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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

cotinine
<chemical> 1-methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone fumarate. Stimulant proposed as antidepressant. Synonym: scotine. ... Chemical name: 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-, (S)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cotransduction
<molecular biology> The transfer of two or more linked bacterial genes from one bacterium to another at the same time, via only one virus. ... See: transduction. ... (10 Nov 1998) ...

cotranslational
Any process involving the maturation or delivery of a protein that occurs during the process of translation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotranslational transfer
<cell biology, molecular biology> Putting the leading end of a polypeptide into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum before translation of the rest of the polypeptide has been finished. ... (10 Nov 1998) ...

cotranslational transport
<cell biology> Process whereby a protein is moved across a membrane as it is being synthesised. ... This process occurs during the translation of the message at membrane associated ribosomes in rough endoplasmic reticulum during the synthesis of secreted proteins in eukaryotic cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cotransport
<cell biology, physiology> The linked, simultaneous transport one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the same direction. ... The transport of sodium from high to low concentration can provide the energy for transport of the second species up a concentration grad …

Cotte, Gaston
<person> French surgeon, 1879-1951. ... See: Cotte's operation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Cotte's operation
Synonym for presacral neurectomy ... <procedure> Cutting of the presacral nerve to relieve severe dysmenorrhoea. ... Synonym: Cotte's operation, presacral sympathectomy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotton
<botany> Any of the cultivated varieties of gossypium, herbs or shrubs of the malvaceae family that yield fibre for textiles and absorbent dressings, oil from seeds, and various chemicals. ... The fibres cause byssinosis if inhaled over a period. Gossypol is a male anti-fertility agent from cottonseed oil. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Cotton effect
The positive and negative displacement from zero of the rotation of plane polarised monochromatic light and the change of monochromatic circularly polarised light into elliptically polarised light in the immediate vicinity of the absorption band of the substance through which the light passes. ... See: optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism …

cotton-dust asthma
Synonym for byssinosis ... <chest medicine> Exposures to cotton dust during the production of yarns, linen and rope can produce chronic obstructive lung disease (after 10 years). Early symptoms include chest tightness. ... Treatment includes bronchodilators and removal from work environment. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

cotton-fibre embolism
Embolism by cotton fibres from sterile gauze used in intravenous medication or transfusion; may form as foreign body granulomas in small pulmonary arteries. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotton-mill fever
Synonym for byssinosis ... <chest medicine> Exposures to cotton dust during the production of yarns, linen and rope can produce chronic obstructive lung disease (after 10 years). Early symptoms include chest tightness. ... Treatment includes bronchodilators and removal from work environment. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

cotton-root bark
Dried root bark of Gossypium herbaceum and other species of Gossypium (family Malvaceae). Has been used as an abortifacient and oxytocic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotton-wool patches
<clinical sign, ophthalmology> White, fuzzy areas on the surface of the retina (accumulations of cellular organelles) caused by damage (usually infarction) of the retinal fibre layer. ... Synonym: cotton-wool spots. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotton-wool spots
Synonym for cotton-wool patches ... <clinical sign, ophthalmology> White, fuzzy areas on the surface of the retina (accumulations of cellular organelles) caused by damage (usually infarction) of the retinal fibre layer. ... Synonym: cotton-wool spots. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Cotton, Frank
<person> U.S. Chemist, *1930. ... See: Cotton effect. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cottonpox
An obsolete name for variola minor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cottonseed oil
The fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of cultivated varieties of the cotton plant, gossypium herbaceum l. It is widely used in soaps, oleomargarine, lubricants, cosmetics, and salad and cooking oils. In veterinary medicine, it is used as a delousing agent, usually combined with two parts of pine tar for ear ticks of horses, and as a m …

Cotunnius disease
Synonym for sciatica ... A syndrome characterised by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and into the lower extremity along its posterior or lateral aspect and most commonly caused by prolapse of the intervertebral disk, the term is also used to refer to pain anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

Cotunnius, Domenico
<person> Italian anatomist, 1736-1822. ... See: Cotunnius' aqueduct, Cotunnius' canal, Cotunnius disease, Cotunnius' liquid, Cotunnius' space, aqueductus cotunnii, liquor cotunnii. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Cotunnius' aqueduct
aqueduct of vestibule ...

Cotunnius' canal
aqueduct of vestibule ...

Cotunnius' space
Synonym for endolymphatic sac ... The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

coturnix
<ornithology> A genus of birds (family phasianidae) containing the common european and other old world quails. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cotyle
<anatomy> Any cup-shaped structure. ... Synonym: acetabulum. ... Origin: G. Kotyle, anything hollow, the cup or socket of a joint ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotyledon
<botany> Modified leaf (seed leaf), found as part of the embryo in seeds, involved in either storage or absorption of food reserves. Dicotyledonous seeds contain two, monocotyledonous seeds only one. May appear above ground and show photosynthetic activity in the seedling. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cotyledonary placenta
<plant biology> A placenta in which the substance is divided into lobes or cotyledons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Cotylogonimus
<zoology> A group of heterophyid flukes, now properly included in the genus Heterophyes. ... Origin: G. Kotyle, cup, + gonimos, productive ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotyloid
1. Cup-shaped; cuplike. ... 2. Relating to the cotyloid cavity or acetabulum. ... Origin: G. Kotyle, a small cup, + eidos, appearance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotyloid cavity
Synonym for acetabulum ... <anatomy> The hollow, cuplike portion of the pelvis into which the head of the thigh bone (femur) fits. ... <zoology> Also, in entomology, the leg socket on an insect's abdomen or thorax. ... (12 Mar 1998) ...

cotyloid joint
Synonym for ball-and-socket joint ... A multiaxial synovial joint in which a more or less extensive sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone, as in the hip joint. ... Synonym: articulatio spheroidea, articulatio cotylica, cotyloid joint, enarthrodial joint, enarthrosis, socket joint, spheroid articulation, spheroid …

cotyloid ligament
Synonym for acetabular labrum ... A fibrocartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum of the hip bone. ... Synonym: labrum acetabulare, acetabular lip, circumferential cartilage, cotyloid ligament, ligamentum cotyloideum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotyloid notch
Synonym for acetabular notch ... A gap in the inferior the margin of the acetabulum. ... Synonym: incisura acetabuli, cotyloid notch. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cotype
<zoology> A term formerly used for either syntype or paratype. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

couching
<ophthalmology, procedure> An obsolete operation for cataract, consisting of displacement of the lens into the vitreous cavity out of the line of vision. ... Origin: Fr. Coucher, to lay down, to put to bed ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

couching needle
An obsolete instrument used in couching. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cough
<clinical sign> A rapid expulsion of air from the lungs typically in order to clear the lung airways of fluids, mucus, or material. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cough fracture
<orthopaedics> A fracture of a rib or cartilage, usually the fifth or seventh, from vigorous coughing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cough reflex
<chest medicine, neurology, physiology> The reflex which mediates coughing in response to irritation of the larynx or tracheobronchial tree. ... Synonym: laryngeal reflex. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cough suppressant
<pharmacology> A medication which acts to suppress the cough reflex. ... Examples include codeine and dextromethorphan. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

coulomb
<physics> Standard unit of electric charge representing one mole of electrons. A single electron or proton has a charge of (+/-) 1.60217733E-19 coulombs, with an uncertainty of.30 ppm. Hence there are 6.2414E+18 electrons in a coulomb of electrons. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

coulomb collision
<physics> An interparticle collision where the Coulomb's force (electrical attraction and repulsion) is the governing force. ... Coulomb collisions have a number of interesting properties, but these are better described in textbooks. The interaction of the charged particles with each other's electric fields results in deflections of the partic …

coulomb ionisation
<radiobiology> Ionisation produced by Coulomb's forces between a moving particle (projectile) and another particle it interacts/collides with (target). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

coulomb's force
<radiobiology> See Coulomb's Law. ... Synonym: electrostatic force. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

coulomb's law
<radiobiology> Force law governing the electrical interaction between charged particles. Force is proportional to (charge of first particle) (charge of second particle) / (square of separation between particles). Constant of proportionality depends on system of units used. (In SI units, it is 1/(4piepsilon_0), where epsilon_0 is the permittiv …

Coulter counter
<apparatus> Particle counter used for bacteria or eukaryotic cells, works by detecting change in electrical conductance of a small aperture as fluid containing cells is drawn through (the cell, a nonconducting particle, alters the effective cross-section of the conductive channel). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

coumaphos
<chemical> A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide. ... Pharmacological action: anthelmintic, antinematodal agent, cholinesterase inhibitor, insecticide, organothiophosphate. ... Chemical name: Phosphorothioic acid, O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl) O,O-die …

coumaranone
3(2H)-Benzofuranone;the basis of many plant products; e.g., aurone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coumaric acids
Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

coumaric anhydride
Synonym for coumarin ... <drug> O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting (probably a major component of the smell of fresh hay). Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

coumarin
<drug> O hydroxycinnamic acid. Pleasant smelling compound found in many plants and released on wilting (probably a major component of the smell of fresh hay). Has anticoagulant activity by competing with Vitamin K. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

coumarin hydroxylase
<enzyme> Different preparations hydroxylate at position 3 and position 7; if cytochrome p-450coh is mutated at position 209, its substrate specificity is changed from coumarin hydroxylation to steroid hydroxylation ... Registry number: EC 1.14.99.- ... Synonym: cytochrome p-450coh, cytochrome p-4502a-5, cyp2a-5 gene product, coumarin 7-hydroxyl …

coumarins
<chemical> Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulant, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic …

Coumel's tachycardia
A persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia that usually uses a slowly conducting posteroseptal pathway for the retrograde journey. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coumestrol
<chemical> 3,9-dihydroxy-6h-benzofuro(3,2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one. A coumarin derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has oestrogenic activity. ... Pharmacological action: oestrogens, non-steroidal. ... Chemical name: 6H-Benzofuro(3,2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one, 3,9-dihydroxy- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

coumetarol
3,3'-(2-methoxyethylidene)bis(4-hydroxycoumarin);an oral anticoagulant. ... Synonym: cumetharol, cumethoxaethane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Councilman body
An eosinophilic globule, seen in the liver in yellow fever, derived from necrosis of a single hepatic cell. ... Synonym: Councilman's lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Councilman, William
<person> U.S. Pathologist, 1854-1933. ... See: Councilman body, Councilman's lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Councilman's lesion
Synonym for Councilman body ... An eosinophilic globule, seen in the liver in yellow fever, derived from necrosis of a single hepatic cell. ... Synonym: Councilman's lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Councilmania
An obsolete generic term for a group of amoebas now recognised as Entamoeba. ... Origin: W. Councilman ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counseling
The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

counseling psychology
Psychology with emphasis on facilitating the normal development and growth of the individual in coping with important problems of everyday living, as initally contrasted with clinical psychology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counselling
The art of listening to people and assisting them deal with their problems by weighing options, facilitating the consideration of the factors acting in that situaion. Counselling can be performed through the telephone or face to face. Ideal counselling constitutes an encounter which does not involve giving advice. Counsellors may not need to be for …

count
1. A reckoning, enumeration, or accounting. ... 2. To enumerate or score. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

count density
Synonym for photon density ... The number of counted events recorded in scintigraphy per square centimeter or per square inch of imaged area. ... Synonym: count density. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counter-
Opposite, opposed, against. ... See: contra-. ... Origin: L. Contra, against ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterbalancing
A procedure in behavorial research for distributing unwanted but unavoidable influences equally among the different experimental conditions or subjects. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterconditioning
Any of a group of specific behaviour therapy techniques in which a second conditioned response (e.g., approaching or even touching a snake) is introduced for the express purpose of counteracting or nullifying a previously conditioned or learned response (fear and avoidance of snakes). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

countercurrent
1. Flowing in an opposite direction. ... 2. A current flowing in a direction opposite to another current. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

countercurrent distribution
A method of separation of two or more substances by repeated distribution between two immiscible liquid phases that move past each other in opposite directions. It is a form of liquid-liquid chromatography. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

countercurrent exchanger
A system in which heat or chemicals passively diffuse across a membrane separating two countercurrent exchanger streams so that at each end the fluid leaving along one side of the membrane nearly resembles, in temperature or composition, the fluid entering the other; e.g., the venae comites in the arms serve as a countercurrent exchanger exchanger, …

countercurrent mechanism
A system in the renal medulla that facilitates concentration of the urine as it passes through the renal tubules. ... See: countercurrent exchanger, countercurrent multiplier. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

countercurrent multiplier
A system in which energy is used to transport material across a membrane separating two countercurrent multiplier tubes connected at one end to form a hairpin shape; by this means a concentration can be achieved in the fluid in the hairpin bend, relative to the inflow and outflow fluids, that is much greater than the transport mechanism could produ …

counterdie
The reverse image of a die, usually made of a softer and lower fusing metal than the die. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterextension
Synonym for countertraction ... The resistance, or back-pull, made to traction or pulling on a limb; e.g., in the case of traction made on the leg, countertraction may be effected by raising the foot of the bed so that the weight of the body pulls against the weight attached to the limb. ... Synonym: counterextension. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

counterincision
A second incision adjacent to a primary incision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterinvestment
Synonym for anticathexis ... In psychoanalysis, the shifting of an emotional charge to an impulse or action of an opposite character; e.g., unconscious hatred expressed as conscious love. ... Synonym: counterinvestment. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterirritant
1. An agent that causes irritation or a mild inflammation of the skin in order to relieve symptoms of a deep-seated inflammatory process. ... 2. Relating to or producing counterirritation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterirritation
Irritation or mild inflammation (redness, vesication, or pustulation) of the skin excited for the purpose of relieving symptoms of an inflammation of the deeper structures. ... Synonym: revulsion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counteropening
A second opening made at the dependent part of an abscess or other cavity containing fluid, which is not draining satisfactorily through an opening previously made. ... Synonym: contra-aperture, counterpuncture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterphobic
1. Denoting a state of actual preference, on the part of a phobic person, for the very situation of which he is afraid. ... 2. Opposed to the phobic impulse, as in counterphobic mastery of a feared action by repeated engagement in the action. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterpulsation
A technique for assisting the circulation by decreasing the afterload of the left ventricle and augmenting the diastolic pressure. It may be achieved by intra-aortic balloon, or by implanting a special pumping device in the chest, or externally by applying a negative pressure to the lower extremities during cardiac systole. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

counterpuncture
Synonym for counteropening ... A second opening made at the dependent part of an abscess or other cavity containing fluid, which is not draining satisfactorily through an opening previously made. ... Synonym: contra-aperture, counterpuncture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

countershock
An electric shock applied to the heart to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

counterstain
<technique> Rather non-specific stain used in conjunction with another histochemical reagent of greater specificity to provide contrast and reveal more of the general structure of the tissue. Light Green is used as a counterstain in the Mallory procedure, for example. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

counterstimulation
<procedure> Application of moderate to intense sensory stimulation, such as with cold, heat, rubbing, pressure or electrical current, so as to decrease perception of pain at the same or a distant site. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

countertraction
The resistance, or back-pull, made to traction or pulling on a limb; e.g., in the case of traction made on the leg, countertraction may be effected by raising the foot of the bed so that the weight of the body pulls against the weight attached to the limb. ... Synonym: counterextension. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

countertransference
<psychology> The psychiatrist's conscious or unconscious emotional reaction to his patient. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

countertransport
The transport of one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coup de sabre
Linear scleroderma found over the scalp with scarring alopecia, face, or forehead. ... Origin: Fr. Stroke of a sword ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coup injury of brain
An injury occurring directly beneath the skull at the area of impact. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

couple
To copulate; to perform coitus; said especially of the lower animals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coupled beats
Beats (usually premature) that recur at a fixed interval from a preceding (usually normal) beat. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coupled pulse
Synonym for bigeminal pulse ... A pulse in which the beats occur in pairs. ... Synonym: bigemina, coupled pulse, pulsus bigeminus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coupled reaction
Two chemical reactions that share a common intermediate (for example, the productof the first reaction is a reactant in the second) and therefore havesome kind of energy exchange between them. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

coupled rhythm
Synonym for bigeminal rhythm ... That cardiac rhythm when each beat of the dominant rhythm (sinus or other) is followed by a premature beat, with the result that the heartbeats occur in pairs (bigeminy). ... Synonym: coupled rhythm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

coupled transport
The linked, simultaneous transport of two substances across a cell membrane (or another intracellular membrane). If the two substances are moving in the same direction (both into the cell or both out of the cell) it is called symport. If the two substances are moving in opposite directions (one moves into the cell while the other moves out) it is c …

couples therapy
Psychotherapy used specifically for unmarried couples, of mixed or same sex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...