Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

innominate
(ĭ-nom´ĭ-nāt) nameless, anonymous, such as the innominate artery or vein.

innominate artery
brachiocephalic trunk.

innominate bone
hip bone.

innominate vein
brachiocephalic vein.

inochondritis
(in″o-kon-dri´tis) fibrochondritis.

inoculable
(ĭ-nok´u-lә-bәl) susceptible to being inoculated. transmissible by inoculation.

inoculate
(ĭ-nok´u-lāt) to implant infective materials into culture media. to introduce immune serum, vaccines, or other antigenic material into a healthy individual to produce mild disease followed by immunity. to communicate a disease by inserting its etiologic agent.

inoculation
(ĭ-nok″u-la´shәn) the process of inoculating something.

inoculum
(ĭ-nok´u-lәm) pl. inoc´ula material that is inoculated.

inodilator
(in″o-di´la-tәr) (-di-la´tәr) an agent with both positive inotropic and vasodilator effects.

inogenous
(in-oj´ә-nәs) produced from or forming tissue.

inoperable
(in-op´әr-ә-bәl) not susceptible to treatment by surgery.

inorganic
(in″or-gan´ik) having no organs. not of organic origin. in chemistry, said of substances not derived from hydrocarbons.

inoscopy
(in-os´ko-pe) diagnosis of disease by artificial digestion (as by enzymes outside the body) and examination of fibers or fibrinous matter from body products such as sputum, blood, or effusions. Called also fibrinoscopy.

inosemia
(in″o-se´me-ә) the presence of inositol in the blood. an excess of fibrin in the blood.

inosine
(I) (in´o-sēn) a purine nucleoside containing the base hypoxanthine and the sugar ribose, which occurs in transfer RNAs. inosine monophosphate(IMP) a nucleotide produced by removal of the amine group from adenosine monophosphate in metabolism ...

inosinic acid
(in″o-sin´ik) a mononucleotide constituent of muscle, made up of hypoxanthine, ribose, and phosphoric acid.

inositol
(ĭ-no´sĭ-tol) a cyclic sugar alcohol; usually referring to the most abundant isomer, myo-inositol, which is found in many plant and animal tissues.

inosituria
(in″o-sĭ-tu´re-ә) the presence of inositol in the urine.

inotropic
(in″o-tro´pik) affecting the force of muscular contractions.

inotropic agent
any of a class of agents affecting the force of muscle contraction, particularly a drug affecting the force of cardiac contraction; positive inotropic agents increase, and negative inotropic agents decrease the force of cardiac muscle contraction.

inpatient
(in´pa-shәnt) a patient who comes to a hospital or other health care facility for diagnosis or treatment that requires an overnight stay.

input
(in´poot) something that goes into a system for use in its operation; see also output.

inquest
(in´kwest) a legal inquiry before a coroner or medical examiner, and usually a jury, into the manner of death.

insalubrious
(in″sә-loo´bre-әs) injurious to health.

insanity
(in-san´ĭ-te) a medically obsolete term for mental derangement or disorder. Insanity is now a purely legal term, denoting a condition due to which a person lacks criminal responsibility for a crime and therefore cannot be convicted of it. adj., insane´.

inscriptio
(in-skrip´she-o) pl. inscriptio´nes [L.] inscription.

inscription
(in-skrip´shәn) a mark or line. the second part of a prescription, the part containing names and amounts of the ingredients.

insect
(in´sekt) any individual of the class Insecta.

insect dermatitis
a transient skin eruption caused by the toxin-containing irritant hairs of insects such as certain moths and their caterpillars.

Insecta
(in-sek´tә) a class of arthropods whose members are characterized by division of the body into three distinct regions: head, thorax, and abdomen.

insecticide
(in-sek´tĭ-sīd) an agent that kills insects. adj., insectici´dal., adj.

insemination
(in-sem″ĭ-na´shәn) the deposit of seminal fluid within the vagina or cervix. artificial insemination that done by artificial means. There are two primary types: Artificial insemination by husband (AIH) involves depositing the husband's or sexual partner's sperm from a spe...

insensible
(in-sen´sĭ-bәl) devoid of sensibility or consciousness. not perceptible to the senses.

insertion
(in-sur´shәn) the act of implanting, or condition of being implanted. the site of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone that it moves. in genetics, a rare nonreciprocal type of translocation in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then inserted into a broken region of a nonhomo...

insidious
(in-sid´e-әs) coming on stealthily; of gradual and subtle development.

insight
(in´sīt) in psychiatry, the patient's awareness and understanding of the origins and meaning of his or her attitudes, feelings, and behavior and of disturbing symptoms; understanding of oneself. in problem solving, the sudden perception of the appropriate relationships of things that results in a solu...

insoluble
(in-sol´u-bәl) not susceptible of being dissolved.

insoluble fiber
that not soluble in water, composed mainly of lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses and primarily found in the bran layers of cereal grains. Its actions include increasing fecal bulk and decreasing free radicals in the gastrointestinal tract.

insomnia
(in-som´ne-ә) abnormal wakefulness; a sleep disorder consisting of an inability to fall asleep easily or to remain asleep throughout the night. This is the most common sleep disorder in the industrialized world. The causes may be either physical or emotional. adj., insom´niac., adj. fatal f...

insonate
(in-so´nāt) to expose to ultrasound waves.

insorption
(in-sorp´shәn) movement of a substance into the blood, especially from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulating blood.

inspersion
(in-spur´zhәn) sprinkling, as with powder.

inspirate
(in´spĭ-rāt) inhaled air or other gas.

inspiration
(in″spĭ-ra´shәn) inhalation (def. 1). adj., inspi´ratory., adj.

inspiratory capacity
the volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume.

inspiratory muscles
those acting during inhalation, such as the diaphragm and the intercostal and pectoralis muscles.

inspiratory reserve volume
the maximal amount of gas that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position.

inspiratory-expiratory ratio
the ratio of the inspiratory time to the expiratory time during the breathing cycle. Normally, expiratory time is longer than inspiratory time; if the inspiratory time is longer than the expiratory time, gas trapping may result.

inspissated
(in-spis´āt-әd) being thickened, dried, or made less fluid by evaporation or absorption of liquid components.

inspissated bile syndrome
biliary obstruction caused by plugging of the outflow tract.

instability
(in-stә-bil´ĭ-te) lack of constancy; excessive likelihood of change. detrusor instability the occurrence during bladder filling of contractions that compromise capacity or produce urinary leakage.

instantaneous electrical axis
the electrical axis of the heart determined at a given point in time.

instep
(in´step) the dorsal part of the arch of the foot.

instillation
(in″stĭ-la´shәn) administration of a liquid drop by drop.

instinct
(in´stinkt) a complex of unlearned responses characteristic of a species. adj., instinc´tive., adj. death instinct Freud's concept of an unconscious drive toward dissolution and death, in opposition to the life instinct. herd instinct the instinct ...

Institutional Review Board
a group of peers in a clinical setting that examines a research proposal to insure patient safety and addresses the ethics of the proposed study.

institutionalization
(in-stĭ-too″shәn-әl-ĭ-za´shәn) commitment of a patient to a health care facility for treatment, often psychiatric. in patients hospitalized for a long period, the development of excessive dependency on the institution and its routines, with diminishing of the will to funct...

instrumental conditioning
operant conditioning.

instrumental labor
delivery facilitated by the use of instruments, particularly forceps.

instrumentarium
(in″strә-mәn-tar´e-әm) the equipment or instruments required for any particular operation or purpose; the physical adjuncts with which a health care provider combats disease.

instrumentation
(in″strә-mәn-ta´shәn) the use of tools, appliances, or apparatus in the treatment of a patient. Harrington instrumentation a system of metal hooks and rods inserted surgically into posterior parts of the spine to provide distraction and compression in trea...

insudation
(in″soo-da´shәn) the accumulation, as in the kidney, of a substance derived from the blood. the substance so accumulated.

insufficiency
(in″sә-fish´әn-se) inability to perform properly an allotted function; called also incompetence.

insufficiency fracture
a stress fracture that occurs during normal stress on a bone of abnormally decreased density. Cf. osteoporosis.

insufflation
(in″sә-fla´shәn) the blowing of a powder, vapor, or gas into a body cavity. a drug administered by this method, especially a powder or aerosol carried into the respiratory passages. perirenal insufflation injection of air around the kidney for radiologic ex...

insufflation anesthesia
anesthesia produced by introduction of a gaseous mixture into the trachea through a tube.

insufflator
(in´sә-fla″tәr) an instrument used in insufflation.

insula
(in´sә-lә) pl. in´sulae Latin word meaning island. In anatomy, it is used for a triangular area of the cerebral cortex that forms the floor of the lateral cerebral fossa; called also island of Reil.

insular
(in´sә-lәr) pertaining to the insula or to an island, such as the islets of langerhans.

insular arteries
origin, insular part of middle cerebral artery; branches, none; distribution, cortex of insula.

insular veins
veins that drain the insula and join the deep middle cerebral vein.

insulation
(in″sә-la´shәn) the surrounding of a space or body with material designed to prevent the entrance or escape of radiant energy. the material so used.

insulin
(in´sә-lin) the major fuel-regulating hormone of the body, formed from proinsulin in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose and the uptake of amino acids, increases protein and lipid synthesis, and inhibits fat breakdown and gluconeogenesis. Secretion of insul...

insulin allergy
a hypersensitivity reaction to insulin, usually a reaction to its protein components. More purified insulins have now been developed that are less likely to cause an allergic reaction and other complications. Human insulin, prepared by recombinant genetic engineering, eliminates many problems associated with repeated insu...

insulin aspart
a rapid-acting insulin analogue administered by subcutaneous injection in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

insulin coma therapy
(ICT) an older treatment for schizophrenia, not currently used in the United States; sufficient insulin is administered to place the patient in a deep hypoglycemic coma, which is reversed in an hour or less by administration of glucagon, usually for 20 to 60 such treatments.

insulin detemir
a long-acting insulin analogue administered subcutaneously in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

insulin glargine
an insulin analogue administered subcutaneously once a day in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

insulin glulicine
an insulin analogue having a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than regular insulin human, administered subcutaneously at mealtimes for the control of hyperglycemia; it is used in combination with a longer-acting insulin or insulin analogue.

insulin human
a protein corresponding to the insulin from the human pancreas, but derived from pork insulin by enzymatic action that has changed its amino acid sequence or produced synthetically by recombinant techniques. The term may be used specifically to denote a preparation of regular insulin having the sequence of that in humans, or may be u...

insulin lispro
a rapid-acting insulin analogue administered by subcutaneous injection in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

insulin pump
a device consisting of a syringe filled with a predetermined amount of short-acting insulin, a plastic cannula and a needle, and a pump that periodically delivers the desired amount of insulin. The basal rate of insulin delivery usually is one pulse every 8 minutes, but the pump can deliver as many as 60 pulses at a time....

insulin receptors
a type of membrane receptors specific for insulin, found on target cells.

insulin resistance
impairment of the normal biologic response to insulin, which may result from abnormalities in the B-cell products, binding of insulin to antagonists such as anti-insulin antibodies, defects in or reduced numbers of receptors, or defects in the insulin action cascade in the target cell. Besides diabetes, the condition has also b...

insulin sensitivity test
a test used to differentiate diabetes mellitus from pituitary and adrenal diabetes. A test dose of exogenous insulin will produce a rapid and marked decrease in blood glucose levels if the pancreas is not secreting enough insulin. A much less dramatic response is produced if hyperglycemia is due to excessive secretion of either anter...

insulin shock
a hypoglycemic reaction to overdosage of insulin, a skipped meal, or strenuous exercise by an insulin-dependent diabetic (a person with type 1 diabetes mellitus). Characteristics include tremor, dizziness, cool moist skin, excessive hunger, and tachycardia; if untreated it may progress to coma and convulsions.

insulin zinc suspension
an intermediate-acting insulin with an approximate time of onset of 2 hours and duration of action of 24 hours, consisting of a sterile suspension of insulin in buffered water for injection with the addition of a suitable zinc salt such that the solid phase of the suspension contains a 7:3 ratio of crystalline to amorphous insu...

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
former name for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

insulinemia
(in″sә-lĭ-ne´me-ә) the presence of insulin in the blood. hyperinsulinemia.

insulinlike growth factors
(IGF) insulinlike substances in serum that do not react with insulin antibodies; they are growth hormone–dependent and possess all the growth-promoting properties of the somatomedins.

insulinogenesis
(in″sә-lin-o-jen´ә-sis) the formation and release of insulin by the islets of langerhans.

insulinogenic
(in″sә-lin″o-jen´ik) relating to insulinogenesis.

insulinoma
(in″sә-lin-o´mә) a type of islet cell tumor of the beta cells; although usually benign, it is one of the chief causes of hypoglycemia.

insulinopenia
(in″sә-lin″o-pe´ne-ә) deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia. Called also hypoinsulinism. adj., insulinope´nic., adj.

insulitis
(in″sә-li´tis) cellular infiltration of the islets of langerhans, a reaction similar to that observed in autoimmune diseases.

insuloma
(in″sә-lo´mә) insulinoma.

insusceptibility
(in″sә-sep″tĭ-bil´ĭ-te) the state of being unaffected or uninfluenced; immunity.

intake
(in´tāk) the substances, or quantities of substances, that are taken in and used by the body; this refers to all routes by which foods and fluids enter the body, including by mouth, rectum, irrigation tube, or parenteral administration. the process of admission of an individual to a health facility.

integral membrane protein
see membrane protein.