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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

objective probability
A probability of an outcome based either on unassailable theory or extensive empirical experience of exactly the same combination of circumstances; the notion also implies that the realization concerned has not been effected and therefore even in principle not known with certainty. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

objective psychology
Psychology as studied by observation of the behaviour and mental functions in others. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

objective sensation
A sensation caused by a verifiable stimulus. ... Primary sensation, a sensation that is the direct result of a stimulus. ... Referred sensation, a sensation felt in one place in response to a stimulus applied in another. ... Synonym: reflex sensation, transferred sensation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

objective sign
<clinical sign> A sign that is evident to the examiner. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

objective symptom
A symptom that is evident to the observer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

objective synonym
<zoology> Each of two or more different names applied to one and the same taxon based on the same type. ... See: Synonym. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

objective, fluorite
<microscopy> An objective using the mineral fluorite in its construction. It is usually intermediate between achromatic and apochromatic in correction, but may be more highly corrected. ... See: illumination, eyepiece. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

oblate
One of an association of priests or religious women who have offered themselves to the service of the church. There are three such associations of priests, and one of women, called oblates. ... One of the Oblati. ... Origin: From Oblate. ... 1. <geometry> Flattened or depressed at the poles; as, the earth is an oblate spheroid. ... 2. Offered up; …

obligate
Without an alternative system or pathway. ... Origin: L. Ob-ligo, pp. -atus, to bind to ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obligate aerobe
An organism which cannot live or grow in the absence of oxygen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obligate parasite
A parasite that cannot lead an independent nonparasitic existence, in contrast to facultative parasite. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblige
1. To attach, as by a bond. 'He had obliged all the senators and magistrates firmly to himself.' (Bacon) ... 2. To constrain by physical, moral, or legal force; to put under obligation to do or forbear something. 'The obliging power of the law is neither founded in, nor to be measured by, the rewards and punishments annexed to it.' (South) 'Religion …

oblique
1. Not erect or perpendicular; neither parallel to, nor at right angles from, the base; slanting; inclined. 'It has a direction oblique to that of the former motion.' (Cheyne) ... 2. Not straightforward; indirect; obscure; hence, disingenuous; underhand; perverse; sinister. 'The love we bear our friends. Hath in it certain oblique ends.' (Drayton) ' …

oblique amputation
Amputation in which the line of section through an extremity is at other than a right angle; this yields an oval appearance to the cut surface (hence sometimes, though rarely, referred to as an oval amputation). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique arytenoid
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; insertion, summit of arytenoid cartilage of opposite side and continuing as the aryepiglottic muscle in the aryepiglottic fold to the epiglottis; action, narrows the interarytenoid portion of the rima glottidis; nerve supply, recurrent laryngeal. ... Synonym: musculus arytenoid …

oblique auricular muscle
<anatomy> A thin band of oblique muscular fibres extending from the upper part of the eminence of the concha to the convexity of the helix, running across the groove corresponding to the inferior crus of the anthelix. ... Synonym: musculus obliquus auriculae, oblique muscle of auricle, Tod's muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique bandage
A bandage in which the successive turns proceed obliquely up or down the limb. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique bundle of pons
Synonym for oblique pontine fasciculus ... A bundle of fibres in the ventral surface of the pons running from the anterior mesial portion outward and backward. ... Synonym: fasciculus obliquus pontis, oblique bundle of pons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique cord
Synonym for oblique ligament of elbow joint ... A slender band extending from the lateral part of the coronoid process of the ulna distad and laterad to the radius immediately distal to the bicipital tuberosity. ... Synonym: chorda obliqua, oblique cord, round ligament of elbow joint, Weitbrecht's cord, Weitbrecht's ligament. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique diameter
A measurement across the pelvic inlet from the sacroiliac joint of one side to the opposite iliopectineal eminence. ... Synonym: diameter obliqua. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique facial cleft
Synonym for prosoposchisis ... Congenital facial cleft from mouth to the inner canthus of the eye. ... Synonym: oblique facial cleft. ... Origin: prosopo-+ G. Schisis, fissure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique fibres of stomach
The smooth muscle fibres of the innermost layer of the muscular coat of the stomach; the fibres occur chiefly at the cardiac end of the stomach and spread over the anterior and posterior surfaces. ... Synonym: fibrae obliquae gastrici. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique fissure
Synonym for oblique fissure of lung ... The deep fissure in each lung that runs obliquely downward and forward. It divides the upper and lower lobes of the left lung and separates the upper and middle lobes from the lower lobe of the right lung. ... Synonym: fissura obliqua pulmonis, major fissure, oblique fissure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique fissure of lung
The deep fissure in each lung that runs obliquely downward and forward. It divides the upper and lower lobes of the left lung and separates the upper and middle lobes from the lower lobe of the right lung. ... Synonym: fissura obliqua pulmonis, major fissure, oblique fissure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique fracture
A fracture the line of which runs obliquely to the axis of the bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique head
Head of origin which is diagonally situated. Nomina Anatomica lists oblique heads (caput obliquum...) of the following: 1) adductor hallucis muscle (... Musculi adductoris hallucis ); 2) adductor pollicis muscle (... Musculi adductoris pollicis ). ... Synonym: caput obliquum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique illumination
Synonym for focal illumination ... Illumination in which a beam of light is directed diagonally to an object so that it is brilliantly illuminated while the surrounding area is in shadow. ... Synonym: lateral illumination, oblique illumination. ... Kohler illumination, a method of illumination of microscopic objects in which the image of the light sou …

oblique lie
That relationship in which the long axis of the foetus crosses the maternal axis at an angle other than a right angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique ligament of elbow joint
A slender band extending from the lateral part of the coronoid process of the ulna distad and laterad to the radius immediately distal to the bicipital tuberosity. ... Synonym: chorda obliqua, oblique cord, round ligament of elbow joint, Weitbrecht's cord, Weitbrecht's ligament. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique line
A diagonal, sloping or slanting line; a line which is neither parallel nor perpendiculr, neither horizonal nor vertical. ... See: oblique line of mandible, oblique line of thyroid cartilage. ... Synonym: linea obliqua. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique line of mandible
The line on the external surface of the mandible that extends from the mental tubercle to the ramus and separates the alveolar and basilar parts of the bone. ... Synonym: linea obliqua mandibulae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique line of thyroid cartilage
A ridge on the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage that gives attachment to the sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles. ... Synonym: linea obliqua cartilaginis thyroidea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique muscle of auricle
Synonym for oblique auricular muscle ... <anatomy> A thin band of oblique muscular fibres extending from the upper part of the eminence of the concha to the convexity of the helix, running across the groove corresponding to the inferior crus of the anthelix. ... Synonym: musculus obliquus auriculae, oblique muscle of auricle, Tod's muscle. ... ( …

oblique part of cricothyroid muscle
<anatomy> See: cricothyroid muscle. ... Synonym: pars obliqua musculi cricothyroidei. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique pericardial sinus
The recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart bounded laterally by the pericardial reflections on the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava, and posteriorly by the pericardium overlying the anterior aspect of the oesophagus. ... Synonym: sinus obliquus pericardii, oblique sinus of pericardium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique pontine fasciculus
A bundle of fibres in the ventral surface of the pons running from the anterior mesial portion outward and backward. ... Synonym: fasciculus obliquus pontis, oblique bundle of pons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique popliteal ligament
<anatomy> Reflected tendon of insertion of semimembranous muscle; a fibrous band that extends across the back of the knee from its separation from the direct tendon of insertion on the medial condyle of the tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur. ... Synonym: ligamentum popliteum obliquum, Bourgery's ligament. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique projection
Any radiographic projection between frontal and lateral. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique ridge
A ridge on the masticatory surface of an upper molar tooth from the mesiolingual to the distobuccal cusp. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique ridge of trapezium
Synonym for tubercle of trapezium ... A prominent ridge on the trapezium forming the lateral border of the groove in which runs the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis. ... Synonym: tuberculum ossis trapezii, oblique ridge of trapezium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblique section
A diagonal cross section attained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or anatomic structure, in any plane which does not parallel the longitudinal axis or intersect it at a right angle, i.e., which is neither longitudinal (vertical) nor transverse (horizontal). ... Synonym: diagonal section. ... (05 Ma …

oblique sinus of pericardium
Synonym for oblique pericardial sinus ... The recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart bounded laterally by the pericardial reflections on the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava, and posteriorly by the pericardium overlying the anterior aspect of the oesophagus. ... Synonym: sinus obliquus pericardii, oblique sinus of p …

oblique vein of left atrium
A small vein on the posterior wall of the left atrium which merges with the great cardiac vein to form the coronary sinus; it is developed from the left common cardinal vein, and occasionally persists as a left superior vena cava. ... Synonym: vena obliqua atrii sinistri, Marshall's oblique vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliquity
Synonym for asynclitism ... Absence of synclitism or parallelism between the axis of the presenting part of the child and the pelvic planes in childbirth. ... Synonym: obliquity. ... Origin: G. A-priv. + syn-klino, to incline together ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliquus
Denoting a structure having an oblique course or direction; a name given, with further qualification, to several muscles. ... See: muscle. ... Origin: L. Slanting, oblique ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliquus capitis inferior
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, spinous process of axis; insertion, transverse process of the atlas; action, rotates head; origin, spinous process of axis; insertion, transverse process of the atlas; nerve supply, suboccipital. ... See: suboccipital muscles. ... Synonym: musculus obliquus capitis inferior, inferior oblique muscle of head. ... (05 Mar …

obliquus capitis superior
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, transverse process of atlas; insertion, lateral third of inferior nuchal line; action, rotates head; nerve supply, suboccipital. ... See: suboccipital muscles. ... Synonym: musculus obliquus capitis superior, superior oblique muscle of head. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliterating pericarditis
Complete obliteration by postinflammatory adhesions of the pericardial cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliteration
Blotting out, especially by filling of a natural space or lumen by fibrosis or inflammation. In radiology, disappearance of the contour of an organ when the adjacent tissue has the same X-ray absorption. ... Origin: L. Oblittero, to blot out ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obliterative arachnoiditis
Synonym for adhesive arachnoiditis ... Thickening of the leptomeninges, sometimes with obliteration of the subarachnoid space; commonly related to acute or chronic leptomeningitis of bacterial or chemical origin. ... See: leptomeningeal fibrosis. ... Synonym: obliterative arachnoiditis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblong fovea of arytenoid cartilage
A broad shallow depression on the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, for attachment of the thyroarytenoid muscle. ... Synonym: fovea oblonga cartilaginis arytenoideae, oblong pit of arytenoid cartilage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oblong pit of arytenoid cartilage
Synonym for oblong fovea of arytenoid cartilage ... A broad shallow depression on the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage, for attachment of the thyroarytenoid muscle. ... Synonym: fovea oblonga cartilaginis arytenoideae, oblong pit of arytenoid cartilage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obnubilation
A clouded mental state. ... Origin: L. Ob-nubilo, to becloud, obscure, fr. Nubes, cloud ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

OBS
Synonym for organic brain syndrome ... <syndrome> A constellation of behavioural or psychological signs and symptoms including problems with attention, concentration, memory, confusion, anxiety, and depression caused by transient or permanent dysfunction of the brain. ... Synonym: acute organic brain syndrome, OBS, organic mental syndrome. ... ( …

obscure
1. Covered over, shaded, or darkened; destitute of light; imperfectly illuminated; dusky; dim. 'His lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness.' (Prov. Xx. 20) ... 2. Of or pertaining to darkness or night; inconspicuous to the sight; indistinctly seen; hidden; retired; remote from observation; unnoticed. 'The obscure bird Clamored the livelong night. …

observance
1. The act or practice of observing or noticing with attention; a heeding or keeping with care; performance; usually with a sense of strictness and fidelity; as, the observance of the Sabbath is general; the strict observance of duties. 'It is a custom More honored in the breach than the observance.' (Shak) ... 2. An act, ceremony, or rite, as of wo …

observation
An act or the faculty of observing or taking notice: an act of seeing or fixing the mind upon something, an act of recognising and noting measurement of some magnitude with suitable instruments. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

observer
One who perceives, notices, or watches; in behavioural research with humans, the investigator or his/her surrogate. ... Origin: L. Observo, to watch ... Nonparticipant observer, an investigator who studies a group of subjects engaged in certain activities but does not directly participate in these activities, presumably being able to study them more …

observer variation
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from o …

obsession
<psychiatry> A recurrent, persistent thought, image or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination and self doubt. ... Origin: L. Obsessio ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

obsessional neurosis
Synonym for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder ... A psychological disorder with a pervasive pattern of inflexible perfectionism which begins by early adulthood as indicated by many of the following symptoms: an unattainable perfectionism with overly strict standards which often make it impossible to complete a task; preoccupation with detail …

obsessive behaviour
Persistent, unwanted idea or impulse which is considered normal when it does not markedly interfere with mental processes or emotional adjustment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

obsessive personality
Synonym for obsessive-compulsive personality ... The personality of an individual whose overriding personal needs are manifested by a rigid, pervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility, as he or she continually strives for clearly unattainable goals, to the point that such behaviour frequently interferes with the actual completion of tasks …

obsessive-compulsive
A form of personality (or personality disorder) marked by obsessions and compulsions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterised by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behaviour which the individual generally recognises as senseless and from which the individual does not deri …

obsessive-compulsive neurosis
A disorder characterised by the persistent and repetitive intrusion of unwanted thoughts, urges, or actions that the individual is unable to prevent; the compulsive thoughts may consist of single words, ideas, or ruminations often perceived by the sufferer as nonsensical; the repetitive urges or actions vary from simple movements to complex rituals …

obsessive-compulsive personality
The personality of an individual whose overriding personal needs are manifested by a rigid, pervasive pattern of perfectionism and inflexibility, as he or she continually strives for clearly unattainable goals, to the point that such behaviour frequently interferes with the actual completion of tasks and projects. ... Synonym: obsessive personality. …

obsidian
<chemical> A kind of glass produced by volcanoes. It is usually of a black colour, and opaque, except in thin splinters. ... In a thin section it often exhibits a fluidal structure, marked by the arrangement of microlites in the lines of the flow of the molten mass. ... Origin: L. Obsidianus lapis, so named, according to Pliny, after one Obsidi …

obsolescence
Falling into disuse; denoting the abolition of a function. ... Origin: L. Obsolesco, to grow out of use ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obsolete
1. No longer in use; gone into disuse; disused; neglected; as, an obsolete word; an obsolete statute; applied chiefly to words, writings, or observances. ... 2. <biology> Not very distinct; obscure; rudimental; imperfectly developed; abortive. ... Synonym: Ancient, antiquated, old-fashioned, antique, old, disused, neglected. See Ancient. ... Ori …

obstacle
That which stands in the way, or opposes; anything that hinders progress; a hindrance; an obstruction, physical or moral. 'If all obstacles were cut away. And that my path were even to the crown.' (Shak) ... Synonym: Impediment, obstuction, hindrance, difficulty. See Impediment, and Obstruction. ... Origin: F, fr. L. Obstaculum, fr. Obstare to withst …

obstacle sense
The ability, often found in the blind, to avoid objects without visual warning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstetric
Pertaining to obstetrics ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

obstetric conjugate
The diameter that represents the shortest diameter through which the head must pass in descending into the superior strait and measures, by means of X-ray, the distance from the promontory of the sacrum to a point on the inner surface of the symphysis a few millimeters below its upper margin. ... Synonym: obstetric conjugate diameter. ... (05 Mar 200 …

obstetric conjugate diameter
Synonym for obstetric conjugate ... The diameter that represents the shortest diameter through which the head must pass in descending into the superior strait and measures, by means of X-ray, the distance from the promontory of the sacrum to a point on the inner surface of the symphysis a few millimeters below its upper margin. ... Synonym: obstetric …

obstetric position
The position assumed by the parturient woman, either dorsal recumbent or lateral recumbent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstetric surgical procedures
Surgery performed on the pregnant woman for conditions associated with pregnancy, labour, or the puerperium. It does not include surgery of the newborn infant. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

obstetric ultrasound
Use of diagnostic ultrasound during pregnancy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstetrical
Of or pertaining to midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed; as, the obstetric art. ... <zoology> Obstetrical toad, a European toad of the genus Alytes, especially A. Obstetricans. The eggs are laid in a string which the male winds around his legs, and carries about until the young are hatched. ... Origin: L. Obstetricius, fr. Obstetrix …

obstetrical binder
A supporting garment covering the abdomen from the ribs to the trochanters, tightly pinned at the back, affording support after childbirth or, rarely, during childbirth. ... T-binder, two strips of cloth at right angles; used for retaining dressing, as on the perineum. ... Synonym: T-bandage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstetrical forceps
An instrument with two blades and a handle designed to aid in the vaginal delivery of a baby. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

obstetrical hand
Synonym for accoucheur's hand ... Position of the hand in tetany or in muscular dystrophy; the fingers are flexed at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extended at the phalangeal joints, with the thumb flexed and adducted into the palm; in resemblance to the position of the physician's hand in making a vaginal examination. ... Synonym: main d'accouch …

obstetrical nursing
Nursing care given to the pregnant patient before, after, or during childbirth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

obstetrical palsy
A brachial plexus lesion sustained by the infant during the birthing process; three types are recognised: 1) upper plexus type, affects the shoulder and upper arm (Erb palsy); 2) total plexus type, involves the whole arm; 3) lower plexus type, involves the forearm and hand (Klumpke palsy). ... Synonym: obstetrical paralysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstetrical paralysis
Synonym for obstetrical palsy ... A brachial plexus lesion sustained by the infant during the birthing process; three types are recognised: 1) upper plexus type, affects the shoulder and upper arm (Erb palsy); 2) total plexus type, involves the whole arm; 3) lower plexus type, involves the forearm and hand (Klumpke palsy). ... Synonym: obstetrical pa …

obstetrician
<specialist> A physician specialist expert in the delivery of total obstetrical care and the diagnosis and treatment of gynaecological disease. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

obstetrics
A branch of medicine dealing with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the period during which they recover from childbirth. ... Origin: L. Obstetricius ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

obstinacy
1. A fixedness in will, opinion, or resolution that can not be shaken at all, or only with great difficulty; firm and usually unreasonable adherence to an opinion, purpose, or system; unyielding disposition; stubborness; pertinacity; persistency; contumacy. 'You do not well in obstinacy To cavil in the course of this contract.' (Shak) 'To shelter t …

obstinate
1. Firmly adhering to one's own purpose, opinion, etc. Even when wrong; not yielding to argument, persuasion, or entreaty. ... Synonym: intractable, refractory. ... Synonym: refractory. ... Origin: L. Obstinatus, determined ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstipation
Intractable constipation. ... Origin: L. Obstipatio ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

obstruction
1. The act of blocking or clogging. ... 2. The state or condition of being clogged. ... Origin: L. Obstructio ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

obstructive apnea
Peripheral apnea, apnea either as the result of obstruction of the air passages or inadequate respiratory muscle activity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive appendicitis
Acute appendicitis due to infection of retained secretion behind an obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith or some other cause, including carcinoma of the caecum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive dysmenorrhoea
Synonym for mechanical dysmenorrhoea ... Dysmenorrhoea due to obstruction of discharge of menstrual blood, as in cervical stenosis. ... Synonym: obstructive dysmenorrhoea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus secondary to a block in cerebrospinal fluid flow in the ventricular system or between the ventricular system and spinal canal. ... Synonym: noncommunicating hydrocephalus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive jaundice
Jaundice resulting from obstruction to the flow of bile into the duodenum, whether intra-or extrahepatic. ... Synonym: mechanical jaundice. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive lung disease
<chest medicine> A form of lung disease that manifests as acute or chronic, narrowing or blockage of the smaller airways in the lungs, causing increased resistance to airflow in the bronchial tubes (for example asthma, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from smoking). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

obstructive murmur
A murmur caused by narrowing of one of the valvular orifices. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive pneumonia
Infection of lung resulting from obstruction of airway, by narrowing resulting from previous disease process, persistent bronchospasm, thick secretions or by aspiration of a foreign body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

obstructive pulmonary overinflation
Emphysema caused by obstruction of airways that has greater effect on expiration than inspiration; occurs reversibly with bronchospasm of asthma; localised process can be due to aspiration of a foreign body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...