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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

break shock
The shock produced by breaking a constant current passing through the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breakaway
<dentistry> A breakaway is a small plastic piece with an internal spring which is used to provide force on a face-bow. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

breakaway phenomenon
The occurrence, during high-altitude flight, of a sensation of being totally detached from the earth and from other people. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breakbone fever
<virology> A tropical disease caused by dengue virus (Arbovirus), that is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito of the genus Aedes. Four severity grades of the illness are seen: ... Grade I (fever and constitutional symptoms) ... Grade II (grade I plus spontaneous bleeding of skin, gums or gastrointestinal tract) ... Grade III (grade I …

breakoff
A feeling of physical separation from the earth when piloting an aircraft at high altitude. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breakpoint
<epidemiology> See transmission breakpoint. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

breakpoint cluster region
A region on chromosome 22 that is involved in the Philadelphia translocation. ... Acronym: BCR ... (15 Nov 1997) ...

breakthrough
A sudden manifestation of new insights and more constructive attitudes following a period of resistance during psychotherapy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breakthrough pain
<oncology, symptom> Intermittent exacerbations of pain that can occur spontaneously or in relation to specific activity. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

bream
1. <marine biology> A European fresh water cyprinoid fish of the genus Abramis, little valued as food. Several species are known. ... 2. <marine biology> An American fresh water fish, of various species of Pomotis and allied genera, which are also called sunfishes and pondfishes. See Pondfish. ... 3. <marine biology> A marine sparoi …

breast
To meet, with the breast; to struggle with or oppose manfully; as, to breast the storm or waves. 'The court breasted the popular current by sustaining the demurrer.' (Wirt) To breast up a hedge, to cut the face of it on one side so as to lay bare the principal upright stems of the plants. ... Origin: Breasted; Breasted. ... 1. The fore part of the bo …

breast augmentation
<surgery> A surgical procedure, often involving the use of a prosthetic implant, to increase the size or alter the shape of the breast. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breast bone
Synonym for sternum ... The breastbone. The sternum articulates with the ribs 1 through 7 on either side of the chest. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breast cancer
<oncology> The uncontrolled growth of malignant breast tissue. ... Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the 15-54 age group. ... Strong risk factors include a prior history for breast cancer or a positive family history for breast cancer. ... Early detection is possible throu …

breast cancer susceptibility genes
Inherited factors that predispose to breast cancer. Put otherwise, these genes make one more susceptible to the disease and so increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Two of these genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, have been identified (and prominently publicised). Several other genes (those for the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden disease, Muir-Torre synd …

breast carcinoma
Synonym for breast cancer ... <oncology> The uncontrolled growth of malignant breast tissue. ... Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer-related death in the 15-54 age group. ... Strong risk factors include a prior history for breast cancer or a positive family history for breast cancer. ... Earl …

breast dose in mammography
<radiology> 180 mrad / view -- mid-breast dose, guideline: less than 1 rad for 2-view exam ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breast feeding
The ability of the breast to produce milk diminishes soon after childbirth without the stimulation of breastfeeding. Immunity factors in breast milk can help the baby to fight off infections. Breast milk contains vitamins, minerals, and enzymes which aid the baby's digestion. Breast and formula feeding can be used together. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breast implant
<procedure, surgery> A sac inserted under the skin of the chest wall to restore or improve the shape of the breast. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

breast implantation
Surgical insertion of an inert sac filled with silicone or other material to augment the female form cosmetically. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breast implants
Inert sacs filled with silicone or other material, some of which are covered by polyurethane foam, used to augment the female form cosmetically. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breast infection
<microbiology> Inflammation of the breast tissue most often caused by a bacterial infection. ... Staphylococcus is the most common organism. This breast infection is seen most commonly in the immediate postpartum period (during breast-feeding). ... Treatment includes warm wet compresses to the site and oral antibiotics. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breast lump
<oncology, surgery> A breast lump that may be benign or cancerous. ... Examples of breast lumps include: breast abscess, fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic breast disease and breast cancer. A breast biopsy is the best way to determine the aetiology of a breast lump. ... Remember, 80 to 85% of all biopsies are benign. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

breast mass
<oncology, surgery> A breast lump may be benign or cancerous. ... Examples of breast lumps include: breast abscess, fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic breast disease and breast cancer. A breast biopsy is the best way to determine the aetiology of a breast lump. Remember, 80 to 85% of all biopsies are benign. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breast neoplasms, male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females. Two-thirds of patients present with intraductal carcinoma. The average age of onset is 60 years for men. Orchiectomy was the standard treatment but it has been replaced by tamoxifen as the initial therapy sinc …

breast pang
Synonym for angina pectoris ... A paroxysmal thoracic pain, with a failing of suffocation and impending death, due, most often, to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or excitement. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

breast prosthesis
<oncology> An artificial breast form worn under clothing. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

breast pump
A suction instrument for withdrawing milk from the breast. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breast self-examination
<procedure> A a regular, defined process of thorough examination of the breasts once a month to detect any changes or suspicious lumps. ... Exams should be practiced at the end of the period or seven days after the start of the period and be performed monthly at the same time. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

breast thermography
<investigation> A special infrared study which measures the skin temperature across the breasts. ... Used in the evaluation of breast abscess, breast cancer or another inflammatory process. This test is being replaced by breast ultrasound ... (15 Nov 1997) ...

breast ultrasound
<investigation, radiology> A test which uses ultrasonic waves to scan the breast. Used to evaluate fibrocystic breast disease, breast implants or breast masses. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breath
1. The air inhaled and exhaled in respiration, air which, in the process of respiration, has parted with oxygen and has received carbonic acid, aqueous vapor, warmth, etc. 'Melted as breath into the wind.' (Shak) ... 2. The act of breathing naturally or freely; the power or capacity to breathe freely; as, I am out of breath. ... 3. The power of respi …

breath analysis test
A test of hepatic and intestinal absorptive function; aminopyrine labelled with radioactive carbon is administered orally; expired 14CO2 is a measure of aminopyrine absorption and its metabolism in the liver; a measurement of the amount of 14CO2 exhaled after an oral dose of 14C-O-xylose; a measurement of exhaled hydrogen gas following an oral dose …

breath tests
Any tests done on exhaled air. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breath-holding
Voluntary or involuntary cessation of breathing; often seen in young children as a response to frustration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breath-holding test
A rough index of cardiopulmonary reserve measured by the length of time that a subject can voluntarily stop breathing; normal duration is 30 seconds or more; diminished cardiac or pulmonary reserve is indicated by a duration of 20 seconds or less. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breathe
1. To inhale and exhale in the process of respiration; to respire. 'To view the light of heaven, and breathe the vital air.' (Dryden) ... 2. To inject by breathing; to infuse; with into. 'Able to breathe life into a stone.' (Shak) 'And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.' (Gen. Ii. 7) …

breathing
1. Respiration; the act of inhaling and exhaling air. 'Subject to a difficulty of breathing.' (Melmoth) ... 2. Air in gentle motion. ... 3. Any gentle influence or operation; inspiration; as, the breathings of the Spirit. ... 4. Aspiration; secret prayer. 'Earnest desires and breathings after that blessed state.' ... 5. Exercising; promotion of respira …

breathing bag
A collapsible reservoir from which gases are inhaled and into which gases may be exhaled during general anaesthesia or artificial ventilation. ... Synonym: reservoir bag. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breathing exercises
Therapeutic exercises aimed to deepen inspiration or expiration or even to alter the rate and rhythm of respiration. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breathing rate
<chest medicine, clinical sign> Also referred to as the respiratory rate. ... Measured as the number of breaths taken every minute. Normal resting adult respiratory rates are from 16-20 breaths per minute. ... The normal 1 year old infant can have a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute. Count the breaths taken in 30 seconds observing the r …

breathing reserve
The difference between the pulmonary ventilation (i.e., the volume of air breathed under ordinary resting conditions) and the maximum breathing capacity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breccia
<geology> A rock composed of angular fragments either of the same mineral or of different minerals, etc, united by a cement, and commonly presenting a variety of colours. Bone breccia, a breccia containing bones, usually fragmentary. Coin breccia, a breccia containing coins. ... Origin: It, breach, pebble, fragments of stone, fr. F. Breche; of …

Breda, Achille
<person> Italian dermatologist, 1850-1933. ... See: Breda's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breda's disease
Synonym for espundia ... A type of American leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis that affects the mucous membranes, particularly in the nasal and oral region, resulting in grossly destructive changes; particularly common in Brazil where a significant proportion of persons infected with L. Braziliensis develop this condition; may develop m …

bredouillement
Omission of parts of words related to extremely rapid speech. ... Origin: Fr. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breech
The buttocks. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

breech delivery
<obstetrics> The extraction or expulsion of the foetus which occurs buttocks or feet first. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

breech extraction
Obstetrical extraction of the baby by the buttocks. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breech presentation
Presentation of any part of the pelvic extremity of the foetus, the nates, knees, or feet; more properly only of the nates; frank breech presentation occurs when the foetus presents by the pelvic extremity; the thighs may be flexed and the legs extended over the anterior surfaces of the body; in ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breed
1. A race or variety of men or other animals (or of plants), perpetuating its special or distinctive characteristics by inheritance. 'Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed.' (Shak) 'Greyhounds of the best breed.' (Carpenter) ... 2. Class; sort; kind; of men, things, or qualities. 'Are these the breed of wits so wondered at?' (Shak) 'This …

breeder material
<radiobiology> In D-T fusion, refers to lithium or lithium-containing substances which are placed in the blanket to convert the fusion neutrons back into tritium, using nuclear transmutation of lithium isotopes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

breeder reactor
<physics> This is a nuclear reactor which produces nuclear fuel as it produces energy for electricity. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

breeding
1. The act or process of generating or bearing. ... 2. The raising or improving of any kind of domestic animals; as, farmers should pay attention to breeding. ... 3. Nurture; education; formation of manners. 'She had her breeding at my father's charge.' (Shak) ... 4. Deportment or behavior in the external offices and decorums of social life; manners; …

breeze fly
<zoology> A fly of various species, of the family Tabanidae, noted for buzzing about animals, and tormenting them by sucking their blood; called also horsefly, and gadfly. They are among the largest of two-winged or dipterous insects. The name is also given to different species of botflies. ... Alternative forms: breese and brize. ... Origin: O …

brefeldin A
<chemical> A macrocyclic lactone synthesised from palmitic acid by several fungi. ... It was initially described as an antiviral antibiotic, but it was later found to inhibit protein secretion at an early stage, probably blocking secretion in a pre Golgi compartment. Its exact site of action is still a matter of debate, one suggestion being th …

brefeldin A esterase
<enzyme> Hydrolyzes brefeldin a to brefeldin a acid and also hydrolyzes ethyl valerate; 372 amino acids; amino acid sequence given in first source ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

bregmatic fontanel
Synonym for anterior fontanel ... A diamond-shaped membranous interval at the junction of the coronal, sagittal, and metopic sutures where the frontal angles of the parietal bones meet the two ununited halves of the frontal bone. ... Synonym: fonticulus anterior, bregmatic fontanel, frontal fontanel. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bregmatolambdoid arc
The line running along the sagittal suture from the bregma to the apex of the lambdoid suture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bregmocardiac reflex
In infants, pressure upon the anterior fontanelle causing cardiac slowing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brei
A fine mince or mush of tissue in which the cells are for the most part intact. ... Compare: homogenate. ... Origin: Ger. Pulp ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bremsstrahlung
<physics> Electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle as it slows down (decelerates), or as it changes direction due to near collisions with other particles. ... Similar to synchrotron radiation (see also). In a plasma bremsstrahlung occurs when electrons (which are lighter and generally move faster) collide with ions (which are heavier …

Brenn, Lena
<person> 20th century U.S. Researcher. ... See: Brown-Brenn stain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brenner tumour
A tumour of the ovary whose structure consists of groups of epithelial cells lying in a fibrous connective tissue stroma. Brenner tumours are uncommon, representing less than 1% of all ovarian neoplasms. Malignant brenner tumours are unilateral. Brenner tumours are ordinarily found incidentally in ovaries removed for other reasons, especially in po …

Brenner, Fritz
<person> German pathologist, *1877. ... See: Brenner tumour. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brepho-
Rarely used prefix denoting a primitive stage of development. ... Origin: G. Brephos, embryo or newborn infant ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brephoplastic graft
A graft from an embryo or newborn to an adult. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breschet, Gilbert
<person> French anatomist, 1784-1845. ... See: Breschet's bones, Breschet's canals, Breschet's hiatus, Breschet's sinus, Breschet's vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breschet's bones
Synonym for os suprasternale ... One of the small ossicles occasionally found in the ligaments of the sternoclavicular articulation. ... Synonym: Breschet's bones, episternal bone, suprasternal bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breschet's canals
Synonym for diploic canals ... Channels in the diploe that accommodate the diploic veins. ... Synonym: canales diploici, Breschet's canals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breschet's sinus
Synonym for sphenoparietal sinus ... A paired dural venous sinus beginning on the parietal bone, running along the sphenoidal ridges and emptying into the cavernous sinus. ... Synonym: sinus sphenoparietalis, Breschet's sinus, sinus alae parvae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breschet's vein
Synonym for diploic vein ... <anatomy, vein> One of the veins in the diploe of the cranial bones, connected with the cerebral sinuses by emissary veins; the main diploic veins are the frontal, anterior temporal, posterior temporal, and occipital. ... Synonym: vena diploica, Breschet's vein, Dupuytren's canal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brescia-Cimino fistula
A direct, surgically created, arteriovenous fistula; used to facilitate chronic haemodialysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brescia, Michael
<person> U.S. Nephrologist, *1933. ... See: Brescia-Cimino fistula. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breslow, Alexander
<person> U.S. Pathologist, 1928-1980. ... See: Breslow's thickness. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bretylium
<drug> An antihypertensive which on chronic oral dosing diminishes the release of norepinephrine from noradrenergic nerve endings. ... Pharmacologic action: Suppress ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia, initially releases norepinephrine, then prevents synaptic release of norepinephrine; transiently increases myocardial contrac …

bretylium tosylate
<chemical> An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic. ... Pharmacological action: adrenergic agents, anti-arrhythmia agents, antihypertensive agents, sympatholytics. ... Chemical name: Benzenemethanaminium, …

Breuer, Josef
<person> Austrian internist, 1842-1925. ... See: Hering-Breuer reflex. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breus mole
An aborted ovum in which the foetal surface of the placenta presents numerous haematomata with an absence of blood vessels in the chorion and an ovum much smaller in size than normal in relation to the duration of the pregnancy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Breus, Carl
<person> Austrian obstetrician, 1852-1914. ... See: Breus mole. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breve
1. A note or character of time, equivalent to two semibreves or four minims. When dotted, it is equal to three semibreves. It was formerly of a square figure (as thus:), but is now made oval, with a line perpendicular to the staff on each of its sides; formerly much used for choir service. ... 2. Any writ or precept under seal, issued out of any cou …

breviary
Origin: F. Breviarie, L. Breviarium summary, abridgment, neut. Noun fr. Breviarius abridged, fr. Brevis short. See Brief, and cf. Brevier. ... 1. An abridgment; a compend; an epitome; a brief account or summary. 'A book entitled the abridgment or breviary of those roots that are to be cut up or gathered.' (Holland) ... 2. A book containing the daily …

brevibacterium
A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

brevicollis
Abnormal shortness of the neck. ... Origin: L. Brevis, short, + collum, neck ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brevis
Brief, short. ... Origin: L. Short ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brevotoxins
Structurally unique neurotoxins produced by the 'red tide' dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis Davis (Gymnodinium breve Davis). An algae responsible for large fish kills and mollusk and human food poisoning in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida coast. Unlike previously isolated dinoflagellate toxins, such as saxitoxin, which are water-soluble …

Brewer, George
<person> U.S. Surgeon, 1861-1939. ... See: Brewer's infarcts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brewer's infarcts
Dark-red, wedge-shaped areas resembling infarct's, seen on section of a kidney in pyelonephritis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brewers' yeast
Yeast produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae; a by-product from the brewing of beer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brewing
<microbiology> The manufacture of alcoholic beverages such as beer from the fermentation of malted grains. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

brewster's angle
<physics> The angle of incidence at which electromagnetic waves reflected from a dielectric medium are completely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence, the component polarized parallel to the plane of incidence is completely transmitted. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

briar
1. A plant with a slender woody stem bearing stout prickles; especially, species of Rosa, Rubus, and Smilax. ... 2. Anything sharp or unpleasant to the feelings. 'The thorns and briers of reproof.' (Cowper) Brier root, the root of the southern Smilax laurifolia and S. Walleri; used for tobacco pipes. Cat brier, Green brier, several species of Smilax …

brick
1. A block or clay tempered with water, sand, etc, molded into a regular form, usually rectangular, and sun-dried, or burnt in a kiln, or in a heap or stack called a clamp. 'The Assyrians appear to have made much less use of bricks baked in the furnace than the Babylonians.' (Layard) ... 2. Bricks, collectively, as designating that kind of material; …

brickdust deposit
A sediment of urates in the urine. ... Synonym: sedimentum lateritium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Bricker operation
An operation utilizing an isolated segment of ileum to collect urine from the ureters and conduct it to the skin surface. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Bricker, Eugene
<person> U.S. Urologist, *1908. ... See: Bricker operation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brickmaker's anaemia
Anaemia associated with hookworm disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bride
1. A woman newly married, or about to be married. 'Has by his own experience tried How much the wife is dearer than the bride.' (Lyttleton) 'I will show thee the bride, the Lamb's wife.' (Rev. Xxi. 9) ... 2. An object ardently loved. Bride of the sea, the city of Venice. ... Origin: OE. Bride, brid, brude, brud, burd, AS. Brd; akin to OFries. Breid, …

bridegroom
A man newly married, or just about to be married. ... Origin: OE. Bridegome, brudgume, AS. Brdguma (akin to OS. Brdigumo, D. Bruidegom, bruigom, OHG. Prtigomo, MHG. Briutegome, G. Brautigam); AS. Brd bride + guma man, akin to Goth. Guma, Icel. Gumi, OHG. Gomo, L. Homo; the insertion of r being caused by confusion with groom. See Bride, and cf. Groom …

bridge
1. To build a bridge or bridges on or over; as, to bridge a river. 'Their simple engineering bridged with felled trees the streams which could not be forded.' (Palfrey) ... 2. To open or make a passage, as by a bridge. 'Xerxes . . . Over Hellespont Bridging his way, Europe with Asia joined.' (Milton) ... 3. To find a way of getting over, as a difficu …