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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

nuclear inclusion bodies
See: inclusion bodies. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear jaundice
Synonym for kernicterus ... <paediatrics> Disorder due to jaundice in a newborn baby with high blood levels of the pigment bilirubin that is deposited in the brain resulting in damage. The level of bilirubin is monitored in newborns to determine whether treatment is needed to prevent kernicterus. With brain affected, it is also called bilirubi …

nuclear lamina
<cell biology> A fibrous protein network lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. The extent to which this system also provides a scaffold within the nucleus is controversial. Proteins of the lamina are lamins A, B and C, which have sequence homology to proteins of intermediate filaments. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear layers of retina
The outer nuclear layer, layer 4, of the retina, neuroepithelial layer of retina, and the inner layer, layer 6, of the retina, ganglionic layer of retina. ... Synonym: granular layers of retina, stratum nucleare externum et internum retinae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear localization signal
Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at nuclear pores. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear magnetic resonance
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of atomic nuclei in a covalent bond. Clinical application is in biochemical, metabolic, and physiologic studies of living tissue. It includes proton and electron spin-echo and spin-relaxation times. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
Synonym for Magnetic Resonance Imaging ... A special imaging technique used to image internal stuctures of the body, particularly the soft tissues. An MRI image is often superior to a normal X-ray image. ... It uses the influence of a large magnet to polarize hydrogen atoms in the tissues and then monitors the summation of the spinning energies withi …

nuclear magneton
A constant in the equation relating the difference in energies between parallel and antiparallel spin alignments of atomic nuclei in a magnetic field; used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear matrix
Synonym for nuclear envelope ... <cell biology> Membrane system that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Consists of inner and outer membranes separated by perinuclear space and perforated by nuclear pores. The term should be used in preference to the term nuclear membrane which is potentially very confusing. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear medicine
<study> The branch of medicine pertaining to diagnostic, therapeutic and investigative use of radioactive chemical elements. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

nuclear medicine physician
<specialist> A specialist trained in the interpretation and administration of diagnostic tests that use radionuclide compounds. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

nuclear membrane
An intracellular structure, consisting of two concentric membranes, enclosing the nucleoplasm and separating it from the cytoplasm. The areas where these two membranes fuse are called nuclear pore complexes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear ophthalmoplegia
Ophthalmoplegia due to a lesion of the nuclei of origin of the motor nerves of the eye. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear Overhauser effect
<enzyme> An enzyme seen in nuclear magnetic resonance in which there is a through-space nearest neighbor interaction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear pacemaker
A nuclear-powered unit used to generate the electrical current for artificially pacing the heart; replaced by units using long-life nickel-cadmium and other power sources. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear physician
<specialist> A medically qualified specialist in internal medicine who has subspecialised in the use of radioactive materials for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other conditions. The radioactive substances are normally injected intravenously but may be swallowed (for example radio-iodine). There are few such specialists and oc …

nuclear pore
<cell biology> Openings in the nuclear envelope, diameter about 10 nm, through which molecules such as nuclear proteins synthesised in the cytoplasm) and mRNA must pass. Pores are generated by a large protein assembly. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear reaction
The interaction of two atomic nuclei or of one such with a subatomic particle, or of the subatomic particles within an atomic nucleus, resulting in a change in the nature of the nuclei concerned or in the energy content of the nuclei or both, usually manifested by transmutation (accompanied by emission of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-rays) or by fission …

nuclear reactors
Devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reaction. They are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear RNA
<molecular biology> The nucleus contains RNA that has just been synthesised, but in addition there is some that seems not to be released or is only released after further processing, the heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and small RNA molecules associated with protein to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear run off assay
<investigation, procedure> Technique for determining which genes are being actively transcribed at a given moment in an experiment by extracting nuclear material and allowing transcription to continue, then analysing the resulting RNAs. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear sap
Synonym for karyolymph ... The presumably fluid substance or gel of the nucleus in which stainable elements were believed to be suspended; much that was formerly considered to be karyolymph is now known to be euchromatin. ... Synonym: nuclear hyaloplasm, nuclear sap, nucleochylema, nucleochyme. ... Origin: karyo-+ L. Lympha, clear water ... (05 Mar 200 …

nuclear scaffold serine protease
<enzyme> Calcium-regulated serine protease which cleaves a subset of lamins a/c (intermediate filament proteins) to produce an ATP-binding protein; partial amino-terminal amino acid sequence given in first source ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.- ... Synonym: ns protease ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

nuclear sclerosis
Increased refractivity of the central portion of the lens of the eye. ... See: nuclear cataract. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear spindle
Synonym for mitotic spindle ... See: spindle and mitosis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear stain
<technique> A stain for cell nuclei, usually based on the binding of a basic dye to DNA or nucleohistone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclear transplantation
<procedure> Experimental approach in study of nucleo cytoplasmic interactions, in which a nucleus is transferred from one cell to the cytoplasm (which may be anucleate) of a second. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear transport
<cell biology> Passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus, presumably via nuclear pores. Passage of proteins into the nucleus may depend on possession of a nuclear location sequence containing five consecutive positively charged residues PKKKRKV). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nuclear warfare
Warfare involving the use of nuclear weapons. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Ratio of volume of nucleus to volume of cytoplasm, fairly constant for a particular cell type and usually increased in malignant neoplasms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclease
<enzyme> An enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleate
A salt of a nucleic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleate endonuclease
Synonym for endonuclease Serratia marcescens ... A nuclease (a nucleate oligonucleotidohydrolase) that forms oligonucleotides ending in 5'-phosphates from RNA and DNA; hydrolyzes both double-stranded and single-stranded polynucleic acids. ... Synonym: nucleate endonuclease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleated
Provided with a nucleus, a characteristic of all true cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleation
<molecular biology> A general term used in polymerisation or assembly reactions where the first steps are energetically less favoured than the continuation of growth. Polymerisation is much faster if a pre formed seed is used to nucleate growth. (e.g. Microtubule growth is nucleated from the microtubule organising centre, although the nature …

nuclei
Plural of nucleus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei anteriores thalami
Synonym for anterior nuclei of thalamus ... Collective term for three groups of nerve cells which together form the anterior thalamic tubercle: the anteroventral nuclei, a relatively large nucleus; the anteromedial nuclei; and the anterodorsal nuclei, a small (but large-celled) nucleus. The nuclei receive the mamillothalamic tract from the mamillary …

nuclei arcuati
Synonym for arcuate nuclei ... A variable assembly of small cell groups, probably outlying components of the pontine nuclei, on the ventral and medial aspects of the pyramid in the medulla oblongata. ... Synonym: nuclei arcuati. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei basales
Synonym for basal nuclei ... Nucleus of the cerebral hemisphere that originally included the caudate and lenticular nuclei, the claustrum and the amygdaloid body (complex); functionally the term basal nuclei now specifies the caudate and lenticular nuclei and adjacent cell groups having important connections therewith (subthalamic nucleus; substanti …

nuclei cochleares
The nucleus cochlearis dorsalis and nucleus cochlearis ventralis, located on the dorsal and lateral surface of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, in the floor of the lateral recess of the rhomboid fossa. They receive the incoming fibres of the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve and are the major source of origin of the lateral lemniscus or …

nuclei corporis mamillaris
Synonym for nuclei of mamillary body ... A single large-celled lateral nucleus and a larger bipartite medial nucleus together comprising the mamillary body; present in the caudal hypothalamus. ... Synonym: nuclei corporis mamillaris, nucleus of the mamillary body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei intralaminares thalami
Synonym for intralaminar nuclei of thalamus ... Collective term denoting several cell groups embedded in the internal medullary lamina of the thalamus: central lateral nucleus, paracentral nucleus, and farthest caudally, the large centromedian nucleus. The first two of these receive afferents from the cerebral cortex, brainstem, reticular formation, …

nuclei nervi cochlearis
Synonym for nuclei cochleares ... The nucleus cochlearis dorsalis and nucleus cochlearis ventralis, located on the dorsal and lateral surface of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, in the floor of the lateral recess of the rhomboid fossa. They receive the incoming fibres of the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve and are the major source of o …

nuclei nervi vestibulocochlearis
Synonym for vestibulocochlear nuclei ... The combined cochlear and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem that receive the incoming fibres of the eighth cranial nerve. ... See: vestibular nucleus. ... Synonym: nuclei nervi vestibulocochlearis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei nervorum cranialium
Synonym for nuclei of cranial nerves ... Groups of nerve cells associated with the cranial nerves either as motor nuclei (nuclei originis) or sensory nuclei (nuclei terminationis). ... Synonym: nuclei nervorum cranialium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei of cranial nerves
Groups of nerve cells associated with the cranial nerves either as motor nuclei (nuclei originis) or sensory nuclei (nuclei terminationis). ... Synonym: nuclei nervorum cranialium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei of mamillary body
A single large-celled lateral nucleus and a larger bipartite medial nucleus together comprising the mamillary body; present in the caudal hypothalamus. ... Synonym: nuclei corporis mamillaris, nucleus of the mamillary body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei of origin
Collections of motor neurons (forming a continuous column in the spinal cord, discontinuous in the medulla and pons) giving origin to the spinal and cranial motor nerves. ... Synonym: nuclei originis, motor nuclei. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei originis
Synonym for nuclei of origin ... Collections of motor neurons (forming a continuous column in the spinal cord, discontinuous in the medulla and pons) giving origin to the spinal and cranial motor nerves. ... Synonym: nuclei originis, motor nuclei. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei parabrachiales
Synonym for parabrachial nuclei ... The cell groups flanking the brachium conjunctivum at levels immediately caudal to the inferior colliculus; they serve as way-stations in the pathways ascending from the nucleus of solitary tract to the thalamus and hypothalamus, and receive afferent fibres from the hypothalamus and amygdaloid body. ... Synonym: nu …

nuclei pontis
Synonym for pontine nuclei ... The massive gray matter filling the basilar pons. The nuclei are of fairly homogeneous architecture and project to the cortex of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere by way of the middle cerebellar peduncle. Their main afferents come from the entire extent of the cerebral neocortex by way of the longitudinal pontine …

nuclei raphes
Synonym for raphe nuclei ... Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibres from the level of the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the medulla oblongata. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nuclei tegmenti
Synonym for tegmental nuclei ... Collective term for two small round cell groups in the caudal part of the midbrain (caudal pontine tegmental nucleus, nucleus tegmenti pontis caudalis and oral pontine tegmental nucleus, nucleus tegmenti pontis oralis), associated with the mamillary body by way of the mamillary peduncle and mamillotegmental tract. …

nuclei terminationis
Tetracyclic steroid nucleus, the group of four fused rings forming the framework or parent substance of the steroids. ... Synonym: perhydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene, steroid nucleus, terminal nuclei. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclei tuberales
Synonym for tuberal nuclei ... Two or three small, encapsulated, round or ovoid clusters of cells in the lateral hypothalamic area along the surface of the tuber cinereum; their connections and functional significance are unknown. ... Synonym: nuclei tuberales, lateral tuberal nuclei. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleic acid
<biochemistry, molecular biology> Linear polymers of nucleotides, linked by 3', 5' phosphodiester linkages. In DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, the sugar group is deoxyribose and the bases of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. RNA, ribonucleic acid, has ribose as the sugar and uracil replaces thymine. DNA functions as a stable …

nucleic acid base
A purine or pyrimidine; found in naturally occurring nucleic acids such as DNA. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleic acid conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide. Its secondary structure is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between nucleotides, resulting in base pairing and areas with alpha helix structure. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acid denaturation
Disorganization of secondary structures of nucleic acids through cleavage of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic linkages. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acid heteroduplexes
Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mappin …

nucleic acid hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded dnas or rnas to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and iso …

nucleic acid precursors
Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acid probe
A nucleic acid fragment, labelled by a radioisotope, biotin, etc., that is complementary to a sequence in another nucleic acid (fragment) and that will, by hydrogen binding to the latter, locate or identify it and be detected; a diagnostic technique based on the fact that every species of microbe possesses some unique nucleic acid sequences which d …

nucleic acid probes
Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acid renaturation
The reformation of all, or part of, the native conformation of a nucleic acid molecule after the molecule has undergone denaturation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleic acids
Highly complex portions of nucleoproteins that yield a mixture of purines and pyrimidines, a ribose or deoxyribose component, and phosphoric acid on complete hydrolysis. The two general types are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleiform
Shaped like or having the appearance of a nucleus. ... Synonym: nucleoid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nuclein
The term used by Friedrich Miescher to describe the nuclear material he discovered in 1869, which today is known as DNA. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

nucleinase
An obsolete term for nuclease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleinic base
An obsolete term for purine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleo-
Nucl- ... Nucleus, nuclear. ... See: karyo-, caryo-. ... Origin: L. Nucleus ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleocapsid
<virology> The coat (capsid) of a virus plus the enclosed nucleic acid genome. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleocapsid proteins
Viral proteins found in either the nucleocapsid or the viral core (viral core proteins). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleochylema
Synonym: karyolymph. ... Origin: nucleo-+ G. Chylos, juice ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleochyme
Synonym for karyolymph ... The presumably fluid substance or gel of the nucleus in which stainable elements were believed to be suspended; much that was formerly considered to be karyolymph is now known to be euchromatin. ... Synonym: nuclear hyaloplasm, nuclear sap, nucleochylema, nucleochyme. ... Origin: karyo-+ L. Lympha, clear water ... (05 Mar 200 …

nucleocortical fibres
General term for projections from a nucleus to an overlying cortical structure; specifically used to designate axons of cerebellar nuclear cells that project to the cerebellar cortex (cerebellar nucleocortical fibres) where they end as mossy fibres. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleocytoplasmic transport
<cell biology, molecular biology> Transport of molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleofilaments
A filamentary form of chromosome formed in low ionic strength solutions; fibres are about 100 A° wide and have a string-of-beads appearance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleofugal
1. Moving within the cell body in a direction away from the nucleus. ... 2. Moving in a direction away from a nerve nucleus; said of nerve transmission. ... Origin: nucleo-+ L. Fugio, to flee ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleohistone
A complex of histone and deoxyribonucleic acid, the form in which the latter is usually found in the nuclei of cells; nucleohistone may be viewed as a salt between the basic protein and the acidic nucleic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleoid
<cell biology> Region of cell in a bacterium that contains the DNA. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleoid region
Area in a prokaryotic cell that contains the genetic material. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

nucleolar chromosome
A chromosome regularly associated with a nucleolus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleolar organiser
<molecular biology> Loop of DNA that has multiple copies of rRNA genes. ... See: nucleolus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleolar zone
Synonym for nucleolar organiser ... <molecular biology> Loop of DNA that has multiple copies of rRNA genes. ... See: nucleolus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleolar-nuclear ratio
Ratio of volume of nucleolus to volume of nucleus, usually increased in malignant neoplasms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleoli
Plural of nucleolus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleoliform
Resembling a nucleolus. ... Synonym: nucleoloid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleolin
<protein> A major nucleolar protein (100 kD) that functions as a shuttle protein between nucleus and cytoplasm and is also found on the cell surface. Nucleolin binds midkine and heparin binding growth associated molecule (HB GAM). Medline 1995 ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleoloid
Synonym: nucleoliform. ... Origin: nucleolus + G. Eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleolonema
The irregular network or rows of fine ribonucleoprotein granules or microfilaments forming most of the nucleolus. ... Origin: nucleolus + G. Nema, thread ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleolus
<cell biology> A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. The nucleolus surrounds a region of one or more chromosomes (the nucleolar organiser) in wh …

nucleolus organiser
Synonym for nucleolar organiser ... <molecular biology> Loop of DNA that has multiple copies of rRNA genes. ... See: nucleolus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

nucleolus organiser region
The chromosome region which is active in nucleolus formation and which functions in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

nucleomicrosome
Synonym for karyomicrosome ... One of the minute particles or granules making up the substance of the cell nucleus. ... Synonym: nucleomicrosome. ... Origin: karyo-+ G. Mikros, small, + soma, body ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

nucleon
<physics> Any particle found in the structure of an atomic nucleus, i.e., neutron or proton. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

nucleopetal
1. Moving in the cell body in a direction toward the nucleus. ... 2. Moving in a direction toward a nerve nucleus; said of a nervous impulse. ... Origin: nucleo-+ L. Peto, to seek ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Nucleophaga
A microsporan parasite of amoebae which destroys the nucleus of its host. ... Origin: nucleo-+ G. Phago, to eat ... (05 Mar 2000) ...