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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


neurohumoral secretion
Transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse or to an end-organ by secretion of a minute amount of a chemical transmitter such as acetylcholine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurohumoral transmission
A process by which a presynaptic cell, upon excitation, releases a specific chemical agent (a neurotransmitter) to cross a synapse to stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic cell. ... Synonym: neurotransmission. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurohypophysial
Relating to the neurohypophysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurohypophysis
It is composed of the infundibulum and the nervous lobe of hypophysis. ... See: hypophysis. ... Synonym: lobus posterior hypophyseos, neural part of hypophysis, pars nervosa hypophyseos, posterior lobe of hypophysis. ... Origin: neuro-+ hypophysis ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroid
Resembling a nerve; nervelike. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroimmunomodulation
Influences of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, autonomic and peripheral nervous systems) upon the immune system, principally by biochemical (i.e., neurotransmitters, receptors, etc.) and by direct neural routes. This is a two-way information transfer system. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neurokinin a
<chemical> A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to substance p and neurokinin k. The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex. ... Chemical name: Kassinin, 1-de-L-aspartic acid-2-de-L-val …

neurokinin k
<chemical> A mammalian decapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system. It is similar in structure and action to substance p and substance k (neurokinin a). The compound has bronchoconstrictor, smooth muscle constrictor, and hypotensive effects and also activates the micturition reflex. ... Chemical name: Kassinin, 2-L-methionine-3- …

neurolemma
Synonym: neurilemma. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Lemma, husk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolemma cells
Synonym for schwann cells ... Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuroleptanalgesia
<pharmacology> A state of quiescence, altered awareness and analgesia produced by the administration of a combination of a narcotic analgesic and a neuroleptic agent. ... Origin: Gr. Lepsis = a taking hold ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuroleptanesthesia
A technique of general anaesthesia based upon intravenous administration of neuroleptic drugs, together with inhalation of a weak anaesthetic with or without neuromuscular relaxants. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroleptic
<pharmacology> A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalisation of psychomotor activity. ... Origin: Gr. Lepsis = a taking hold ... (18 …

neuroleptic agent
Any of a family of drugs producing sedation and tranquilization (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol). ... See: antipsychotic agent. ... Synonym: neuroleptic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroleptic drugs
Literally nerve seising: used of chlorpromazine like drugs. Antagonise the effects of dopamine. ... Origin: Gr. Lepsis = a taking hold ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuroleptic malignant syndrome
<syndrome> This describes the combination of catatonic rigidity, stupor, unstable blood pressure, fever, profuse sweating, sweating and incontinence as a reaction to antipsychotic agents (phenothiazines) in therapeutic doses. ... Origin: Gr. Lepsis = a taking hold ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

neuroleukin
Neuronal growth factor and lymphokine product of lectin-stimulated T-cells which induces immunoglobulin secretion. Its amino acid sequence is partially homologous to the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, which may explain, in part, the pathogenesis of aids dementia complex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neurolinguistics
The branch of medical science concerned with the neuroanatomical basis of speech and its disorders. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurologic
<anatomy> Pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neurologic manifestations
Neurologic disorders attendant upon non-neurologic disease or injury. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neurologic symptom
Neurologic symptoms can be variable. ... Examples include: numbness, tingling, hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity), paralysis, localised weakness, dysarthria (difficult speech), aphasia (inability to speak), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), diplopia (double vision), amaurosis fugax (temporary loss of vision in one eye) difficulty walking, incoor …

neurological disorder
Disturbance in structure or function of the central nervous system resulting from developmental abnormality, disease, injury or toxin. ... (22 May 1997) ...

neurologist
<specialist> A physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of thenervous system. ... (22 May 1997) ...

neurolymph
An obsolete term for cerebrospinal fluid. ... Origin: neuro-+ L. Lympha, clear water ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolymphomatosis
Lymphoblastic invasion of a nerve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolymphomatosis gallinarum
See: avian lymphomatosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolysin
An antibody causing destruction of ganglion and cortical cells, obtained by the injection of brain substance. ... Synonym: neurotoxin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolysis
1. Destruction of nerve tissue. ... 2. Freeing of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Lysis, dissolution ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolytic
Relating to neurolysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurolytic block
<procedure> The injection of a chemical agent to cause destruction and consequent prolonged interruption of peripheral somatic or sympathetic nerves or in some cases, the neuraxis. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

neuroma
<oncology, tumour> A benign tumour from nervous tissue. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

neuroma cutis
Neurofibroma of the skin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroma telangiectodes
A neurofibroma with a conspicuous number of blood vessels, some of which have unusually large lumens (in proportion to the thickness of the walls). ... Traumatic neuroma, the non-neoplastic proliferative mass of Schwann cells and neurites that may develop at the proximal end of a severed or injured nerve. ... Synonym: amputation neuroma, false neurom …

neuroma, acoustic
A progressively enlarging tumour within the auditory canal arising from the eighth cranial nerve. This solitary form is usually unilateral, tends to develop later in life, and is not inherited as compared to the acoustic neuromas arising in neurofibromatosis 2. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuroma, optic
A benign tumour of the optic nerve. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuromalacia
Pathologic softening of nervous tissue. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Malakia, softness ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromast
See: lateral line sense organ. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromast organ
Synonym for lateral line sense organ ... A structure in fish consisting of a long groove or canal extending along each side of the trunk and tail and branching in the head region; the groove or tube is lined with neuroepithelial cells, some of which are in groups known as neuromasts; its function appears to be the detection of vibrations of low freq …

neuromatosis
The presence of multiple neuromas, as in neurofibromatosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromelanin
A modified form of melanin pigment normally found in certain neurons of the nervous system, especially in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromeningeal
Related to involvement of nervous tissue and the meninges. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromere
Alternate swellings and constrictions seen along the neuraxis at early stages of neural tube development, thought to be evidence of intrinsic segmentation in the CNS. Neuromeres or segments in the hindbrain region are called rhombomeres and have been shown to be lineage restriction units, each constructing a defined piece of hindbrain. ... (18 Nov 1 …

neuromimesis
An obsolete term for hysterical or neurotic simulation of disease. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Mimesis, imitation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromimetic
Relating to the action of a drug that mimics the response of an effector organ to nerve impulses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromodulation
Alteration in the effectiveness of voltage gated or ligand gated ion channels by changing the characteristics of current flow through the channels. The mechanism is thought to involve second messenger systems. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuromodulin
<protein> Protein associated with actively growing axons, especially in the growth cone. Binds calmodulin, is phosphorylated by protein kinase C. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuromuscular
<anatomy> Pertaining to muscles and nerves. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuromuscular agents
Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (neuromuscular blocking agents), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (muscle relaxants, central). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are anti-dyskinesia agents.
neuromuscular blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anaesthesia …

neuromuscular blocking agent
A group of drugs that prevent motor nerve endings from exciting skeletal muscle. They act either by competing for the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, (like D-tubocurarine, mivacurium and pancuronium), or by first stimulating the postjunctional muscle membrane and subsequently desensitizing the muscle endplates to the acetylcholine (like succinylch …

neuromuscular blocking agents
Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (neuromuscular nondepolarising agents) or noncompetitive, depolarising agents (neuromuscular depolarising agents). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used …

neuromuscular cell
A cell of a lower metazoan organism that is both sensitive and contractile. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromuscular depolarising agents
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction by causing sustained depolarisation of the motor end plate. These agents are primarily used as adjuvants in surgical anaesthesia to cause skeletal muscle relaxation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuromuscular junction
A chemical synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fibre. ... Synonym: motor end plate. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuromuscular relaxant
An agent, e.g., curare or succinylcholine, that produces relaxation of striated muscle by interruption of transmission of nervous impulses at the myoneural junction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromuscular spindle
A fusiform end organ in skeletal muscle in which afferent and a few efferent nerve fibres terminate; it contains from 3 to 10 striated muscle fibres (intrafusal fibres) that are much smaller than the ordinary muscle fibres, are separated from them by a capsule that encloses the organ, and are innervated by the thin axon of a gamma motoneuron (gamma …

neuromuscular system
The muscles of the body collectively and the nerves supplying them. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromyasthenia
An obsolete term for muscular weakness, usually of emotional origin. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Mys, muscle, + a-priv. + sthenos, strength ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromyelitis
Neuritis combined with spinal cord inflammation. ... Synonym: myeloneuritis. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Myelos, marrow, + -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromyelitis optica
A demyelinating disease of the optic nerve chiasma, optic tract, and spinal cord characterised by acute bilateral optic neuritis and acute myelitis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuromyopathy
1. A disorder of muscle due to disorder of its nerve supply. ... 2. Simultaneous disorders of nerve and muscles. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Mys, muscle, + pathos, disease ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuromyositis
An obsolete term for polymyositis. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuron
An excitable cell specialised for the transmission of electrical signals over long distances. Neurons receive input from sensory cells or other neurons and send output to muscles or other neurons. Neurons with sensory input are called sensory neurons, neurons with muscle outputs are called motoneurons, neurons that connect only with other neurons a …

neuronal
<anatomy> Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis
A heritable lipidosis with cytoplasmic inclusions staining for ceroid and lipofuscin. Clinically the patient has progressive dementia, retinal degeneration, seizures, and myoclonic jerks. It was formerly thought to be related to tay-sachs disease but the biochemical defect is as yet undetermined. Named according to age of onset: jansky-bielschowsky …

neuronal differentiation
Acquisition during development of specific biochemical, physiological and morphological properties by nerve cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuronal guidance
Synonym for axonal guidance ... <cell biology> General term for mechanisms that ensure correct projections by nerve cells in developing and regenerating nervous systems. Implies accurate navigation by growth cones, the highly motile tips of growing neuronal processes. ... See: growth cone collapse. ... (12 Mar 1998) ...

neuronal hyperplasia
Increased numbers of ganglion cells with myenteric plexus hyperplasia and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in nerves of the mucosa and submucosa. Clinically, neuronal hyperplasia mimics Hirschprung's disease. Similar findings are seen in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type IIB, and in neurofibromatosis. ... Synonym: hype …

neuronal intestinal dysplasia
Synonym for neuronal hyperplasia ... Increased numbers of ganglion cells with myenteric plexus hyperplasia and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in nerves of the mucosa and submucosa. Clinically, neuronal hyperplasia mimics Hirschprung's disease. Similar findings are seen in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, type IIB, and in …

neuronal plasticity
Ability of nerve cells to change their properties for example by sprouting new processes, making new synapses or altering the strength of existing synapses. ... See: long-term potentiation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuronal polarity
Distribution of specific functions to discrete cellular domains: for example axons and dendrites that have different molecular composition, morphology and ultrastructure and perform different functions. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neurone
Synonym for neuron ... An excitable cell specialised for the transmission of electrical signals over long distances. Neurons receive input from sensory cells or other neurons and send output to muscles or other neurons. Neurons with sensory input are called sensory neurons, neurons with muscle outputs are called motoneurons, neurons that connect onl …

neuronephric
Relating to the nerve supply of the kidney. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Nephros, kidney ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuronevus
A variety of intradermal nevus in adults in which nests of atrophic nevus cells in the lower dermis are hyalinised and resemble nerve bundles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuronitis
Inflammatory disorder of the neuron. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuronopathy
Disorder, often toxic, of the neuron. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuronophage
A phagocyte that ingests neuronal elements. ... See: microglia. ... Origin: neuron + G. Phago, to eat ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuronophagia
Neuronophagy ... Phagocytosis of nerve cells. ... Origin: neuron + G. Phago, to eat ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neurons
Any of the conducting cells of the nervous system. A typical neuron consists of a cell body, containing the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasm (perikaryon); several short radiating processes (dendrites); and one long process (the axon), which terminates in twiglike branches (telodendrons) and may have branches (collaterals) projecting along its …

neurons, afferent
Neurons which convey sensory information centrally from the periphery. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neurons, efferent
Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

neuronyxis
Acupuncture of a nerve. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Nyxis, pricking ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroparalysis
Paralysis resulting from disease of the nerve supplying the affected part. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroparalytic
Denoting or characterised by neuroparalysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroparalytic keratitis
Synonym for neurotrophic keratitis ... Inflammation of the cornea after corneal anaesthesia. ... Synonym: neuroparalytic keratitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuroparalytic keratopathy
Corneal inflammation or ulceration associated with dysfunction of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropath
One who suffers from or is predisposed to some disease of the nervous system. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathic albuminuria
Albuminuria associated with epilepsy or other convulsive disorders, trauma to the brain, and cerebral haemorrhage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathic arthritis
Synonym for neuropathic joint ... <radiology> M more than F, age more than 40 yrs, 6 D's, destruction, increased density, dislocation, debris, distension, disorganization, diabetic neuropathy, syphilis (tabes dorsalis), syrinx, meningomyelocele / spina bifida, nerve injury: spinal cord or peripheral nerves, congenital insensitivity to pain, le …

neuropathic arthropathy
Synonym for neuropathic joint ... <radiology> M more than F, age more than 40 yrs, 6 D's, destruction, increased density, dislocation, debris, distension, disorganization, diabetic neuropathy, syphilis (tabes dorsalis), syrinx, meningomyelocele / spina bifida, nerve injury: spinal cord or peripheral nerves, congenital insensitivity to pain, le …

neuropathic bladder
Any defective functioning of bladder due to impaired innervation, e.g., cord bladder, neuropathic bladder. ... Synonym: neurogenic bladder. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathic joint
<radiology> M more than F, age more than 40 yrs, 6 D's, destruction, increased density, dislocation, debris, distension, disorganization, diabetic neuropathy, syphilis (tabes dorsalis), syrinx, meningomyelocele / spina bifida, nerve injury: spinal cord or peripheral nerves, congenital insensitivity to pain, leprosy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndro …

neuropathic pain
<symptom> Pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve, in one nerve mononeuropathy, in several nerves, mononeuropathy multiplex, if diffuse and bilateral, polyneuropathy. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

neuropathogenesis
The origin or causation of a disease of the nervous system. ... Origin: neuro-+ G. Pathos, suffering, + genesis, origin ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathologist
<specialist> A pathologist who establishes the diagnosis in diseases of the nervous system by careful microscopic examination of the tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathology
1. Pathology of the nervous system. ... 2. That branch of pathology concerned with the nervous system. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

neuropathy
<clinical sign> A general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system. If the involvement is in one nerve it is called mononeuropathy, in several nerves, mononeuropathy multiplex, if diffuse and bilateral, polyneuropathy. ... The aetiology may be known for example arsenical neuropathy, dia …

neuropeptide
<biochemistry> Peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

neuropeptide y
A substance that sometimes functions as a neurotransmitter. Some research shows that neuropeptide Y may be involved in Alzheimer's disease. ... (22 May 1997) ...

neuropeptides
Peptides released by neurons as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...