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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

anadromous fish
Anadromous fish means fish which spawn in fresh water and spend a portion of their lives in the ocean. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anaemia
<haematology> Too few red blood cells in the bloodstream, resulting in insufficient oxygen to tissues and organs. ... Origin: Gr. Haima = blood ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

anaemia gravis
Synonym for aplastic anaemia ... <haematology> This form of anaemia occurs when the bone marrow ceases sufficient red and white blood cell production. It may be induced by exposures to high levels of toxic chemicals, radiation and certain drugs. ... It is generally unresponsive to specific therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thro …

anaemia neonatorum
Synonym for erythroblastosis foetalis ... <haematology> A condition which develops in the foetus due to an incompatibility between the mother's blood type (RH factor) and the baby's. Maternal antibodies, which enter the foetal circulation during delivery attack the baby's red blood cells leading to haemolysis (rupture of the cells). ... Symptom …

anaemia of chronic disease
<disease> A form of anaemia which develops as the result of a long-term infection or illness. Chronic diseases can interfere with red blood cell production in addition to shortening red blood cell life span in the body. ... Symptoms are largely due to the underlying disease. Haemoglobin and haematocrit are generally low. Iron studies may be lo …

anaemia, aplastic
A form of anaemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, Cooley's
Better known today as thalassaemia (or as beta thalassaemia or thalassaemia major).The clinical picture of this important type of anaemia was first described in 1925 by the paediatrician Thomas Benton Cooley. Another name for the disease is Mediterranean anaemia. The name thalassaemia was coined by the Nobel Prise winning pathologist George Whipple …

anaemia, haemolytic
Anaemia due to decreased life span of erythrocytes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, haemolytic, autoimmune
Acquired haemolytic anaemia due to the presence of autoantibodies which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own red cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, haemolytic, congenital
Haemolytic anaemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, hypochromic
Anaemia characterised by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of haemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less haemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anaemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron in …

anaemia, iron deficiency
Deficiency of iron results in anaemia because iron is necessary to make haemoglobin, the key molecule in red blood cells responsible for the transport of oxygen. In iron deficiency anaemia, the red cells are unusally small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic). Characteristic features of iron deficiency anaemia in children include failure to thrive ( …

anaemia, macrocytic
Anaemia characterised by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (mcv) and increased mean corpuscular haemoglobin (mch). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, mediterranean
Better known today as thalassaemia (or as beta thalassaemia or thalassaemia major).The clinical picture of this important type of anaemia was first described in 1925 by the paediatrician Thomas Benton Cooley. The name thalassaemia was coined by the Nobel Prise winning pathologist George Whipple and the professor of paediatrics Wm Bradford at U. Of …

anaemia, megaloblastic
Anaemia characterised by the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, myelophthisic
Anaemia characterised by appearance of immature myeloid and nucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, resulting from infiltration of the bone marrow by foreign or abnormal tissue. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, neonatal
The mildest form of erythroblastosis foetalis in which anaemia is the chief manifestation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, pernicious
A megaloblastic anaemia occurring in children but more commonly in later life, characterised by histamine-fast achlorhydria, in which the laboratory and clinical manifestations are based on malabsorption of vitamin b 12 due to a failure of the gastric mucosa to secrete adequate and potent intrinsic factor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, refractory
Anaemia (a shortage of red blood cells) unresponsive to treatment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, sickle cell
A disease characterised by chronic haemolytic anaemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for haemoglobin s. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemia, sideroblastic
Anaemia characterised by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaemic
Pertaining to or manifesting the various features of anaemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaemic anoxia
A term formerly considered synonymous with anaemic hypoxia, but now reserved for extremely severe cases in which oxygen is almost completely lacking. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaemic halo
Pale, relatively avascular areas in the skin seen around vascular spiders, cherry angiomas, and sometimes in acute macular eruptions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaemic hypoxia
Hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of functional haemoglobin or a reduced number of erythrocytes; it is caused by haemorrhage or anaemia of various types, or by poisoning with CO2, nitrites, or chlorates. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaemic infarct
An infarct in which little or no bleeding into tissue spaces occurs when the blood supply is obstructed. ... Synonym: pale infarct, white infarct. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaemic murmur
A nonvalvular murmur heard on auscultation of the heart and large blood vessels in cases of profound anaemia associated mainly with turbulent blood flow due to decreased blood viscosity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaerobe
A microorganism that either does not require oxygen or actually cannotlive in the presence of oyxgen. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anaerobic
1. Lacking molecular oxygen. ... 2. Growing, living or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen, pertaining to an anaerobe. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

anaerobic bacteria
Bacteria which thrive in the absence of oxygen. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

anaerobic digester
This is a bioreactor foranaerobically digesting sewage-laced wastewater.In it, anaerobic bacteriaproduce a mix of methane and carbon dioxide, asmuch as 90% of the chemical energy in the wastewater can be converted to methane, which is typically exhausted continuously and collected for useas a fuel or for a reagent for other industrial chemical reac …

anaerobic digestion
A biochemical process by which organic matter is decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen, producing methane and other byproducts. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

anaerobic respiration
Respiration under anaerobic conditions. The terminal electron acceptor, instead of oxygen in the case of regular respiration, can be: carbon dioxide, Fe2+, fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, sulphur, sulphate, etc. Note that anaerobic respiration still uses the electron transport chain to dump the electron while fermentation does not. ... (0 …

anaerobic threshold
The oxygen consumption level above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms during exercise, resulting in a sustained increase in lactate concentration and metabolic acidosis. The anaerobic threshold is affected by factors that modify oxygen delivery to the tissues; it is low in patients with heart disease. Methods of …

anaerobiosis
Life in the absence of air or free oxygen. ... Anaerobic respiration, respiration occurring in the absence of oxygen. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anaerogenic
<microbiology> Without forming gas, for example, anaerogenic fermentation. ... Origin: Gr. Gennan = to produce ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anaerophyte
1. A plant that grows without air. ... 2. An anaerobic bacterium. ... Origin: G. An-priv. + aer, air, + phyton, plant ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaeroplasty
Treatment of wounds by exclusion of air. ... Origin: G. An-not + aer, air, + plastos, formed ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthecinesia
Synonym for anaesthekinesia ... Combined sensory and motor paralysis. ... Synonym: anaesthecinesia. ... Origin: G. An-priv. + aesthesis, sensation, + kinesis, movement ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthekinesia
Combined sensory and motor paralysis. ... Synonym: anaesthecinesia. ... Origin: G. An-priv. + aesthesis, sensation, + kinesis, movement ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthesia
<anaesthetics, neurology> The loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. ... Origin: Gr. Aisthesis = sensation ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

anaesthesia adjuvants
Agents that are administered in association with anaesthetics to increase effectiveness, improve delivery, or decrease required dosage. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesia department, hospital
Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anaesthetics. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesia dolorosa
Severe spontaneous pain occurring in an anaesthetic area. ... Synonym: painful anaesthesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthesia machine
Equipment used for inhalation anaesthesia, including flowmeters, vaporisers, and sources of compressed gases, but not including the anaesthetic circuit or mechanisms for elimination of carbon dioxide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthesia record
A written account of drugs administered, procedures undertaken, and physiologic responses during the course of surgical or obstetrical anaesthesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthesia recovery period
The period of emergence from general anaesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesia, caudal
Epidural anaesthesia administered via the sacral canal. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesia, closed-circuit
Inhalation anaesthesia where the gases exhaled by the patient are rebreathed as some carbon dioxide is simultaneously removed and anaesthetic gas and oxygen are added so that no anaesthetic escapes into the room. Closed-circuit anaesthesia is used especially with explosive anaesthetics to prevent fires where electrical sparking from instruments is …

anaesthesia, inhalation
Anaesthesia caused by the breathing of anaesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anaesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesia, local
Anaesthesia confined to one part of the body. Infiltration anaesthesia produces local anaesthesia by deposition of a local anaesthesia solution in the area of small, terminal nerve endings. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthesiologist
1. A physician specializing solely in anaesthesiology and related areas. ... 2. An individual with a doctorate degree who is board-certified and legally qualified to administer anaesthetics and related techniques. ... Compare: anaesthetist. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthesiology
A specialty concerned with the study of anaesthetics and anaesthesia. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthetic
1. <neurology> Pertaining to, characterised by or producing anaesthesia. ... 2. <pharmacology> A drug or agent that is used to produce partial loss of feeling or sensation of pain. ... (14 May 1997) ...

anaesthetic circuit
Equipment used during inhalation anaesthesia to regulate concentrations of inhaled gases; includes a reservoir bag and usually directional valves, breathing tubes, and a carbon dioxide absorber. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic depth
The degree of central nervous system depression produced by a general anaesthetic agent; a function of potency of the anaesthetic and the concentration in which it is administered. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic ether
General designation for many ether's. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic gas
Synonym for inhalation anaesthetic ... A gas or a liquid with sufficient vapor pressure to produce general anaesthesia when breathed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic index
Ratio of the number of units of anaesthetic required for anaesthesia to the number of units of anaesthetic required to produce respiratory or cardiovascular failure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic leprosy
A form of leprosy chiefly affecting the nerves, marked by hyperesthesia succeeded by anaesthesia, and by paralysis, ulceration, and various trophic disturbances, terminating in gangrene and mutilation. ... Synonym: Danielssen's disease, Danielssen-Boeck disease, dry leprosy, trophoneurotic leprosy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic shock
Shock produced by the administration of anaesthetic drug(s), usually in relative overdosage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic vapor
The gaseous phase of a liquid anaesthetic with sufficient partial pressure at room temperature to produce general anaesthesia when inhaled. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetic, epidural
An anaesthetic injected into the epidural space surrounding the fluid-filled sac (the dura) around the spine which partially numbs the abdomen and legs. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthetics
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anaesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthetics, combined
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anaesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthetics, dissociative
Intravenous anaesthetics that induce a state of sedation, immobility, amnesia, and marked analgesia. Subjects may experience a strong feeling of dissociation from the environment. The condition produced is similar to neuroleptanalgesia, but is brought about by the administration of a single drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anaesthetics, general
Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anaesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anaesthesia varies with …

anaesthetics, inhalation
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anaesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anaesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anaesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentrat …

anaesthetics, intravenous
Ultrashort-acting anaesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are …

anaesthetics, local
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fibre. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anaesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. Nearly all loca …

anaesthetise
To produce loss of sensation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anaesthetist
<specialist> A specialist practiced in the administration of all forms of anaesthesia (general, spinal block, local, regional) ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

anaesthetization
The act of producing loss of sensation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagen
Growth phase of the hair cycle, lasting about 3 to 6 years in human scalp hair. ... Origin: G. Ana, up, + -gen, producing ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagen effluvium
Sudden diffuse hair shedding with cancer chemotherapy or radiation, usually reversible when treatment ends. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagenesis
1. Repair of tissue. ... 2. Regeneration of lost parts. ... Origin: G. Ana, up, + genesis, production ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagenetic
Pertaining to anagenesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagestone acetate
17-Hydroxy-6alpha-methylpregn-4-en-20-one acetate;a progestational agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Anagnostakis
Andrei, Cretan ophthalmologist, 1826-1897. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anagogy
Psychic content of an idealistic or spiritual nature. ... Origin: G. Anagoge, fr. An-ago, to lead up ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anakatadidymus
Anacatadidymus ... Conjoined twins united in the middle but separated above and below. ... Synonym: dicephalus dipygus. ... Origin: G. Ana, up, + kata, down, + didymos, twin ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anakhre
Synonym: goundou. ... Origin: Fr. Fr. Af. Native term meaning 'big nose' ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anakmesis
Arrest of maturation of leukocytes in their production centres, thereby resulting in greater numbers of young forms and progressively smaller proportions of mature granular cells in the bone marrow, as observed in agranulocytosis. ... Origin: G. An-priv. + akmenos, full grown, fr. Akme, highest point ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anakusis
Synonym for anacusis ... Total loss or absence of the ability to perceive sound as such. ... Synonym: anakusis. ... Origin: G. An-priv. + akousis, hearing ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal
<anatomy> Pertaining to the anus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

anal atresia
A congenital obstruction of the anal opening. Occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 infants. This condition is corrected through surgery. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

anal canal
The terminal portion of the alimentary canal; it extends from the pelvic diaphragm to the anal orifice. ... Synonym: canalis analis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal cleft
Synonym for natal cleft ... The sulcus between the buttocks (nates). ... Synonym: crena ani, anal cleft, crena clunium, gluteal cleft. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal columns
A number of vertical ridges in the mucous membrane of the upper half of the anal canal formed as the caliber of the canal is sharply reduced from that of the rectal ampulla. ... Synonym: columnae anales, Morgagni's columns, rectal columns. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal crypts
Synonym for anal sinuses ... The grooves between the anal columns. ... Synonym: Morgagni's sinus. ... Pockets or crypts in the columnar zone of the anal canal between the anocutaneous line and the anorectal line; the sinuses give the mucosa a scalloped appearance. ... Synonym: sinus anales, anal crypts, Morgagni's crypts, rectal sinuses. ... (05 Mar 200 …

anal ducts
Short duct's lined with simple columnar to stratified columnar epithelium that extend from the valvulae anales to the sinus anales. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal erotism
Pleasurable experience centreed around defecation and related activities associated with the anal zone, especially during the anal phase in one-to three-year-old children. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal fascia
Synonym for inferior fascia of pelvic diaphragm ... The fascia that covers the inferior aspect of the levator ani and coccygeus muscles. ... Synonym: fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior, anal fascia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal fissure
A tear or superficial laceration that can occur in the mucosa that lines the anal canal. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

anal fistula
A fistula opening at or near the anus; usually, but not always, opening into the rectum above the internal sphincter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal gland
One of a number of large sudoriferous gland's in the mucous membrane of the anus, an incorrect synonym for anal sac. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal membrane
The dorsal portion of the embryonic cloacal membrane after its division by the urorectal septum. ... Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane, the fibrous layer that extends from the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. ... Synonym: membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal orifice
Synonym for anus ... <anatomy> The distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

anal phase
In psychoanalytic personality theory, the stage of psychosexual development, occurring when a child is between 1 and 3 years, during which activities, interests, and concerns are centreed around the anal zone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anal pit
Synonym for proctodeum ... 1. An ectodermally lined depression under the root of the tail, adjacent to the terminal part of the embryonic hindgut; at its bottom, proctodeal ectoderm and cloacal endoderm form the cloacal plate. When this epithelial plate ruptures, the anal and urogenital external orifices are established. ... Synonym: anal pit. ... 2. …