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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

critical habitat
<ecology> Specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species at the time it is listed in accordance with the Endangered Species act. ... Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed if there is a determination that such areas are essential for conservation of the species. ... (09 Oct 1 …

critical illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

critical illness polyneuropathy
A diffuse axon loss sensorimotor polyneuropathy seen in severely ill patients, usually in the intensive care unit; most patients have been on multiple drugs, and cannot be weaned from ventilatory support; electrodiagnostic studies show evidence of an axon loss polyneuropathy, predominantly motor; of unknown aetiology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical mass
<chemistry, radiobiology> The minimum amount of mass of a combination of radioactive substances needed for the substances to generate and lose an exactly balanced number of neutrons to make a chain reaction which will keep going by itself. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

critical micelle concentration
The concentration at which an amphipathic molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) will form a micelle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical organ
The organ or physiologic system that for a given source of radiation would first reach its legally defined maximum permissible radiation exposure as the dose of radiopharmaceutical is increased; e.g., the kidney is the critical organ when 197Hg-chlormerodrin is given. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical pathway
Schedules of medical and nursing procedures, including diagnostic tests, medications, and consultations designed to effect an efficient, coordinated program of treatment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

critical period
<psychology> A specific stage in animal and human development during which certain types of behaviour normally are shaped and molded for life. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

critical pH
The pH range, about 5.5, at which saliva ceases to be saturated with respect to calcium and phosphate, and below which tooth mineral will dissolve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical point
A point at which two phases become identical; thus, at a given critical temperature and critical pressure, the liquid and gaseous state of a particular substance can no longer be differentiated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical point drying
<procedure> A method for preparing specimens for the scanning electron microscope that avoids the problems of shrinkage caused by normal drying procedures. ... Water in the specimen is replaced by an intermediate fluid, for example liquid carbon dioxide, avoiding setting up a liquid/gas interface and then the second fluid is allowed to vaporis …

critical pressure
The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at the critical temperature. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical rate
A heart rate at which aberration or incomplete block will occur; a result of shortening of cycle length so that it barely includes the refractory period. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical temperature
The temperature of a gas above which it is no longer possible by use of any pressure, however great, to convert it into a liquid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

critical velocity
<biology> The maximum speed a device or organism can sustain over a specified distance or length of time, or the maximum velocity against which device or organism can sustain a position over a specified length of time. ... <marine biology> Velocity through which a fish will not swim, creating a velocity barrier. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

crk
<oncogene> An oncogene, identified in a chicken sarcoma, encoding an activator of tyrosine protein kinase. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

CRK4 protein kinase
<enzyme> From mouse, has 85% amino acid identity with xenopus m015 protein kinase; genbank x74145 ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: crk4 pk ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

CRL
<abbreviation> Crown-rump length. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

CRM
<abbreviation> Cross-reacting material. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cRNA
<abbreviation> Complementary ribonucleic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

CRO
<abbreviation> Cathode ray oscilloscope. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

croatia
Created 7 april 1992 as a result of the division of yugoslavia. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

crocidismus
Synonym: floccillation. ... Origin: G. Kroke, tuft of wool ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crocodile tears
See: crocodile tears syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crocodile tears syndrome
<syndrome> A flow of tears, usually unilateral, upon eating or the anticipation of eating; this happens when nerve fibres originally destined for a salivary gland are damaged and regrow, aberrantly, into the lacrimal gland. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crocq, Jean
<person> Belgian physician, 1868-1925. ... See: Crocq's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crocq's disease
Synonym for acrocyanosis ... <clinical sign, dermatology> A condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discolouration of the skin of the digits, wrists and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. ... The appearance is causes by constriction of small arterioles i …

crocus
The dried stigmas of Crocus sativus (C. Of ficinalis) (family Iridaceae), formerly used occasionally in flatulent dyspepsia; also formerly used as an antispasmodic in asthma and dysmenorrhoea and as a colouring and flavoring agent. ... Synonym: saffron. ... Origin: L. Fr. G. Krokos, the crocus, saffron (made from its stigmas) ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crohn disease
<radiology> CT: double halo (50%): edematous mucosa/thickened soft tissue, creeping fat (40%): mesenteric infiltration, ultrasound: thickened bowel wall (65%): about 8mm, inflammatory mass (14%), abscess (4%), distended fluid filled loops (12%), Complications: fistula (33%), intramural sinus tracts, abscess, perforations (rare), toxic megacol …

crohn disease vs ulcerative colitis
<radiology> Crohn disease ulcerative colitis location right side left side ulcers deep shallow contraction no yes ileocaecal valve thickened gaping fistulae yes no eccentricity yes no rate of carcinoma slight increase marked increase megacolon unusual yes ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Crohn, Burrill
<person> U.S. Gastroenterologist, 1884-1983. ... See: Crohn's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crohn's colitis
Crohn's disease involving only the large intestine (colon). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Crohn's disease
<disease, gastroenterology> An inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that seems to have both genetic and environmental causes, not well understood. ... The peak incidence of onset of this disease is between 15 and 25 years of age. Crohn's also occurs in later years between the ages of 55 and 60. ... Common symptoms include recurren …

crohn's enteris
Crohn's disease (regional enteritis) involving only the small intestine. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

crohn's enterocolitis
Crohn's disease involving both the small and large intestines. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

crohn's ileocolitis
Crohn's disease involving the ileum (the lowest portion of the small intestine) and the colon (the large intestine). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cromakalim
<chemical> A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (martindale, the extra phramacopoeia, 30th ed, p352) ... Pharmacological action: antihypertensive agents, bronchodilator agents, parasympatholytics, vasodilator agents. ... Chemical nam …

cromolyn sodium
<chemical> A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitised mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. ... Pharmacological action: anti-asthmatic agents. ... Chemical name: 4H-1-Benzopyran-2-ca …

cronkhite-canada syndrome
<radiology> Not inherited; no pattern, inflammatory glandular dilatation of stomach, colon, small bowel (50%), juvenile-type polyps, no malignant potential, protein and electrolyte loss, ectodermal abnormalities, alopecia, hyperpigmentation, nail loss (onycholysis), prognosis: males: remits, females: die in 6-18 months due to cachexia see: po …

Cronkhite, Leonard Jr
<person> U.S. Physician, *1919. ... See: Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crooke, Arthur
<person> English pathologist, *1905. ... See: Crooke's granules, Crooke's hyaline change, Crooke's hyaline degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crooke's granules
Lumpy masses of basophilic material in the basophil cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, associated with Cushing's disease, or following the administration of ACTH. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crooke's hyaline change
Replacement of cytoplasmic granules of basophil cells of the anterior pituitary by homogenous hyaline material; a characteristic finding in Cushing's syndrome, but usually not present in the cells of a basophil adenoma. ... Synonym: Crooke's hyaline degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crooke's hyaline degeneration
Synonym for Crooke's hyaline change ... Replacement of cytoplasmic granules of basophil cells of the anterior pituitary by homogenous hyaline material; a characteristic finding in Cushing's syndrome, but usually not present in the cells of a basophil adenoma. ... Synonym: Crooke's hyaline degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crookes-Hittorf tube
A simple evacuated tube containing a cathode, that emitted X-rays from the glass envelope when a current was passed through it; the type used by Roentgen to discover X-rays. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crookes, Sir William
<person> British physicist and chemist, 1832-1919; winner of the Nobel Prise in chemistry in 1907. ... See: Crookes' glass, Crookes-Hittorf tube. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crookes' glass
A spectacle lens combined with metallic oxides to absorb ultraviolet or infrared rays. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crop gland
Cells in the crop of male and female pigeons and doves that secrete a caseous or milklike material with which the bird feeds its young; it is stimulated to secrete by prolactin, the lactogenic hormone of the anterior hypophysis, and is used as a test object for assaying the activity of this hormone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crop milk
Synonym for pigeon's milk ... A secretion formed by glands in the mucosa of the pigeon's crop with which the young are fed; it is increased under the influence of prolactin. ... Synonym: crop milk. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crop tree
Usually a conifer tree grown to provide wood products. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

crops, agricultural
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Crosby capsule
An attachment to the end of a flexible tube, used for peroral biopsy of the small intestine, by which a piece of mucosa is sucked into an opening in the capsule and cut off. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Crosby, William Holmes Jr
<person> U.S. Physician, *1914. ... See: Crosby capsule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross
1. Any figure in the shape of a cross formed by two intersecting lines. ... Synonym: crux. ... Synonym: crux of heart. ... 3. A method of hybridization or the hybrid so produced. ... Origin: F. Croix, L. Crux ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross agglutination
Synonym for group agglutination ... Agglutination by antibodies specific for minor (group) antigens common to several microorganisms, each of which possesses its own major specific antigen. ... Synonym: cross agglutination. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross circulation
The circulation in a portion of the body of one individual of blood supplied from another individual. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cross contamination
<dentistry> Passing bacteria or viruses indirectly from one patient to another through the use of improper sterilisation procedures, unclean instruments, or recycling of products. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

cross flap
A skin flap transferred from one part of the body to a corresponding part, as from one arm to the other. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross hybridization
Annealing of a DNA probe to an imperfectly matching DNA molecule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross infection
<microbiology> Infection transmitted between individuals infected with different pathogenic microorganisms. Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cross linking
1. <chemistry> The linking of the chains of a polymer to one another so that the polymer, as a network, becomes stronger and more resistant to being dissolved. ... 2. <molecular biology> The abnormal linking of two strands of DNA by covalent bonds (as opposed to the normal hydrogen bonds between base pairs), which can occur by exposure t …

cross reaction
<haematology, immunology> Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cross tolerance
<pharmacology> The resistance to one or several effects of a compound as a result of tolerance developed to a pharmacologically similar compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-cultural comparison
Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cross-cultural psychiatry
A field of psychiatry with interest in the study of psychological and psychiatric phenomena as differentially expressed in the cultures of different countries. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-cut bur
A bur with blades located at right angles to its long axis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-dressing
Clothing oneself in the clothes of the opposite sex. ... See: transvestism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-eye
Alternative spelling for crossed eyes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-hybridisation
<molecular biology> The hydrogen bonding of asingle-stranded DNA sequence that is partially but not entirely complementary to a single-stranded substrate. Often, this involves hybridising a DNA probe for a specific DNA sequence to the homologous sequences of different species. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cross-link
A covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-linking reagent
<chemistry> Reagents with two reactive groups, usually at opposite ends of the molecule, that are capable of reacting with and thereby forming bridges between side chains of amino acids in proteins; the locations of naturally reactive areas within proteins can thereby be identified; may also be used for other macromolecules, like glycoprotein …

cross-matching
1. A test for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, carried out prior to transfusion to avoid potentially lethal haemolytic reactions between the donor's red blood cells and antibodies in the recipient's plasma, or the reverse; performed by mixing a sample of red blood cells of the donor with plasma of the recipient (major crossmatch) …

cross-pollination
<botany> Fertilization of a plant from a plant with a different genetic makeup. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cross-reacting agglutinin
Synonym for group agglutinin ... An immune agglutinin specific for a group antigen. ... Synonym: cross-reacting agglutinin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-reacting antibody
<immunology> Antibody specific for group antigens, i.e., those with identical functional groups, antibody for antigens that have functional groups of closely similar, but not identical, chemical structure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-reacting material
<haematology> A substance sufficiently different from a reference substance (R) to have a perceptibly different function from R but sufficiently similar to R that it reacts with anti-R antibodies; e.g., mutant factor VIII may be defective or even inert in coagulation and yet be immunologically identified as factor VIII. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-reactive antibody
<haematology, immunology> Antibodies which don't respond to any one specific antigen, but will respond to a number of them. These antibodies can be responsible for false positive results in antigen-antibody tests. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cross-resistance
<immunology, microbiology> Immunologic resistance to the pathogenic effects of a microorganism because of previous exposure to another species or type having cross reactive antigens. ... This phenomenon is seen in microbes that acquire resistance to one drug through direct exposure and turn out to have resistance to one or more other drugs to …

cross-section
<physics> Usually refers to the (apparent) area presented by a target particle to an oncoming particle (or electromagnetic wave). This measures the probability of an interaction occuring. For typical interactions between ions and electrons, or between two nuclei, these cross sections are generally measured in barns. ... <anatomy> A trans …

cross-sectional echocardiography
two-dimensional echocardiography ...

cross-sectional method
<epidemiology> The study of the life span involving comparison of groups of individuals at different age levels. ... Compare: longitudinal method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cross-sectional study
<epidemiology> A study in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. ... Synonym: horizontal study. ... (18 Jul 2002) ...

cross-table lateral projection
<radiology> Lateral projection radiography of a supine subject using a horizontal X-ray beam. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossallergy
<immunology> An allergic response to several cross reactive allergens, the fact that a patient allergic to one component will also tend to be allergic to a similar component. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

crossbite
<dentistry> A malocclusion where some of your upper teeth are inside of your lower teeth when you bite down. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

crossbite teeth
Posterior teeth designed to permit the modified cusps of the upper teeth to be positioned in the fossae of the lower teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossbreed
Synonym: hybrid. ... 2. To breed a hybrid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossbreeding
Synonym for hybridization ... hybridisation ...

crossed adductor jerk
Synonym for crossed adductor reflex ... Contraction of the adductors of the thigh and inward rotation of the limb elicited by tapping the sole. ... Synonym: crossed adductor jerk. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed adductor reflex
Contraction of the adductors of the thigh and inward rotation of the limb elicited by tapping the sole. ... Synonym: crossed adductor jerk. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed anaesthesia
Anaesthesia of one side of the head and the other side of the body due to a brainstem lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed aphasia
Aphasia in a right-handed person due to a solely right cerebral lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed cylinders
A lens used in refraction to determine the strength and axis of a cylindrical lens to correct astigmatism; a combination of concave and convex cylinders of like power whose axes are at right angles to each other. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed embolism
Passage of a clot (thrombus) from a vein to an artery. When clots in veins break off (embolise) , they travel first to the right side of the heart and, normally, then to the lungs where they lodge. The lungs act as a filter to prevent the clots from entering the arterial circulation. However, when there is a hole in the wall between the two upper c …

crossed extension reflex
Extension of the contralateral hind limb when the paw of an animal is painfully stimulated or the central cut end of an afferent nerve, e.g., the peroneal, is stimulated; sometimes occurs in humans upon tapping the skin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed eyes
Synonym for strabismus ... <clinical sign> A deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo …

crossed fixation
In convergent strabismus, the use of the right inturned eye to look at objects to the left and the left inturned eye to look at objects to the right, in order to avoid ocular rotation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed hemianesthesia
alternate hemianesthesia ...

crossed hemianopia
Synonym for heteronymous hemianopia ... Attitudinal hemianopia involving the upper field of one eye and the lower field of the other; or a binasal or bitemporal hemianopia. ... Synonym: crossed hemianopia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

crossed hemiplegia
alternating hemiplegia ...