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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


brake
1. <botany> A fern of the genus Pteris, especially. The P. Aquilina, common in almost all countries. It has solitary stems dividing into three principal branches. Less properly: Any fern. ... 2. A thicket; a place overgrown with shrubs and brambles, with undergrowth and ferns, or with canes. 'Rounds rising hillocks, brakes obscure and rough, T …

bramble
1. <botany> Any plant of the genus Rubus, including the raspberry and blackberry. Hence: Any rough, prickly shrub. 'The thorny brambles, and embracing bushes.' (Shak) ... 2. <zoology> The brambling or bramble finch. ... Origin: OE. Brembil, AS.brmbel, brmbel (akin to OHG. Bramal), fr. The same root as E. Broom, As. Brm. See Broom. ... Sour …

branch
<plant biology> A natural division of a plant stem. ... (17 Dec 1997) ...

branch migration
<molecular biology> Movement of the branch point in a branched DNA sequence formed from two parent DNA molecules with practically identical sequences. ... (17 Dec 1997) ...

branch to atrioventricular node
Synonym for artery to atrioventricular node ... The atrioventricular branches or the nodal branches, the small arteries supplying the atrioventricular node; they usually arise from the right coronary artery where it starts to descend the posterior interventricular sulcus. ... Synonym: ramus nodi atrioventricularis, atrioventricular nodal branch, bran …

branch to sinuatrial node
Synonym for artery to the sinuatrial node ... Ascending atrial branch, usually (55%) arising from the anterior stem of the right coronary artery (but 35-45% arising from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery), which runs around the base of the superior vena cava to reach the sinuatrial node. ... Synonym: ramus nodi sinuatrialis arteriae c …

branch to trigeminal ganglion
Ganglionic branch of internal carotid artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branched calculus
Synonym for staghorn calculus ... A calculus occurring in the renal pelvis, with branches extending into the infundibula and calices. ... Synonym: branched calculus, coral calculus, dendritic calculus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branched chain acyl-CoA oxidase
<enzyme> Enzyme from human liver peroxisomes acts on both 2-methyl branched fatty acyl- and bile acid-CoA intermediates, unlike rat liver peroxisomes which have separate enzymes for branched chain fatty acids (pristanoyl-CoA) and bile acid-CoA; involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids and bil ... Registry number: EC 1.3.3.- ... Synonym: 2-meth …

branched chain ketoaciduria
Synonym for maple syrup urine disease ... Hereditary disease due to deficiency of an enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism, characterised by urine that smells like maple syrup. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

branched chain ketonuria
Synonym for maple syrup urine disease ... Hereditary disease due to deficiency of an enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism, characterised by urine that smells like maple syrup. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

branched-chain fatty-acid-kinase
<enzyme> From anaerobic spirochete ma-2 ... Registry number: EC 2.7.2.14 ... Synonym: isovalerate kinase, 2-methylbutyrate kinase, isobutyrate kinase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

brancher deficiency glycogenosis
Synonym for brancher glycogen storage disease ... Type of glycogen storage disease, due to deficiency of amylo-1,4-1,6-transglucosidase (brancher enzyme). ... Synonym: brancher deficiency glycogenosis, debrancher deficiency. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brancher glycogen storage disease
Type of glycogen storage disease, due to deficiency of amylo-1,4-1,6-transglucosidase (brancher enzyme). ... Synonym: brancher deficiency glycogenosis, debrancher deficiency. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branches of segmental bronchi
Branches of segmental bronchi to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs. ... Synonym: rami bronchiales segmentorum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial apparatus
The aggregate of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts, and membranes seen in the developing embryo of vertebrates. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial arches
Typically, 6 arch's in vertebrates; in the lower vertebrates, they bear gills; in the higher vertebrates, they appear transiently and give rise to specialised structures in the head and neck. ... Synonym: pharyngeal arches, visceral arches. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial cartilages
Cartilage's developing within the vertebrate or embryonic branchial arches; they form the cartilaginous viscerocranium. ... Synonym: pharyngeal cartilages. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial cleft cyst
Also called a branchial cyst, this is a cavity that is a remnant from embryologic development present at birth in one side of the neck just in front of the large angulated muscle on either side (the sternocleidomastoid muscle). The cyst may not be recognised until adolescence as it enlarges its oval shape. Sometimes it develops a sinus or drainage …

branchial clefts
A bilateral series of slitlike openings into the pharynx through which water is drawn by aquatic animals; in the walls of the cleft's are the vascular gill filaments that take up oxygen from the water passing through the cleft's; sometimes loosely applied to the branchial ectodermal grooves of mammalian embryos, which are imperforate, rudimentary h …

branchial cyst
Also called a branchial cleft cyst, this is a cavity that is a remnant from embryologic development present at birth in one side of the neck just in front of the large angulated muscle on either side (the sternocleidomastoid muscle). The cyst may not be recognised until adolescence as it enlarges its oval shape. It may develop a sinus or drainage p …

branchial efferent column
A column of gray matter in the brainstem of the embryo, represented in the adult by the nucleus ambiguus and the motor nuclei of the trigeminal and facial nerves. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial fissure
A persistent branchial cleft. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial fistula
A congenital fistula in the neck resulting from incomplete closure of a branchial cleft. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial groove
An external embryonic groove between contiguous branchial arches. ... See: branchial clefts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial mesoderm
Mesoderm surrounding the primitive stomodeum and pharynx; it develops into the pharyngeal arches. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchial pouches
pharyngeal pouches ...

branchial region
Region containing paired arched columns that bear gills in lower aquatic vertebrates and appear in the embryos of higher vertebrates in comparable form. In higher vertebrates the arches are subsequently modified into structures of the neck and ear. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

branching enzyme
1,4-alpha-d-glucan branching enzyme ...

branching factor
1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branching ratio
<radiobiology> In a fusion reaction involving two nuclei, there are typically a variety of possible sets of products which can form. The branching ratio for a particular set of products is the probability that that set of products will be produced. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

branchio-oto-renal syndrome
<syndrome> An autosomal dominant disorder manifested by various combinations of preauricular pits, branchial fistulae or cysts, lacrimal duct stenosis, hearing loss, structural defects of the outer, middle, or inner ear, and renal dysplasia. Associated defects include asthenic habitus, long narrow facies, constricted palate, deep overbite, an …

branchiogenic
Originating from the branchial arches. ... Origin: G. Branchia, gill, -gen, to produce ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchioma
A tumour derived from branchial epithelium or branchial rests. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

branchiomere
An embryonic segment from which a branchial arch is developed. ... Origin: G. Branchia, gill, + meros, part ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchiomeric muscles
The muscle's derived from branchial arch mesoderm that provide a large portion of the musculature for the face and neck. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchiomotor
Relating to or controlling the movement of muscles derived from the branchial arches. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branchiomotor nuclei
Collective term for those motoneuronal nuclei of the brainstem (n. Ambiguus, facial motor nucleus, motor nucleus of the trigeminus) that develop from the branchiomotor column of the embryo and innervate striated muscle fibres (muscles of mastication, facial musculature, pharynx and vocal cord muscles) developed from the mesenchyme of the branchial …

branchiopoda
<zoology> An order of Entomostraca; so named from the feet of branchiopods having been supposed to perform the function of gills. It includes the fresh water genera Branchipus, Apus, and Limnadia, and the genus Artemia found in salt lakes. It is also called Phyllopoda. See Phyllopoda, Cladocera. It is sometimes used in a broader sense. ... Ori …

branchlet
<plant biology> A small, usually terminal branch. ... (17 Dec 1997) ...

brand
1. A burning piece of wood; or a stick or piece of wood partly burnt, whether burning or after the fire is extinct. 'Snatching a live brand from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof.' (Palfrey) ... 2. A sword, so called from its glittering or flashing brightness. 'Paradise, so late their happy seat, Waved over by that flaming brand.' (Milton)
Brandt-Andrews manoeuvre
The expression of the placenta by grasping the umbilical cord with one hand and placing the other hand on the abdomen, with the fingers over the anterior surface of the uterus at the junction of the lower uterine segment and the corpus uteri. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brandt, M
<person> U.S. Obstetrician, *1894. ... See: Brandt-Andrews manoeuvre. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brandy
Origin: From older brandywine, brandwine, fr. D. Brandewijn, fr. P. P. Of branden to burn, distill + wijn wine, akin to G. Branntwein. See Brand. ... A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from wine. The name is also given to spirit distilled from other liquors, and in the United States to that distilled from cider and peaches. In northern Europe, it i …

brandy nose
Synonym for rhinophyma ... A manifestation of severe acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Branham, H
<person> 19th century U.S. Surgeon. ... See: Branham's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Branham, Sara Elizabeth
<person> U.S. Bacteriologist, 1888-1962. ... See: Branhamella. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Branham's sign
<clinical sign> Bradycardia following compression or excision of an arteriovenous fistula. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Branhamella
A subgenus of aerobic, nonmotile, nonsporeforming bacteria (family Neisseriaceae) containing Gram-negative cocci that occur in pairs with adjacent sides flattened; these organisms differ from those of the genus Moraxella and of other genera in the family by their DNA base content and composition. They occur in the mucous membranes of the upper resp …

Branhamella catarrhalis
Synonym for Moraxella catarrhalis ... A species that causes upper respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised hosts; the type species of the genus Moraxella. ... Synonym: Branhamella catarrhalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branks
1. A sort of bridle with wooden side pieces. ... 2. A scolding bridle, an instrument formerly used for correcting scolding women. It was an iron frame surrounding the head and having a triangular piece entering the mouth of the scold. ... Origin: Cf. Gael. Brangus, brangas, a sort of pillory, Ir. Brancas halter, or D. Pranger fetter. ... Source: Webst …

branny
Denoting desquamation of small husk-like scales. ... Origin: M.E. Bran, broken coat of cereal grain ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branny desquamation
Synonym for defurfuration ... The shedding of the epidermis in the form of fine scales. ... Synonym: branny desquamation. ... Origin: L. De, away from, + furfur, bran ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

branny tetter
Synonym for dandruff ... <dermatology> Dried skin that flakes free from the scalp. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

Brasdor, Pierre
<person> French surgeon, 1721-1798. ... See: Brasdor's method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brasdor's method
Treatment of aneurysm by ligation of the artery immediately below (on the distal side of) the tumour. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brash
Brittle, as wood or vegetables. ... Origin: Cf. Amer. Bresk, brusk, fragile, brittle. ... 1. A rash or eruption; a sudden or transient fit of sickness. ... 2. Refuse boughs of trees; also, the clippings of hedges. ... 3. <geology> Broken and angular fragments of rocks underlying alluvial deposits. ... 4. Broken fragments of ice. ... <medicine> …

brass
Origin: OE. Bras, bres, AS. Braes; akin to Icel. Bras cement, solder, brasa to harden by fire, and to E. Braze, brazen. Cf. 1st & 2d Braze. ... 1. An alloy (usually yellow) of copper and zinc, in variable proportion, but often containing two parts of copper to one part of zinc. It sometimes contains tin, and rarely other metals. ... 2. <machin …

brass founder's ague
Synonym for brass founder's fever ... An occupational disease, characterised by malaria-like symptoms, due to inhalation of particles and fumes of metallic oxides. Fumes are formed by evaporation at very high temperature and condensation in air into fine particles. ... Synonym: brass founder's ague, foundryman's fever, metal fume fever, zinc fume fev …

brass founder's fever
An occupational disease, characterised by malaria-like symptoms, due to inhalation of particles and fumes of metallic oxides. Fumes are formed by evaporation at very high temperature and condensation in air into fine particles. ... Synonym: brass founder's ague, foundryman's fever, metal fume fever, zinc fume fever. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brassica
<botany> A genus of plants belonging to the mustard family Brassicaceae. The whole family includes a total of 376 different genera and 3,200 different species. ... The family is also known as Cruciferae because the four petaled flowers of these plants look like crosses. The plants are distributed worldwide and have annual (living one year), bi …

brassy body
A dark-coloured, usually shrunken erythrocyte in which there is a malarial parasite. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brassy cough
Loud metallic barking cough caused by subglottic oedema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brat
1. A coarse garnment or cloak; also, coarse clothing, in general. ... 2. A coarse kind of apron for keeping the clothes clean; a bib. ... 3. A child; an offspring; formerly used in a good sense, but now usually in a contemptuous sense. 'This brat is none of mine.' 'A beggar's brat.' 'O Israel! O household of the Lord! O Abraham's brats! O brood of bl …

Braun, Christopher
<person> German surgeon, 1847-1911. ... See: Braun's anastomosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braun's anastomosis
After gastroenterostomy, anastomosis between afferent and efferent loops of jejunum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braune, Christian
<person> German anatomist, 1831-1892. ... See: Braune's canal, Braune's muscle, Braune's valve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braune's canal
The parturient canal formed by the uterine cavity, dilated cervix, vagina, and vulva. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braune's muscle
Synonym for puborectalis muscle ... <anatomy> The medial part of the musculus levator ani (pubococcygeus muscle) that passes from the body of the pubis around the anus to form a muscular sling at the level of the anorectal junction; it contracts to increase the perineal flexure during a peristalsis to maintain faecal continence and relaxes to …

Braune's valve
A fold of mucous membrane at the junction of the oesophagus with the stomach. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brave
1. Bold; courageous; daring; intrepid; opposed to cowardly; as, a brave man; a brave act. ... 2. Having any sort of superiority or excellence; especially such as in conspicuous. 'Iron is a brave commodity where wood aboundeth.' (Bacon) 'It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall.' (Pepys) ... 3. Making a fine show or display. 'Wear my dagger with th …

bravery
1. The quality of being brave; fearless; intrepidity. 'Remember, sir, my liege, . . . The natural bravery of your isle.' (Shak) ... 2. The act of braving; defiance; bravado. 'Reform, then, without bravery or scandal of former times and persons.' ... 3. Splendor; magnificence; showy appearance; ostentation; fine dress. 'With scarfs and fans and double …

brawn
1. A muscle; flesh. 'Formed well of brawns and of bones.' (Chaucer) ... 2. Full, strong muscles, especially. Of the arm or leg, muscular strength; a protuberant muscular part of the body; sometimes, the arm. 'Brawn without brains is thine.' (Dryden) 'It was ordained that murderers should be brent on the brawn of the left hand.' (E. Hall) 'And in my …

brawny arm
A swollen arm caused by lymphedema, particularly after homolateral radical mastectomy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brawny oedema
Synonym for nonpitting oedema ... Swelling of subcutaneous tissues which cannot be indented by compression easily. Usually due to metabolic abnormality, such as increased glycosaminoglycan content, like that which occurs in Graves' disease (pretibial myxoedema) or in early phase of scleroderma. ... Synonym: brawny oedema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brawny scleritis
A gelatinous-appearing swelling surrounding the cornea with a tendency to involve the periphery of the cornea. ... Synonym: gelatinous scleritis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

braxton hicks contraction
Rhythmic uterine muscle activity which occurs during the course of a pregnancy which causes no pain for the patient. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

Braxton Hicks sign
<clinical sign> Irregular uterine contractions occurring after the third month of pregnancy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braxton Hicks version
An obsolete term for internal version of the foetus, substituting the breech for the head as the leading pole. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Braxton Hicks, John
<person> British gynecologist, 1823-1897. ... See: Braxton Hicks contraction, Braxton Hicks sign, Braxton Hicks version. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Bray, Charles
<person> U.S. Otologist, *1904. ... See: Wever-Bray phenomenon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazelton, T
<person> U.S. Paediatrician, *1918. ... See: Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazil wax
Synonym for carnauba wax ... A wax obtained from the Brazilian wax palm, Copernica cerifera; used in pharmaceuticals to coat medicaments in sustained release preparations and surfaces of tablets; used in waxes for wood and metal. ... Synonym: Brazil wax, palm wax. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

brazil wood
1. The wood of the oriental Caesalpinia Sapan; so called before the discovery of America. ... 2. A very heavy wood of a reddish colour, imported from Brazil and other tropical countries, for cabinet-work, and for dyeing. The best is the heartwood of Caesalpinia echinata, a leguminous tree; but other trees also yield it. An interior sort comes from J …

brazilein
C6H12O5;a red oxidation product of brazilin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazilian blastomycosis
An obsolete term for paracoccidioidomycosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazilian haemorrhagic fever
Synonym for Brazilian spotted fever ... Fulminating sepsis, usually beginning with conjunctivitis, characterised by purpuric skin lesions, a high fatality rate; thought to be due to Haemophilus aegyptius. ... Synonym: Brazilian haemorrhagic fever, Brazilian purpuric fever. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazilian pemphigus
Synonym for fogo selvagem ... A form of pemphigus foliaceus, occurring in southern Brazil, in which the lesions are bullous, appear localised to the face and upper trunk, become widespread, variegated, erythrodermic, and exfoliative, and are immunologically indistinguishable from pemphigus foliaceus or vulgaris. ... Synonym: Brazilian pemphigus, wild …

Brazilian purpuric fever
Synonym for Brazilian spotted fever ... Fulminating sepsis, usually beginning with conjunctivitis, characterised by purpuric skin lesions, a high fatality rate; thought to be due to Haemophilus aegyptius. ... Synonym: Brazilian haemorrhagic fever, Brazilian purpuric fever. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Brazilian spotted fever
Fulminating sepsis, usually beginning with conjunctivitis, characterised by purpuric skin lesions, a high fatality rate; thought to be due to Haemophilus aegyptius. ... Synonym: Brazilian haemorrhagic fever, Brazilian purpuric fever. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

BRCA1
<molecular biology> BRCA1 is a tumour-supressing gene, if even one copy of it is damaged, cancer can develop. ... Certain mutations confer a high probability (85% lifetime risk) of developing breast cancer, and other types cause ovarian cancer. Familial mutations of this gene are particularly common among people in the Ashkenazi Jewish ethnic …

BRCA1 protein
Phosphoprotein encoded by the BRCA1 gene (genes, BRCA1). It has limited sequence similarity with known proteins. In normal cells the BRCA1 protein is localised in the nucleus, whereas in the majority of breast cancer cell lines and in malignant pleural effusions from breast cancer patients, it is localised mainly in the cytoplasm. (science 1995;270 …

BrDu
Synonym for bromodeoxyuridine ... <chemical> A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumours. ... Pharmacological action: an …

BrDu-banding
The labeling of chromosomes in proliferating tissue by adding an excess of bromodeoxyuridine, which replaces the uridine incorporated in RNA and fluoresces in ultraviolet light; the bands result from sister chromatid exchanges. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breach
Origin: OE. Breke, breche, AS. Brice, gebrice, gebrece (in comp), fr. Brecan to break; akin to Dan. Braek, MHG. Breche, gap, breach. See Break, and cf. Brake (the instrument), Brack a break] . ... 1. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense. ... 2. Specifically: A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillm …

bread
1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moistening, kneading, and baking. ... Raised bread is made with yeast, salt, and sometimes a little butter or lard, and is mixed with warm milk or water to form the dough, which, after kneading, is given time to rise before baking. Cream of tartar bread is raised by the action of an alkaline carbonate …

bread pill
A placebo made of bread crumbs or other inactive substances. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bread-and-butter pericardium
Fibrinous pericarditis in which the visceral and parietal surfaces of the pericardium resemble those of two pieces of buttered bread that have been pressed together and then pulled apart, when they are separated at surgery or necropsy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

breadfruit
<botany> ... 1. The fruit of a tree (Artocarpus incisa) found in the islands of the Pacific, especially. The South Sea islands. It is of a roundish form, from four to six or seven inches in diameter, and, when baked, somewhat resembles bread, and is eaten as food, whence the name. ... 2. <botany> The tree itself, which is one of considera …

break
1. To strain apart; to sever by fracture; to divide with violence; as, to break a rope or chain; to break a seal; to break an axle; to break rocks or coal; to break a lock. ... 2. To lay open as by breaking; to divide; as, to break a package of goods. ... 3. To lay open, as a purpose; to disclose, divulge, or communicate. 'Katharine, break thy mind t …