Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

hyposthenia
(hi″pos-the´ne-ә) diminished strength or tonicity. adj., hyposthen´ic., adj.

hyposthenuria
(hi″pos-thә-nu´re-ә) excretion of urine of low specific gravity.

hypostomia
(hi″po-sto´me-ә) a developmental anomaly characterized by abnormal smallness of the mouth, the slit being vertical instead of horizontal.

hyposynergia
(hi″po-sĭ-nur´jә) dyssynergia.

hypotelorism
(hi″po-tel´ә-riz-әm) abnormally decreased distance between two organs or parts. ocular hypotelorism , orbital hypotelorism abnormal decrease in the interorbital distance.

hypotension
(hi″po-ten´shәn) diminished tension; lowered blood pressure. A consistently low blood pressure (systolic pressure less than 100 mm of mercury) usually is no cause for concern and may even be associated with long life. However, extremely low blood pressure may be a sign of a serious condition such as shock, m...

hypotensor
(hi″po-ten´sәr) a substance that lowers the blood pressure.

hypothalamus
(hi″po-thal´ә-mәs) a part of the diencephalon lying beneath the thalamus at the base of the cerebrum. Anatomically, it includes the optic chiasm, mamillary bodies, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and pituitary gland, but for physiologic purposes, the pituitary gland is considered to be separate. The hypothalam...

hypothenar
(hi-poth´ә-nәr) (hi″po-the´nahr) the fleshy eminence along the ulnar side of the palm. relating to this eminence.

hypothenar hammer syndrome
traumatic aneurysm of the ulnar artery at the hypothenar in persons who repeatedly use the hypothenar to push or pound.

hypothenar muscles
the intrinsic muscles of the little finger; flexing, abducting, and opposing it, and consisting of the palmaris brevis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, and opponens digiti minimi muscles.

hypothermia
(hi″po-thur´me-ә) low body temperature; it may be symptomatic of a disease or disorder of the temperature-regulating mechanism of the body, may be due to exposure to cold, or may be induced for certain surgical procedures or as a therapeutic measure. adj., hypother´mal, hypother´mic., adj.

hypothesis
(hi-poth´ә-sis) a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a bases for further investigation. alternative hypothesis the hypothesis that is formulated as an opposite to the null hypothesis in a statistical test. Lyon hypothesis ...

hypothesis test
the theoretical basis of most statistical tests; it must decides between two hypotheses, the null hypothesis that the effect under investigation does not exist and the alternative hypothesis that this effect does in fact exist. The decision is made to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis when the tes...

hypothrombinemia
(hi″po-throm″bĭ-ne´me-ә) deficiency of thrombin in the blood, resulting in a tendency for bleeding.

hypothymia
(hi″po-thi´me-ә) abnormally diminished emotional tone, as in depression. adj., hypothy´mic., adj.

hypothymism
(hi″po-thi´miz-әm) diminished thymus activity.

hypothyroid
(hi″po-thi´roid) marked by hypothyroidism; called also thyroprival and thyroprivic.

hypothyroid dwarf
a dwarf with hypothyroidism and usually cretinism.

hypothyroidism
(hi″po-thi´roid-iz-әm) deficiency of thyroid gland activity, with underproduction of thyroxine, or the condition resulting from it. In its severe form it is called myxedema and is characterized by physical and mental sluggishness, obesity, loss of hair, enlargement of the tongue, and thickening of the skin. ...

hypotonia
(hi″po-to´ne-ә) diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching.

hypotonic
(hi-po-ton´ik) having abnormally reduced tonicity or tension. having an osmotic pressure lower than that of the solution with which it is compared.

hypotonic solution
one having an osmotic pressure less than that of a standard of reference. See also osmosis.

hypotonic syndromes
a group of syndromes involving inadequate water excretion in comparison to the amount ingested, so that body fluids become hypotonic and hyponatremic; some are due to excessive water intake as in water intoxication, while others are caused by derangements of the excretory process such as the vasopressin excess in the syndrome o...

hypotoxicity
(hi″po-tok-sis´ĭ-te) mitigated or reduced toxicity.

hypotransferrinemia
(hi″po-trans-fer″ĭ-ne´me-ah) deficiency of transferrin in the blood.

hypotrichosis
(hi″po-trĭ-ko´sis) presence of less than the normal amount of hair; see also alopecia.

hypotrophy
(hi-pot´rә-fe) abiotrophy.

hypotropia
(hi″po-tro´pe-ә) vertical strabismus in which there is permanent downward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.

hypotympanotomy
(hi″po-tim″pә-not´ә-me) surgical opening of the hypotympanum.

hypotympanum
(hi″po-tim´pә-nәm) the lower part of the cavity of the middle ear, in the temporal bone.

hypouricemia
(hi″po-u″rĭ-se´me-ә) deficiency of uric acid in the blood, seen along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid.

hypoventilation
(hi″po-ven″tĭ-la´shәn) a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli (decreased alveolar ventilation), which causes an increase in arterial carbon dioxide level. See also hypopnea and bradypnea.

hypovitaminosis
(hi″po-vi″tә-min-o´sis) a condition produced by lack of an essential vitamin.

hypovolemia
(hi″po-vo-le´me-ә) abnormally decreased volume of circulating blood in the body; see also fluid volume deficit and hypovolemic shock. adj., hypovole´mic, adj. .

hypovolemic shock
shock resulting from insufficient blood volume for the maintenance of adequate cardiac output, blood pressure and tissue perfusion. Without modification the term refers to absolute hypovolemic shock, which is caused by acute hemorrhage or excessive fluid loss. The blood loss may be external, as when a vessel is severed by...

hypovolia
(hi″po-vo´le-ә) diminished water content or volume, as of extracellular fluid.

hypoxanthine
(hi″po-zan´thēn) an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis, formed from adenylic acid and itself a precursor of xanthine.

hypoxanthine test
see Kossel test.

hypoxemia
(hi″pok-se´me-ә) deficient oxygenation of the blood. The most reliable method for measuring the degree of this is blood gas analysis to determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. Insufficient oxygenation of the blood may lead to hypoxia.

hypoxemic hypoxia
hypoxic hypoxia a type that happens when not enough oxygen reaches the blood, such as with the decreased barometric pressures at high altitudes.

hypoxia
(hi-pok´se-ә) lowered availability of oxygen to the body tissues. There are many different causes, such as decreased oxygen in the atmosphere (as in altitude sickness); pulmonary disorders that interfere with breathing; anemia or circulatory problems that cause inadequate transport and delivery of oxygen to the tissues;...

hypoxic encephalopathy
encephalopathy caused by hypoxia from either decreased rate of blood flow or decreased oxygen content of arterial blood; mild cases cause temporary intellectual, visual, and motor disturbances, and severe cases can cause permanent brain damage within five minutes. Called also anoxic encephalopathy.

Hypr virus
a strain of Central European encephalitis virus, antigenically very similar or identical to Hanzalova virus, that infects many mammalian species and is a frequent cause of human infection in Central Europe and Scandanavia.

hypromellose
(hi-pro´mә-lōs) a propylene glycol ether of methylcellulose, supplied in differing degrees of viscosity; used as a suspending and viscosity-increasing agent and tablet binder, coating, and excipient in pharmaceutical preparations, and applied topically to the conjunctiva to protect and lubricate the cornea. C...

hypsarhythmia
(hip″sә-rith´me-ә) hypsarrhythmia.

hypsarrhythmia
(hip″sә-rith´me-ә) a term for an electroencephalographic abnormality sometimes observed in infants, with random high-voltage slow waves and spikes arising from multiple foci and spreading to all cortical areas; the disorder is characterized by spasms or quivering spells, and is commonly associate...

hypsokinesis
(hip″so-kĭ-ne´sis) a backward swaying or falling in erect posture, seen in Parkinson disease and other neurologic disorders.

Hürthle cell adenoma
a benign hürthle cell tumor.

Hürthle cell carcinoma
a malignant Hürthle cell tumor.

Hürthle cell tumor
(hērt´lĕ) a new growth of the thyroid gland composed wholly or predominantly of Askanazy cells (Hürthle cells) having abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm. Such tumors are usually benign (Hürthle cell adenoma) but on occasion may be locally invasive or may rarely metastasize (Hürthle cell carcinoma).

Hürthle cells
Askanazy cells.

hysteralgia
(his″tәr-al´jә) pain in the uterus; called also hysterodynia.

hysteratresia
(his″tәr-ә-tre´zhә) atresia of the uterus.

hysterectomy
(his″tәr-ek´tә-me) surgical removal of the uterus. Clinical indications for hysterectomy include pelvic relaxation; pain associated with congestion, endometriosis, or chronic pelvic inflammatory disease; fibroid tumors; recurrent ovarian cysts; excessive and debilitating bleeding; and cervical, ovarian, and ...

hysteresis
(his″tә-re´sis) a time lag in the occurrence of two associated phenomena, as between cause and effect. in cardiac pacing terminology, the number of pulses per minute below the programmed pacing rate that the heart must drop in order to cause initiation of pacing; it can be programmed in by a pu...

hystereurysis
(his″ter-u´rĭ-sis) dilation of the ostium uteri.

hysteria
(his-ter´e-ә) a term that was formerly used widely in psychiatry but whose meaning has become overly broad; its meanings included classic hysteria (now called somatization disorder); hysterical neurosis (now divided into conversion disorder and the dissociative disorders); and hysterical personality (now called histrion...

hysterical anesthesia
loss of the sense of touch occurring as a symptom of conversion disorder; it may be recognizable because of not corresponding with anatomical distributions of nerves.

hysterical ataxia
ataxia that is part of a conversion disorder; see also astasia-abasia.

hysterical paralysis
paralysis of a body part owing to a conversion disorder, without any organic neurological cause. Called also pseudoparalysis.

hysterics
(his-ter´iks) popular term for an uncontrollable emotional outburst.

hysterocele
(his´tәr-o-sēl″) hernia of the uterus.

hysterodynia
(his″tәr-o-din´e-ә) hysteralgia.

hysteroepileptogenous point
hysterogenic point a point on which, if pressure such as tickling is exerted, a hysteric or hysteroepileptic attack may be produced.

hysterography
(his″tәr-og´rә-fe) the graphic recording of the strength of uterine contractions in labor. radiography of the uterus after instillation of a contrast medium.

hysteroid
(his´tәr-oid) resembling hysteria.

hysterolith
(his´tәr-o-lith″) uterine calculus.

hysterolysis
(his″tәr-ol´ә-sis) freeing of the uterus from adhesions.

hysterometry
(his″tә-rom´ә-tre) measurement of the uterus.

hysteromyoma
(his″tәr-o-mi-o´mә) leiomyoma of the uterus.

hysteromyomectomy
(his″tәr-o-mi″o-mek´tә-me) local excision of a leiomyoma of the uterus.

hysteromyotomy
(his″tәr-o-mi-ot´ә-me) incision of the uterus.

hysteropathy
(his″tә-rop´ә-the) any uterine disease; called also metropathy.

hysteropexy
(his´tәr-o-pek″se) fixation of a displaced uterus by surgery. Hysteropexy, with fixation to the anterior abdominal wall.

hysteroptosis
(his″tәr-op-to´sis) (his″tәr-o-to´sis) uterine prolapse.

hysterorrhaphy
(his″tәr-or´ә-fe) suture of the uterus. hysteropexy.

hysterorrhexis
(his″tәr-o-rek´sis) rupture of the uterus.

hysterosalpingectomy
(his″tәr-o-sal″pin-jek´tә-me) excision of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
(his″tәr-o-sal-ping″go-o-of″ә-rek´tә-me) excision of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

hysterosalpingography
(his″tәr-o-sal″ping-gog´rә-fe) radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

hysterosalpingostomy
(his″tәr-o-sal″ping-gos´tә-me) anastomosis of a fallopian tube and the uterus.

hysteroscope
(his´tәr-o-skōp″) an endoscope used in direct visual examination of the canal of the uterine cervix and the cavity of the uterus.

hysteroscopic sterilization
sterilization of a female using an endoscopic instrument to visualize the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes; the hysteroscope is inserted through the dilated cervix and uterine cavity to the point where each tube joins the uterus. A cautery is then used to electrocoagulate each tube. Occlusion of the tubes happen...

hysterospasm
(his´tәr-o-spaz″әm) spasm of the uterus.

hysterotomy
(his″tәr-ot´ә-me) incision of the uterus. abdominal hysterotomy incision of the uterus through the wall of the abdomen. Called also abdominohysterotomy and laparohysterotomy.

Hz
hertz.

iatric
(i-at´rik) pertaining to medicine or to a physician.

iatrogenic
(i-at″ro-jen´ik) resulting from the activity of a health care provider or institution; said of any adverse condition in a patient resulting from treatment by a physician, nurse, or allied health professional.

ibandronate
(i-ban´drә-nāt) a bisphosphonate calcium-regulating agent used as the sodium salt to inhibit the resorption of bone in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

IBIDS syndrome
[icthyosis, brittle hair, infertility, developmental delay, short stature] Tay syndrome.

ibritumomab tiuxetan
(ib″rĭ-too´mo-mab ti-әk-set´әn) a monoclonal antibody used as part of a regimen for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in conjunction with the monoclonal antibodyrituxemab and the radiopharmaceuticalsindium 111 and yttrium 90.

ibuprofen
(i″bu-pro´fәn) a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug used as an analgesic and antipyretic and for symptomatic relief of dysmenorrhea, vascular headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other rheumatic and nonrheumatic inflammatory disorders. It is similar in action to aspirin but less apt to cause gastro...

ibutilide
(ĭ-bu´tĭ-līd) a cardiac depressant used in treatment of atrial arrhythmias; administered by intravenous infusion as the fumarate salt.

IC
inspiratory capacity.

ICD
International Classification of Diseases (of the World Health Organization); intrauterine contraceptive device; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.

ice
(īs) the solid state of water occurring at or below 0°C and 1 atmosphere.

ice point
the true melting point of ice, being the temperature of equilibrium between ice and air-saturated water under one atmosphere pressure.

iceberg phenomenon
cases of clinically apparent disease represent only a small fraction of the total cases of disease, inapparent cases, including preclinical, subclinical, chronic, and latent disease, being even more prevalent.

Iceland disease
(īs´lәnd) chronic fatigue syndrome.