inferior labial veins
veins that drain the region of the lower lip into the facial vein.

inferior laryngeal artery
origin, inferior thyroid artery; branches, none; distribution, larynx, trachea, esophagus.

inferior laryngeal nerve
a name sometimes given to the anterior branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

inferior laryngeal vein
a vein draining blood from the larynx into the inferior thyroid vein.

inferior lingular artery
a branch of the lingular artery, supplying the inferior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung.

inferior lobar arteries
the branches of each pulmonary artery that supply the inferior lobe of the corresponding lung, consisting of the superior, anterior basal, lateral basal, medial basal, and posterior basal segmental arteries.

inferior mesenteric artery
origin, abdominal aorta; branches, left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries; distribution, descending colon, rectum.

inferior mesenteric vein
a vein that accompanies the inferior mesenteric artery and empties into the splenic vein.

inferior nasal meatus
the space beneath the inferior nasal concha, into which the nasolacrimal duct opens.

inferior oblique muscle of eyeball
origin, orbital surface of maxilla; insertion, sclera; innervation, oculomotor nerve; action, rotates eyeball upward and outward.

inferior olivary complex
a folded band of gray matter that encloses a white core and produces the elevation called the olive on the medulla oblongata; it receives heavy projections from the spinal cord, mesencephalon, and cerebral cortex and projects fibers via the contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle.

inferior olivary nucleus
inferior olivary complex.

inferior ophthalmic vein
a vein formed by the joining of muscular and ciliary branches, and running backward either to join the superior ophthalmic vein or to open directly into the cavernous sinus; it sends a communicating branch through the inferior orbital fissure to join the pterygoid venous plexus.

inferior palpebral veins
venous branches that drain the blood from the lower eyelid into the facial vein.

inferior pancreatic artery
origin, dorsal pancreatic artery; branches, none; distribution, body and tail of pancreas.

inferior petrosal sinus
a venous channel arising from the cavernous sinus and draining into the internal jugular vein.

inferior phrenic artery
origin, abdominal aorta; branches, superior suprarenal arteries; distribution, diaphragm, suprarenal gland. Called also great phrenic artery.

inferior phrenic veins
veins that follow the inferior phrenic artery, the one on the right entering the inferior vena cava, and the one on the left entering the left suprarenal or renal vein or the inferior vena cava.

inferior rectal artery
origin, internal pudendal artery; branches, none; distribution, rectum, anal canal.

inferior rectal nerves
inferior anal nerves.

inferior rectal veins
veins that drain the rectal plexus into the internal pudendal vein.

inferior rectus muscle of eyeball
origin, common tendinous ring; insertion, underside of sclera; innervation, oculomotor nerve; action, rotates eyeball downward and toward the middle of the face.

inferior right colic artery
ileocolic artery.

inferior sagittal sinus
a small venous sinus of the dura mater that opens into the straight sinus.

inferior suprarenal artery
origin, renal artery; branches, none; distribution, suprarenal gland.

inferior syndrome of red nucleus
Claude syndrome.

inferior tarsal muscle
origin, inferior rectus muscle of eyeball; insertion, tarsal plate of lower eyelid; innervation, sympathetic; action, widens space between eyelids.

inferior thalamostriate veins
veins that pass through the anterior perforated substance and join the deep middle cerebral and anterior cerebral veins to form the basal vein.

inferior thyroid artery
origin, thyrocervical trunk; branches, pharyngeal, esophageal, and tracheal branches, inferior laryngeal and ascending cervical arteries; distribution, thyroid gland and adjacent structures.

inferior thyroid vein
either of two veins, left and right, that drain the thyroid plexus into the left and right brachiocephalic veins; occasionally they may unite into a common trunk to empty, usually, into the left brachiocephalic vein.

inferior tympanic artery
origin, ascending pharyngeal artery; branches, none; distribution, tympanic cavity.

inferior ulnar collateral artery
origin, brachial artery; branches, none; distribution, arm muscles at back of elbow.

inferior vein of vermis
a vein that drains the inferior surface of the cerebellum; it runs backward on the inferior vermis to empty into the straight sinus or one of the sigmoid sinuses.

inferior ventricular vein
a vein that drains the temporal lobe of the brain into the basal vein.

inferior vesical artery
origin, internal iliac artery; branches, prostatic branches; distribution, bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, lower ureter.

inferiority complex
unconscious feelings of inadequacy that produce shyness or timidity, or as a compensation, produce exaggerated aggressiveness and expression of superiority.

infertility
(in″fәr-til´ĭ-te) the inability to conceive and produce viable offspring. The diagnosis of infertility is not usually considered valid until after one year of engaging in sexual relations with the same partner without contraception. See female factor infertility and male factor infertility. adj., infer´...

infestation
(in-fes-ta´shәn) parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths.

infibulation
(in-fib″u-la´shәn) the act of buckling, or fastening as if with buckles. a practice done in extreme types of female circumcision in certain cultures; after excision of the clitoris and the labia minora, the vaginal orifice is largely closed up with stitches or clasps. This has been declared har...

infiltrate
(in-fil´trāt) to penetrate the interstices of a tissue or substance. material so deposited; called also infiltration.

infiltrating basal cell carcinoma
infiltrative basal cell carcinoma a type of basal cell carcinoma in which strands of basal cells infiltrate between collagen bundles of the subcutaneous tissue.

infiltrating lobular carcinoma
invasive lobular carcinoma.

infiltration
(in″fil-tra´shәn) the pathological accumulation in tissue or cells of substances not normal to them or in amounts in excess of the normal. infiltrate (def. 2). the deposition of a solution directly into tissue; see infiltration anesthesia.

infiltration analgesia
infiltration anesthesia.

infiltration anesthesia
local anesthesia produced by injection of the anesthetic solution directly into the area of terminal nerve endings. Called also infiltration analgesia.

infiltrative cardiomyopathy
myocardial disease resulting from deposition in the heart tissue of abnormal substances, as may occur in amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and other disorders.

infirm
(in-firm´) weak; feeble, as from disease or old age.

infirmary
(in-fur´mә-re) a hospital or place where the sick or infirm are maintained or treated.

inflammagen
(in-flam´ә-jәn) an irritant that elicits both edema and the cellular response of inflammation.

inflammation
(in″flә-ma´shәn) a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. adj., inflam´matory., adj.

inflammatory atrophy
atrophy of the functioning part of an organ caused by overgrowth of the fibrous elements from inflammation.

inflammatory bowel disease
any of various inflammatory diseases of the bowel whose etiology is unknown, including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.

inflammatory carcinoma of breast
a highly malignant type of breast cancer, with pink to red skin discoloration, tenderness, edema, and rapid enlargement.

inflammatory cell
a cell (neutrophil, macrophage, etc.) participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance.

inflammatory dysmenorrhea
that due to inflammation.

inflammatory fracture
fracture of a bone weakened by inflammatory disease.

inflammatory response
the various changes that tissue undergoes when it becomes inflamed; see also inflammation.

inflammatory scoliosis
scoliosis caused by vertebral disease; called also osteopathic scoliosis.

inflation
(in-fla´shәn) distention or the act of distending, with air, gas, or fluid.

inflection
(in-flek´shәn) the act of bending inward, or the state of being bent inward.

inflexion
(in-flek´shәn) inflection.

infliximab
(in-flik´sĭ-mab) an antibody against tumor necrosis factor, used in treatment of Crohn disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

influenza
(in″floo-en´zә) an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, epidemics, and pandemics. Three different genera of viruses have been discovered that cause influenza, called Influenzavirus A, B, and C. Influenza A is the most common condition, accounting for the well-known pan...

influenza A virus
influenza B virusinfluenza C virus species in the genera Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, and Influenzavirus C; see influenza virus.

influenza virus
any of a group of orthomyxoviruses that cause influenza; there are at least three serotypes or species (A, B, and C). Serotype A viruses are subject to major antigenic changes (antigenic shifts) as well as minor gradual antigenic changes (antigenic drift) and cause widespread epidemics and pandemics. Serotypes B and C are chiefly ass...

influenza virus vaccine
a killed virus vaccine used in immunization against influenza; it is trivalent, usually containing two influenza A virus strains and one influenza B virus strain.

influenzal pneumonia
influenza virus pneumonia viral pneumonia caused by an influenza virus, usually the type A virus; some cases are mild, but it can develop into a fulminant condition characterized by high fever, prostration, severe dyspnea, and sometimes fatal pulmonary hemorrhage with edema and consolidation. Sometimes there is a superinfection ...

Influenzavirus
(in″floo-en´zә-vi″rәs) a former genus that included all of the viruses causing influenza, now reclassivied into separate genera called influenzavirus A, B, and C. Influenzavirus A a genus of viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, containing the agent of influenza...

infra-axillary
(in″frә-ak´sĭ-lar″e) below the armpit (axilla).