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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197
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nitrogen balanceThe difference between the total nitrogen intake by an organism and its total nitrogen loss. A normal, healthy adult has a zero nitrogen balance, Nin Nout (i.e., a positive nitrogen balance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen compoundsInorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrogen cycle<biochemistry> The global cycle of moving various forms of nitrogen through the air, water, soil, plants, animals of the planet. ... See: nitrogen fixation. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
nitrogen dioxide<chemical> Nitrogen oxide (no2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting oedema several days later may cause death. It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb uv light that does not reach the earth's surface. ... Pharmacological action: oxi …
nitrogen distributionSynonym for nitrogen partition ... Determination of the distribution of nitrogen in the urine among the various constituents. ... Synonym: nitrogen distribution. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen equivalentThe nitrogen content of protein; used in calculating the protein breakdown in the body from the nitrogen excreted in the urine, 1 g of nitrogen considered as having originated in 6.25 g of protein catabolised. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen fixation<biochemistry> The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by various bacteria, catalysed by nitrogenase. ... This is an essential stage in the nitrogen cycle and is the ultimate source of all nitrogen in living organisms. In the sea, the main nitrogen fixers are Cyanobacteria. ... There are several free living bacteria in soil that …
nitrogen groupFive trivalent or quinquivalent elements whose hydrogen compounds are basic and whose oxyacids vary from monobasic to tetrabasic: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen isotopesStable nitrogen atoms that have the same atomic number as the element nitrogen, but differ in atomic weight. N-15 is a stable nitrogen isotope. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrogen lagThe length of time after the ingestion of a given protein before the amount of nitrogen equal to that in the protein has been excreted in the urine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen monoxideSynonym for nitrous oxide ... <chemical> Nitrogen oxide (n2o). A colourless, odourless gas that is used as an anaesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. ... Pharmacological action: aerosol propel …
nitrogen mustard compounds<chemical> A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agent. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens. ... Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, alky …
nitrogen mustards<pharmacology> A series of tertiary amine compounds having vesicant properties similar to those of mustard gas. They have the general formula RN(CH2CH2Cl)2. They can alkylate compounds such as DNA and are used as the basis of cytostatic drugs for cancer chemotherapy. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
nitrogen narcosisNarcosis produced by nitrogenous materials such as occurs in certain forms of uraemia and hepatic coma, the stuporous condition characterised by disorientation and by loss of judgment and skill, attributed to an increased partial pressure of nitrogen in the inspired air of deepsea divers during underwater operations. Commonly referred to as 'raptur …
nitrogen oxidesInorganic oxides that contain nitrogen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrogen partitionDetermination of the distribution of nitrogen in the urine among the various constituents. ... Synonym: nitrogen distribution. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen radioisotopesUnstable isotopes of nitrogen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. N atoms with atomic weights 12, 13, 16, 17, and 18 are radioactive nitrogen isotopes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrogen-13A cyclotron-produced, positron-emitting radioisotope of nitrogen with a half-life of 9.97 minutes; used in protein metabolism studies and in positron-emission tomography. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen-14The common nitrogen isotope, making up 99.63% of natural nitrogen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogen-15The less common stable nitrogen isotope, making up 0.37% of natural nitrogen. ... Synonym: heavy nitrogen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrogenase<enzyme> Nitrogenase is a member of a family of enzymes found in nitrogen fixing bacteria that reduce nitrogen to ammonia (also ethylene to acetylene). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
nitrogenase complex<biochemistry> A system of enzymes used by nitrogen-fixing ATP is present. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
nitrogenase reductase<enzyme> Fe protein component of mo-fe protein nitrogenase in rhodospirillum rubrum; part of the molybdenum nitrogenase which is nifhdk ... Registry number: EC 1.18.2.- ... Synonym: nitrogenase iron protein, nitrogenase fe protein, fe protein, nitrogenase, nifh protein, nifh gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
nitrogenous base<biochemistry> A nitrogen-containing molecule having the chemical properties of a base. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
nitrogenous group transferases<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. ... Registry number: EC 2.6 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroglycerin<chemistry> A liquid appearing like a heavy oil, colourless or yellowish, and consisting of a mixture of several glycerin salts of nitric acid, and hence more properly called glycerin nitrate. ... It is made by the action of nitric acid on glycerin in the presence of sulphuric acid. It is extremely unstable and terribly explosive. A very dilut …
nitroglycerin reductase<enzyme> Pseudomonas fmn-containing enzyme that catalyses NADPH-dependent denitration of nitroglycerin, yielding nitrite ... Registry number: EC 1.7.99.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
nitrohydrochloric<chemistry> Of, pertaining to, or containing, nitric and hydrochloric acids. Nitrohydrochloric acid, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, usually in the proportion of one part of the former to three of the latter, and remarkable for its solvent action on gold and platinum. ... Synonym: nitromuriatic acid, and aqua regia. ... Origin: Nitr …
nitrohydrochloric acidAn extremely caustic mixture that contains 18 parts nitric acid and 82 parts hydrochloric acid. ... Synonym: aqua regia, aqua regalis, nitrimuriatic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrohydroxyiodophenylacetate<chemical> 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-5-iodophenylacetate. Also called 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetate. A haptenic determinant that can be radiolabelled and used as salts and derivatives for investigations of immunogenic specificity studies. ... Chemical name: Benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitro- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroid shockA syndrome resembling that produced by the administration of a large dose of a nitrite, sometimes caused by a too rapid intravenous injection of arsphenamine or some other drug. ... See: nitritoid reaction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitromannitolSynonym for mannitol hexanitrate ... An explosive compound formed by the nitration of mannitol; when diluted with carbohydrate substances (one part of mannitol hexanitrate to nine or more parts of carbohydrate) it is not explosive, and is used as a vasodilator and hypotensive agent; it is slower in action than nitroglycerin. ... Synonym: nitromannito …
nitromersolThe anhydride of 4-nitro-3-hydroxymercuriorthocresol; a synthetic organic mercurial compound, used as an antiseptic for skin and mucous membranes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitromifene<chemical> 1-(2-(4-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-nitro-2-phenylethenyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine. A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies. ... Pharmacological action: oestrogen antagonists. ... Chemical name: Pyrrolidine, 1-(2-(4-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-nitro-2-phenylethenyl)phen …
nitron1,4-Diphenyl-3-phenylamino-1,2,4-triazolium hydroxide (inner salt); a reagent for the determination of nitric acid, perchlorate, and rhenium, as it is one of the few substances to form an insoluble nitrate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrophenol reductase<enzyme> Catalyses the conversion of 2,4-dinitrophenol to 2-amino-4-nitrophenol ... Registry number: EC 1.6.6.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
nitrophenylgalactosides<chemical> Includes ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenylgalactosides. ... Chemical name: beta-D-Galactopyranoside, nitrophenyl ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrophenylsulfenylO2N-C6H4-S-; Nitrophenylthio;a radical easily attached to amino groups; used in peptide synthesis and protein chemistry. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitroprussic<chemistry> Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a complex acid called nitroprussic acid, obtained indirectly by the action of nitric acid on potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate), as a red crystalline unstable substance. It forms salts called nitroprussides, which give a rich purple colour with alkaline subphides. ... Origin: Nitr …
nitroprusside<chemical> (oc-6-22)-pentakis(cyano-c)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. ... Pharmacological action: antihypertensive agents, indicators and reagents, sulfhydryl reagents, vasodilator agents. ... Ch …
nitroprusside testA qualitative test for cystinuria; following the addition of sodium cyanide to the urine, the further addition of nitroprusside produces a red-purple colour if the cyanide has reduced any cystine present to cysteine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitroquinolinesQuinolines substituted in any position by one or more nitro groups. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroreductases<enzyme> Enzymes which reduce nitro groups. A variety of compounds can act as acceptors. If NADH or NADPH are the acceptors, the enzymes are classified as EC 1.6.6.- . ... Registry number: EC 1.7.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrosamine<biochemistry> These molecules contain the N N=O group (N nitrosamines): many are carcinogens or suspected carcinogens. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
nitrosamines<chemical> A class of compounds that contain a -nh2 and a -no radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. ... Pharmacological action: carcinogens. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrosationConversion into nitroso compounds. An example is the reaction of nitrites with amino compounds to form carcinogenic n-nitrosamines. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroso-<chemistry, prefix> A prefix (also used adjectively) designating the group or radical NO, called the nitroso group, or its compounds. ... (29 Oct 1998) ...
nitrosomethylurethane<chemical> N-methyl-n-nitrosourethane. An alkylating carcinogen that produces gastrointestinal and probably lung and nervous system tumours. ... Pharmacological action: alkylating agents, carcinogens. ... Chemical name: Carbamic acid, methylnitroso-, ethyl ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrosomonasA genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrosotransferase<enzyme> Transfers nitroso group from nitrosamine to an amide receptor ... Registry number: EC 2.6.- ... Synonym: transnitrosoase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...
nitrosoureaAlkylating agent used in the treatment of many neoplasms; an example is BCNU [N,N'-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea; carmustine]. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitrosoureasA group of anticancer drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine (bcnu) and lomustine (ccnu) are nitrosoureas. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrous1. Of, pertaining to, or containing, niter; of the quality of niter, or resembling it. ... 2. <chemistry> Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of those compounds in which nitrogen has a relatively lower valence as contrasted with nitric compounds. ... <chemistry> Nitrous acid, a hypothetical acid of nitrogen HNO2, not known in the f …
nitrous acid<chemical> Nitrous acid (hno2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. ... Chemical name: Nitrous acid ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitrous oxide<chemical> Nitrogen oxide (n2o). A colourless, odourless gas that is used as an anaesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. ... Pharmacological action: aerosol propellants, analgesics, non-narcot …
nitrovin<chemical> [(3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1-(2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl)allylidene)amino]guanidine monohydrochloride. ... Chemical name: Hydrazinecarboximidamide, 2-(3-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-1-(2-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)ethenyl)-2-propenylidene)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroxanthic acidSynonym for picric acid ... C6H2(NO2)3OH; 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol;has been used as an application in burns, eczema, erysipelas, and pruritus. ... Synonym: carbazotic acid, nitroxanthic acid. ... Origin: G. Pikros, bitter ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitroxinil<chemical> 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile. Proposed anthelmintic for fasciola and liver fluke infestations. ... Pharmacological action: antiplatyhelmintic agents. ... Chemical name: Benzonitrile, 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitro- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nitroxoline5-Nitro-8-quinolinol;an antibacterial agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nitroxyThe -O-NO2 radical. ... Origin: contraction of nitryloxy ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nizatidine<chemical> A histamine h2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers. ... Pharmacological action: anti-ulcer agents, histamine h2 antagonists. ... Chemical name: 1,1-Ethenediamine, N-(2-(((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-thiazolyl)methyl)thio)ethyl)-N'-methyl-2-n …
njoveraA nonvenereal disease of children in Zimbabwe, indistinguishable from syphilis, due to an organism apparently identical with Treponema pallidum; probably the same as bejel. ... Origin: Native ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NK cell<haematology, immunology> A type of lymphocyte that attacks and destroys foreign, infected and cancerous cells. Natural killer cells are not targeted at specific antigens the way cytotoxic T lymphocytes are. ... (14 Oct 1997) ...
NK cellsSynonym for natural killer cells ... Large granular lymphocytes which do not express markers of either T or B-cell lineage. These cells do possess Fc receptors for IgG and can kill target cells using antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cells can also use perforin to kill cells in the absence of antibody. Killing may occur without previ …
nkat<abbreviation> Nanokatal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NKSF<abbreviation> Natural killer cell stimulating factor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nle<abbreviation> Norleucine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NLN<abbreviation> National League for Nursing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
nm<abbreviation> Nanomolar (10-9 M). ... Symbol for nanometer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NMDASynonym for N methyl D aspartate receptor ... <physiology> Glutamate receptor sub type (see excitatory amino acids). N methyl D aspartate receptor channels seem to be potentiated by intracellular arachidonic acid. ... Acronym: NMDA ... (26 Mar 1998) ...
NMDA receptorA type of glutamate receptor that participates in excitatory neurotransmission and also binds N-methyl-d-aspartate; may be particularly involved in the cell damage observed in individuals with Huntington's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NMN<abbreviation> Nicotinamide mononucleotide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NMP<abbreviation> Nucleoside 5'-monophosphate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NMRNuclear Magnetic Resonance. An imaging technique that does not use radiation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
NNRTIA member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase (see). In contrast, nucleoside analogs block reverse transcriptase by capping the unfinished DNA chain that the enzyme is constructing. NNRTIs have suffered from HIV's ability to ra …
NOSymbol for nitric oxide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
no reflow phenomenonAbsence of blood flow in a portion of the brain which has been damaged, usually by ischemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
NO synthaseSynonym for nitric oxide synthase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of l-arginine, NADPH, and oxygen to citrulline, nitric oxide, and NADP+. ... The enzyme found in brain, but not that induced in lung or liver by endotoxin, requires calcium.There are two isoforms, one constitutive and one activated by calmodulin. ... Chemical …
no-observed-adverse-effect levelThe highest dosage administered that does not produce toxic effects. The noael will depend on how closely dosages are spaced (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level and no-observed-effect level) and the number of animals examined. The ultimate objective is usually to determine not the 'safe' dosage in laboratory animals but the 'safe' dosage for huma …
no-threshold conceptThat the biologic effect of radiation is proportional to dose, even for minutely small doses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noack, M<person> 20th century German physician. ... See: Noack's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noack's syndromeSynonym for acrocephalopolysyndactyly ... Congenital malformation in which oxycephaly, brachysyndactyly of hand, and preaxial polydactyly of feet are associated with mental retardation; it is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait but there is also a dominant form. ... Synonym: Carpenter's syndrome, Goodman's syndrome, Noack's syndrome, Sa …
nobelium<chemical> Nobelium. A man-made radioactive element of the actinide metal series. It has the atomic symbol no, atomic number 102, and atomic weight 259. ... Chemical name: Nobelium ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
nobility1. The quality or state of being noble; superiority of mind or of character; commanding excellence; eminence. 'Though she hated Amphialus, yet the nobility of her courage prevailed over it.' (Sir P. Sidney) 'They thought it great their sovereign to control, And named their pride nobility of soul.' (Dryden) ... 2. The state of being of high rank or n …
noble1. Possessing eminence, elevation, dignity, etc.; above whatever is low, mean, degrading, or dishonorable; magnanimous; as, a noble nature or action; a noble heart. 'Statues, with winding ivy crowned, belong To nobler poets for a nobler song.' (Dryden) ... 2. Grand; stately; magnificent; splendid; as, a noble edifice. ... 3. Of exalted rank; of or pe …
noble elementSynonym for noble metal ... A metal that cannot be oxidised by heat alone, nor readily dissolved by acid; e.g., gold, platinum. ... Synonym: noble element. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
noble gasesGases which are members of the zero group of the periodic system. These gases generally do not react chemically. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
noble metalA metal that cannot be oxidised by heat alone, nor readily dissolved by acid; e.g., gold, platinum. ... Synonym: noble element. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noble-Collip procedureAn obsolete procedure in which shock in rats is induced by rotating them in a drum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noble, Charles<person> U.S. Gynecologist, 1863-1935. ... See: Noble's position. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noble, Robert<person> Canadian physiologist, *1910. ... See: Noble-Collip procedure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noble's positionPatient standing and bent slightly forward; useful for inspection of a swelling of the loin that may occur with pyelonephritis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Noble's stain<technique> A basic fuchsin-orange G staining technique for detection of viral inclusion bodies in fixed tissues. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nocard, Edmund<person> French veterinarian, 1850-1903. ... See: Nocardia, Nocardiaceae, Preisz-Nocard bacillus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nocardia<bacteria> Genus of gram-positive bacteria that form a mycelium that may fragment into rod or coccoid shaped cells. They are very common saprophytes in soil but some are opportunistic pathogens of humans, causing nocardiosis. ... This is characterised by abscesses, particularly of the jaw, which if untreated may invade the surrounding bone. …
nocardia asteroidesA species of bacterium of the family nocardiaceae, producing pulmonary infections in man. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
Nocardia brasiliensisA species that closely resembles Nocardia asteroides and is a cause of mycetoma in humans. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nocardia caviaeA species that causes mycetoma in humans; it closely resembles Nocardia asteroides but differs by its ability to decompose xanthine and by formation of acid from inositol and mannitol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nocardia dacryolithsWhite pseudoconcretions, composed of masses of Nocardia species found in the lacrimal canaliculi. ... Synonym: Desmarres' dacryoliths. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
Nocardia farcinicaA species causing bovine farcy; it is the type species of the genus Nocardia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
