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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

nones
1. The fifth day of the months January, February, April, June, August, September, November, and December, and the seventh day of March, May, July, and October. The nones were nine days before the ides, reckoning inclusively, according to the Roman method. ... 2. [F. None, fr. L. See Noon] The canonical office, being a part of the Breviary, recited a …

nonessential amino acid
<biochemistry> The amino acid's that can be synthesised by an organism and are thus not required in the diet. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonfenestrated forceps
<instrument> Obstetrical forceps without openings in the blades, thus facilitating rotation of the head. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonfluent aphasia
Synonym for motor aphasia ... A type of aphasia in which there is a deficit in speech production or language output, often accompanied by a deficit in communicating by writing, signs, etc. The patient is aware of his impairment. ... Synonym: anterior aphasia, ataxic aphasia, Broca's aphasia, expressive aphasia, nonfluent aphasia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nongonococcal urethritis
<microbiology, urology> Urethritis not resulting from gonococcal infection. Venereally transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nongranular leukocyte
<haematology> A general, non-specific term frequently used with reference to lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; although the cytoplasm of a lymphocyte or monocyte contains tiny granules, it is nongranular in comparison with that of a neutrophil, basophil, or eosinophil. ... See: leukocyte. ... Synonym: agranular leukocyte. ... (05 Mar 200 …

nonhistone chromosomal protein
<molecular biology> Chromatin consists of DNA, histones and a very heterogeneous group of other proteins, that include DNA polymerases, regulator proteins, etc. They are often lumped together terminologically as nonhistone proteins or acidic proteins, to distinguish them from the basic histones. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nonhomologous chromosomes
<genetics> Chromosome's that are not members of the same pair. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonhyperglycaemic glycosuria
<nephrology> Presence of glucose in the urine without hyperglycaemia due to abnormality in renal tubular reabsorption of filtered glucose. ... Synonym: nondiabetic glycosuria, orthoglycaemic glycosuria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonimmune
<immunology> Pertaining to an individual that is not immune or to a serum from such an individual. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonimmune agglutination
<haematology> Agglutination caused by a lectin having a degree of specificity, the mechanism of which is not understood, agglutination that results from non-specific factors, as in the case of acid agglutination or spontaneous agglutination. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonimmune serum
<immunology> A serum from a subject that is not immune; a serum that is free of antibodies to a given antigen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonimmunity
Synonym for aphylaxis ... Rarely used term for lack of protection against disease. ... Synonym: nonimmunity. ... Origin: G. A-priv. + phylaxis, a guarding ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

noninfectious
Not infectious; not able to spread disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

noninfiltrating lobular carcinoma
<tumour> Carcinoma of the breast in which small tumour cells fill preexisting acini within lobules, without invading the surrounding stroma. ... Synonym: lobular carcinoma in situ, lobular neoplasia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

noninflammatory oedema
<clinical sign> Oedema due to mechanical or other causes, not marked by inflammation or congestion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

noninvasive
<procedure> Denoting a procedure that does not require insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body orifice for diagnosis or treatment. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonionic detergent
<chemistry> Detergent in which the hydrophilic head group is uncharged. In practice hydrophilicity is usually conferred by OH groups. ... Examples are the polyoxyethylene p t octyl phenols known as Tritons and octyl glucoside. Nonionic detergents can be used to solubilise intrinsic membrane proteins with less tendency to denature them than cha …

nonionic surfactant
<chemistry> A surfactant without a charged moiety. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonisolated proteinuria
<nephrology> Proteinuria associated with other abnormalities. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonketotic hyperglycaemia
Synonym for hyperosmolar nonketotic coma ... A complication seen in diabetes mellitus in which very marked hyperglycaemia occurs (such as levels over 800 mg/dL) causing osmotic shifts in water in brain cells and resulting in coma. It can be fatal or lead to permanent neurologic damage. Ketoacidosis does not occur in these cases. ... Synonym: nonketot …

nonlamellar bone
Synonym for woven bone ... Bony tissue characteristic of the embryonal skeleton, in which the collagen fibres of the matrix are arranged irregularly in the form of interlacing networks. ... Synonym: nonlamellar bone, reticulated bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonlinear dynamics
The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit chaos which is classically characterised as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. ... Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behaviour over t …

nonlipid histiocytosis
Synonym for letterer-siwe disease ... histiocytosis ...

nonlipid reticuloendotheliosis
<haematology> An immunologic disorder of unknown cause where there is proliferation of histiocytes (a type of cell in the immune system) in the bloodstream. The disorder is characterised by inflammation of the bronchioles and small pulmonary vessels that leads to fibrosis and destruction of alveolar cell walls. Cigarette smoking is considered …

nonmaleficence
The ethical principle of doing no harm, based on the Hippocratic maxim, primum non nocere, first do no harm. ... Origin: non-+ L. Maleficencia, evildoing, fr. Male, badly, wrongly, + facio, to do, act ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonmedullated fibres
Synonym for unmyelinated fibres ... A fibre having no myelin covering (CNS); a naked axon; in the PNS represented by all axons lying in troughs in a single Schwann cell (Schwann cell unit); a slow conducting fibre. ... Synonym: gray fibres, nonmedullated fibres, Remak's fibres. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonmelanoma skin cancer
<oncology> Skin cancer that does not involve melanocytes. Basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer are nonmelanoma skin cancers. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nonMendelian inheritance
<genetics> In eukaryotes, patterns of gene transmission not explicable in terms of segregation, independent assortment and linkage. May be due to cytoplasmic inheritance, gene conversion, meiotic drive, etc. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nonmotile leukocyte
<haematology> A term sometimes used with reference to lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells; although such forms actually have some degree of motility, they are nonmotile in comparison with the actively ameboid, neutrophilic, basophilic, and eosinophilic leukocyte's. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonmyelinated
Synonym for unmyelinated ... Denoting nerve fibres (axons) lacking a myelin sheath. ... Synonym: amyelinated, amyelinic, nonmedullated, nonmyelinated, unmedullated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonneoplastic
<oncology> Not neoplastic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder
<urology> Detrusor-sphincter incoordination with urinary incontinence, constipation, urinary tract infection, upper tract changes. ... Synonym: Hinman syndrome, pseudoneurogenic bladder. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonobstructive jaundice
<biochemistry, hepatology> Any jaundice in which the main biliary passages are not obstructed, e.g., haemolytic jaundice or jaundice due to hepatitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonoccluded virus
<virology> A virus not inclosed in an inclusion body, usually with reference to an insect virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonocclusion
<dentistry> Failure of a tooth to contact an opposing tooth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonodontogenic cyst
<embryology> Cysts formed from epithelial inclusions in the lines of fusion of the embryonic processes which form the jaws. They include nasopalatine or incisive canal cyst, incisive papilla cyst, globulomaxillary cyst, median palatal cyst, median alveolar cyst, median mandibular cyst, and nasoalveolar cyst. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nonoestrogenic
1. Not causing estrus in animals. ... 2. Not having an action similar to that of an oestrogen. ... Compare: nonuterotropic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonorganic aphonia
hysterical aphonia ...

nonose
A sugar with nine carbon atoms. ... Origin: L. Nonus, ninth ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonossifying fibroma
<tumour> A loculated osteolytic focus of cellular fibrous tissue, slightly expanding a bone, usually near the end of a long bone in older children; similar to fibrous cortical defect, although larger. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonosteogenic fibroma
Synonym for fibrous cortical defect ... A common 1 to 3 cm defect in the cortex of a bone, most commonly the lower femoral shaft of a child, filled with fibrous tissue. Nonosteogenic or nonossifying fibroma by convention refers to lesions greater than 3 cm in diameter. ... See: nonossifying fibroma. ... Synonym: nonosteogenic fibroma. ... (05 Mar 2000) …

nonovulational menstruation
anovular menstruation ...

nonoxynol
<chemical> Alpha-(4-nonylphenyl)-omega-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl). Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated pri …

nonoxynol 9
A group of compounds which are surface acting agents, used in spermicidal preparations such as contraceptive foam and diaphragm jelly. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpareil
1. Something of unequaled excellence; a peerless thing or person; a nonesuch; often used as a name. ... 2. [F. Nonpareille. ... A size of type next smaller than minion and next larger than agate (or ruby). ... This line is printed in the type called nonpareil. ... 3. <zoology> A beautifully coloured finch (Passerina ciris), native of the Southern …

nonparous
Synonym for nulliparous ... Having never given birth to a viable infant. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nonpedunculated hydatid
Synonym for testicular appendage ... A vesicular nonpedunculated structure attached to the cephalic pole of the testis; a vestige of the cephalic end of the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct. ... Synonym: appendix testis, appendix of the testis, nonpedunculated hydatid, ovarium masculinum, sessile hydatid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpenetrance
The state in which a genetic trait, although present in the appropriate genotype (i.e., homozygous, hemizygous, or heterozygous according to the state of dominance and mode of inheritance), fails to manifest itself in the phenotype because of nongenetic mechanisms. ... Compare: hypostasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpenetrant trait
A genetic trait that is not phenotypically manifest because of non-genetic factors it therefore does not include recessivity, epistasis, hypostasis, or parastasis but does include environmental factors and pure random effects such as lyonization. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpenetrating keratoplasty
Keratoplasty in which only the anterior layer of the cornea is used (not a tectonic keratoplasty). ... Synonym: lamellar keratoplasty, layered keratoplasty. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpenetrating wound
Injury, especially within the thorax or abdomen, produced without disruption of the surface of the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpermissive cell
<cell biology> Originally a cell of a tissue type or species that does not permit replication of a particular virus. Early stages of the virus cycle may be possible in such a cell, that in the case of tumour viruses may become transformed. Now used in a more general sense, of agents and treatments other than viruses. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nonphasic sinus arrhythmia
Sinus arrhythmia in which variations in rhythm are not related to the phases of respiration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpitting oedema
Swelling of subcutaneous tissues which cannot be indented by compression easily. Usually due to metabolic abnormality, such as increased glycosaminoglycan content, like that which occurs in Graves' disease (pretibial myxoedema) or in early phase of scleroderma. ... Synonym: brawny oedema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonplasmatic compartment
Compartment surrounded by a single biomembrane (e.g., vacuoles, lysosomes). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpolar
<chemistry> Describes a molecular that does not have a permanent electric dipole and consequently may be less soluble in water (for example lipids). ... See: nonpolar groups ... (12 Mar 1998) ...

nonpolar amino acid
An alpha-amino acid in which the functional group attached to the alpha-carbon (i.e., R in RCH(NH2)COOH) has hydrophobic properties; e.g., valine, leucine, alpha-aminobutyrate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpolar compound
A compound composed of molecules that possess a symmetrical distribution of charge, so that no positive or negative poles exist, and that are not ionizable in solution; e.g., hydrocarbons. ... See: organic compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonpolar group
<chemistry> Group in which the electronic charge density is essentially uniform and that cannot therefore interact with other groups by forming hydrogen bonds or by strong dipole dipole interactions. ... In an aqueous environment, nonpolar groups tend to cluster together, providing a major force for the folding of macromolecules and formation …

nonpolar solvents
Synonym for fat solvents ... Organic liquids notable for their ability to dissolve lipids; usually, but not always, immiscible in water; e.g., diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride. ... Synonym: nonpolar solvents. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonprecipitable antibody
Synonym for nonprecipitating antibody ... Antibody that, under conditions normally employed in precipitin tests, is refractory to precipitation by specific antibody, demonstrable when antigen is added serially in small amounts; nonprecipitating antibody will precipitate under special conditions such as addition of complement. ... Synonym: nonprecipit …

nonprecipitating antibody
Antibody that, under conditions normally employed in precipitin tests, is refractory to precipitation by specific antibody, demonstrable when antigen is added serially in small amounts; nonprecipitating antibody will precipitate under special conditions such as addition of complement. ... Synonym: nonprecipitable antibody. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonproprietary name
A short name (often called a generic name) of a chemical, drug, or other substance that is not subject to trademark (proprietary) rights but is, in contrast to a trivial name, recognised or recommended by government agencies (e.g., Federal Food and Drug Administration) and by quasi-official organizations (e.g., U.S. Adopted Names Council) for gener …

nonprotein nitrogen
The nitrogen content of other than protein bodies; e.g., about one-half the nonprotein nitrogen in the blood is contained in urea. ... Synonym: rest nitrogen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonproteogenic
Not leading to the production of proteins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonrandom mating
Synonym for assortative mating ... Selection of a mate with preference for (or aversion to) a particular genotype, i.e., nonrandom mating. ... Synonym: nonrandom mating. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonreactive depression
<psychiatry> A clinical syndrome that includes a persistent sad mood or loss of interest in activities that persists for at least 2 weeks in the absence of external precipitants. ... This should not be confused with a grief reaction (death of loved one). Features may include change in eating habits, insomnia, early morning wakening, lack of in …

nonrebreathing anaesthesia
A technique for inhalation anaesthesia in which valves exhaust all exhaled air from the circuit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonrebreathing mask
A mask fitted with both an inhalation valve and an exhalation valve so that all exhaled gas is vented to the external atmosphere and inhaled gas comes only from a reservoir connected to the mask. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonrebreathing valve
A type of valve that prevents mixture of inhaled and exhaled gases. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase
Synonym for tyrosine kinase ... <enzyme> Kinases that phosphorylate protein tyrosine residues. These kinases play major roles in mitogenic signalling and can be divided into two subfamilies: receptor tyrosine kinases, that have an extracellular ligand binding domain, a single transmembrane domain and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and …

nonreciprocal contact inhibition
<cell biology> Collision behaviour between different cell types in which one cell shows contact inhibition of locomotion and the other does not. An example is the interaction between sarcoma cells and fibroblasts (the former not being inhibited). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nonreset nodus sinuatrialis
Nonreset of the sinoatrial node produced by a premature atrial depolarisaton when the sum of the duration of the premature cycle and the return cycle is fully compensatory, i.e., twice the duration of the spontaneous cycle length. ... Compare: reset nodus sinuatrialis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonresponder tolerance
Synonym for immunologic tolerance ... Lack of immune response to antigen. Theories of tolerance induction include clonal deletion and clonal anergy. In clonal deletion, the actual clone of cells is eliminated whereas in clonal anergy the cells are present but nonfunctional. ... Synonym: immunological tolerance, immunotolerance, nonresponder tolerance …

nonrotation
Failure of normal rotation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonrotation of intestine
A developmental anomaly resulting in the small intestine being on the right of the abdomen and the colon on the left. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonrotation of kidney
A developmental anomaly in which the hilum of the kidney retains its original position, facing ventrally. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsaponifiable
Not subject to saponification; e.g., triacylglycerols are saponifiable but cholesterol is nonsaponifiable. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsecretor
An individual whose saliva does not contain antigens of the ABO blood group. ... See: secretor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonseminoma
A classification of testicular cancers that arise in specialised sex cells called germ cells. Nonseminomas include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumour. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nonsense
As used in genetics, relating to a mutation that causes a sequence such that the growing peptide chain terminates, often after several incorrect amino acid residues are incorporated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsense codon
<molecular biology> The three codons, UAA (known as ochre), UAG (amber) and UGA (opal), that do not code for an amino acid but act as signals for the termination of protein synthesis. ... Any mutation that causes a base change which produces a nonsense codon results in premature termination of protein synthesis and probably a nonfunctional or …

nonsense mutation
<molecular biology> A mutation that causes a polypeptide chain to be ended prematurely. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

nonsense strand
Synonym for noncoding DNA ... <molecular biology> DNA that does not code for part of a polypeptide chain or RNA.This includes introns and pseudo genes. In eukaryotes the majority of the DNA is noncoding. Noncoding strand refers to the so called nonsense strand, as opposed to the sense strand which is actually translated into mRNA. ... (18 Nov 1 …

nonsense suppression
Mutant tRNAs that read a chain termination codon as the signal for incorporation of a specific amino acid residue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsense syndrome
Synonym for Ganser's syndrome ... <syndrome> A psychotic-like condition, without the symptoms and signs of a traditional psychosis, occurring typically in prisoners who feign insanity; e.g., such a person, when asked to multiply 6 by 4, will give 23 as the answer, or he will call a key a lock. ... See: malingering, factitious disorder. ... Synon …

nonsense triplet
A trinucleotide (codon) in which a base change to a termination codon results in premature termination of the growing polypeptide chain and, consequently, incomplete protein molecules, a termination codon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonseptate mycelium
One in which there are no septa, or 'cross-walls,' in the hyphae; inasmuch as the latter are not divided into numerous individual cells, the multinucleated protoplasm may flow throughout the tubelike structures. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsexual generation
Synonym for asexual generation ... Reproduction by fission, gemmation, or in any other way without union of the male and female cell, or conjugation. ... See: parthenogenesis. ... Synonym: heterogenesis, nonsexual generation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsmall cell lung cancer
A general classification for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nonspiking neuron
<physiology> A neuron that can convey information without generating action potentials. ... As passive electrical potentials are attenuated over distances greater than the space constant for a neuron (typically 1mm), this implies that most nonspiking neurons are involved in signalling over relatively short distances. ... Typical examples are in …

nonstress test
A test to evaluate foetal well-being by evaluating foetal heart rate response to foetal movement; a reactive nonstress test is foetal heart rate accelerations in response to foetal movement. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nonsuppurative thyroiditis
<pathology> Inflammation of the thyroid gland without the formation of pus. Noninfectious nonbacterial thyroid inflammation (for example Hashimoto's thyroiditis). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

nontarget organism
An organism which is affected by an interaction (for example, a pesticide application) for which it was not the intended recipient. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

nonthrombocytopenic purpura
Synonym for purpura simplex ... The eruption of petechiae or larger ecchymoses, usually unaccompanied by constitutional symptoms and not associated with systemic illness. ... Synonym: nonthrombocytopenic purpura. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nontoxic goiter
Goiter not accompanied by hyperthyroidism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nontoxic goitre
<endocrinology> An enlargement of the thyroid gland that is usually visible as a swelling in the anterior portion of the neck. ... Simple goitre occurs when the thyroid gland is unable to meet the demands of the body (for example iodine deficiency). The thyroid gland compensates by enlarging. ... Some foods such as cabbage, soybeans, peanuts, p …

nontransmural myocardial infarction
Necrosis of heart muscle that fails to extend from the endocardium to the epicardium, often erroneously considered relatively benign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nontropical sprue
<infectious disease> An inherited disease where the intestinal lining is inflamed in response to the ingestion of a protein known as gluten. Gluten is present in many grains including rye, oats, barley and triticale. ... Symptoms in infants include diarrhoea, slow growth, bloody stools, weight loss, vomiting and clay-coloured stools. Symptoms …