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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


leishman-donovan bodies
Small spheres found in the spleen and liver of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. The spheres are an alternate, non flagellated form of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania donovani which occurs once the parasite has invaded the cells of the reticuloendothelial system in the patients organs. The spheres are named after Sir William Leishman and Cha …

Leishman-Donovan body
The intracytoplasmic, nonflagellated leishmanial form of certain intracellular parasites, such as species of Leishmania or the intracellular form of Trypanosoma cruzi; originally used for Leishmania donovani parasites in infected spleen or liver cells in kala azar. ... Synonym: amastigote, L-D body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishman, Sir William
<person> Scottish surgeon, 1865-1926. ... See: Leishmania, Leishman's chrome cells, Leishman's stain, Leishman-Donovan body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishman's chrome cells
Basophilic granular leukocytes (basophils) observed in the circulating blood of some persons with blackwater fever. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishman's stain
<technique> A polychromed eosin-methylene blue stain used in the examination of blood films. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leishmania
A genus of parasitic flagellated protozoans which causes diseases in animals including humans, most notably leishmaniasis. A type of trypanosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Leishmania aethiopica
An African species of Leishmania responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, with a reservoir of human infection in the rock hyraxes, Procavia capensis and Heterohyrax brucei, and in Kenya, with reservoirs in the tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus, and the giant rat, Cricetomys gambianus; vectors are the sandflies Phlebotomus longpipes …

leishmania braziliensis
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania viannia that infects man and animals. It causes cutaneous (leishmaniasis, cutaneous), diffuse cutaneous (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous) depending on the subspecies of this organism. The sandfly, lutzomyia, is the vector. The lei …

Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis
A subspecies within the Leishmania braziliensis complex from Brazil and Guyana, and the cause of the cutaneous leishmaniasis condition locally known as 'pian bois'; the reservoir host in Brazil is the sloth Choloepus hoffmani and the vector is the sandfly Lutzomyia umbratilis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania braziliensis panamensis
A subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis found in Panama, Colombia, and neighboring regions; it causes ulcerating lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis which do not heal spontaneously and often involve nearby lymphatic tissues, but nasopharyngeal involvement is rare. The sloth Choloepus hoffmani is the reservoir in Panama and Costa Rica; the sandfly Lu …

leishmania donovani
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, visceral). The sandfly genera phlebotomus and lutzomyia are the vectors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Leishmania donovani archibaldi
Synonym for Leishmania donovani donovani ... The type subspecies and agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent; a few cases occur in the south central section of the area known as the former USSR, and in Iran, Iraq, and possibly Yemen; the dog and jackal are animal reservoirs. The form in Africa may be this subspec …

Leishmania donovani chagasi
A subspecies of Leishmania found in South America, chiefly in Brazil, producing visceral leishmaniasis; infections have been found in domestic dogs and in foxes, though the primary reservoir host is unclear. The vector remains undiscovered, and the taxonomic status of this subspecies is uncertain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania donovani donovani
The type subspecies and agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Asia, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent; a few cases occur in the south central section of the area known as the former USSR, and in Iran, Iraq, and possibly Yemen; the dog and jackal are animal reservoirs. The form in Africa may be this subspecies, though the name Leishmania donovani arc …

Leishmania donovani infantum
A strain or subspecies of Leishmania donovani that causes visceral leishmaniasis in young children in Mediterranean countries; the reservoir is the domestic dog. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leishmania enriettii
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that has been found as a natural infection of the brazilian guinea pig. Its host-tissue relationship is, in general, comparable to that of l. Braziliensis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Leishmania furunculosa
Former name for Leishmania tropica. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leishmania guyanensis
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania viannia that infects man and animals and causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous). Transmission is by lutzomyia sandflies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leishmania infantum
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, visceral). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is b …

leishmania major
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) of the old world. Transmission is by phlebotomus sandflies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leishmania mexicana
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelen …

Leishmania mexicana amazonensis
A particularly widespread form of Leishmania mexicana in the Amazon basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and southern Venezuela), where it infects a variety of forest rodents, the reservoirs of human infection. The disease is rare in humans, but the single or multiple lesions, when induced, rarely heal spontaneously; the disseminated form is …

Leishmania mexicana garnhami
A subspecies of Leishmania mexicana, found in western Venezuela, causing single or multiple lesions in humans that heal spontaneously in about six months; the probable sandfly vector is Lutzomyia townsendi. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania mexicana mexicana
A species described from Mexico, Guatemala, and Belise; agent of a form of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis called chiclero's ulcer, associated with chicle gum and mahogany forest workers. The New World sandfly, Lutzomyia olmeca, is a proven vector of this subspecies. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania mexicana pifanoi
A strain of Leishmania mexicana accorded species status by those who consider it responsible for the diffuse or disseminated form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is responsible for this condition in Venezuela, where it was described, but it is now recognised that several species and subspecies of Leishmania cause similar disseminated forms of leishm …

Leishmania mexicana venezuelensis
A recently described subspecies of Leishmania mexicana from Venezuela that causes indolent, nodular, single lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis to develop, sometimes with curable disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis; infection has also been found in equines. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania peruviana
Species of Leishmania found infecting humans in the high Andean valleys of Peru and Bolivia; cause of a distinct form of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis called uta. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leishmania pifanoi
Synonym for Leishmania mexicana pifanoi ... A strain of Leishmania mexicana accorded species status by those who consider it responsible for the diffuse or disseminated form of cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is responsible for this condition in Venezuela, where it was described, but it is now recognised that several species and subspecies of Leishmania …

leishmania tropica
A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and rodents. This taxonomic complex includes species which cause a disease called oriental sore which is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) of the old world. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Leishmania tropica major
Synonym for leishmania major ... A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) of the old world. Transmission is by phlebotomus sandflies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Leishmania tropica mexicana
Synonym for leishmania mexicana ... A parasitic haemoflagellate of the subgenus leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (leishmaniasis, cutaneous) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami …

leishmaniasis
<infectious disease> Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The parasite lives intracellularly in macrophages. Various forms of the disease are known, depending upon the species of parasite: in particular visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) and muco cutaneous leishmaniasis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

leishmaniasis americana
Synonym for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ... A grave disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis, endemic in southern Mexico and Central and South America, except for the equatorial region of Chile; the organism does not invade the viscera, and the disease is limited to the skin and mucous membranes, the lesions resembling the sores of cut …

leishmaniasis recidivans
A partially healing leishmanial lesion caused by Leishmania tropica and characterised by an extreme form of cellular immune response, intense granuloma production, fibrinoid necrosis without caseation, and frequent development of satellite lesions that continue the production of granulomatous tissue without healing, sometimes over a period of many …

leishmaniasis tegumentaria diffusa
Synonym for diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis ... Leishmaniasis caused by several New and Old World species and strains of Leishmania (L. Mexicana amazonensis, L. M. Pifanoi, possibly L. M. Garnhami and L. M. Venezuelensis; in Ethiopia, L. Aethiopica, and unidentified leishmanial agents in Namibia and Tanzania). The condition is associated with a supp …

leishmaniasis, cutaneous
An endemic disease that is characterised by the development of single or multiple localised lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into old and new world forms. Old world leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species …

leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous
A form of leishmaniasis, cutaneous caused by leishmania aethiopica in ethiopia and kenya, l. Pifanoi in venezuela, l. Braziliensis in south america, and l. Mexicana in central america. This disease is characterised by massive dissemination of skin lesions without visceral involvement. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous
A disease characterised by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from new world cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the l. Braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms. ... (12 Dec 1998)
leishmaniasis, visceral
A chronic disease caused by leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera phlebotomus and lutzomyia. It is commonly characterised by fever, chills, vomiting, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinaemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray colour of the skin. The disease is classified into three ma …

leishmaniavirus
A genus of RNA protozoan viruses of the family totiviridae. Several different strains of leishmania are infected by a variety of viral species. The type species is leishmania RNA virus 1-1. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leishmanin test
A delayed hypersensitivity test for cutaneous leishmaniasis; a positive test when granulomatous induration exceeds 5 min after 2-3 days at the intradermal injection site of a suspension of leishmanias in phenol. ... Synonym: Montenegro test. ... Origin: Leishmania + suffix -in, component, derivative ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leishmaniosis
Synonym for leishmaniasis ... <infectious disease> Caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. The parasite lives intracellularly in macrophages. Various forms of the disease are known, depending upon the species of parasite: in particular visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) and muco cutaneous leishmaniasis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

leishmanoid
A condition resembling leishmaniasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leisure activities
Voluntary use of free time for activities outside the daily routine. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Leiter, Russell
<person> U.S. Psychologist, *1901. ... See: Leiter International Performance Scale. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lejeune syndrome
Synonym for cri-du-chat syndrome ... <paediatrics, syndrome> A congenital human syndrome caused by the loss of part of the short arm of Chromosome 5. ... The syndrome gets its name from the peculiar cry of afflicted infants, which sounds like the meowing of a cat. The syndrome causes severe retardation and various congenital malformations. ... ( …

Lejeune, Jerome
<person> French cytogeneticist, *1926. ... See: Lejeune syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lelystad virus
An arterivirus causing a new disease in swine, first reported in 1987 and characterised by abortion and infertility in sows and respiratory problems in piglets. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lembert suture
The second row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal suture; an inverting suture for intestinal surgery, used either as a continuous suture or interrupted suture, producing serosal apposition and including the collagenous submucosal layer but not entering the lumen of the intestine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lembert, Antoine
<person> French surgeon, 1802-1851. ... See: Lembert suture, Czerny-Lembert suture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lemli, Luc
<person> 20th century U.S. Paediatrician. ... See: Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lemma
The lower of two bracts enclosing a grass flower. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

lemming
<zoology> Any one of several species of small arctic rodents of the genera Myodes and Cuniculus, resembling the meadow mice in form. They are found in both hemispheres. ... The common Northern European lemming (Myodes lemmus) is remarkable for making occasional devastating migrations in enormous numbers from the mountains into the lowlands. …

lemmoblast
In an embryo, a cell of neural crest origin capable of forming a cell of the neurilemma sheath. ... Origin: G. Lemma, husk, + blastos, germ ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lemmocyte
One of the cells of the neurolemma. ... Origin: G. Lemma, husk, + kytos, cell ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lemnian
Of or pertaining to the isle of Lemnos. Lemnian bole, Lemnian earth, an aluminous earth of a grayish yellow colour; sphragide; formerly sold as medicine, having astringent properties. Lemnian reddle, a reddle of firm consistence and deep red colour; used by artificers in colouring. ... Origin: L. Lemnius, fr. Lemnus, Gr. ... Source: Websters Dictiona …

lemniscal trigone
A triangular area on the lateral surface of the caudal half of the mesencephalon, bordered caudally by the slight prominence of the lateral lemniscus, dorsally by the base of the inferior colliculus and the brachium of the superior colliculus, and ventrally by the crus cerebri. ... Synonym: Reil's triangle, triangle of fillet, trigone of fillet, tri …

lemniscus lateralis
Synonym for lateral lemniscus ... A bundle of ascending fibres that originate from the cochlear and auditory relay nuclei of the rhombencephalon, enter the trapezoid body, a transverse fibre stratum in which about half their number decussate, and from here turn rostrally along the lateral side of the spinothalamic tract; in the midbrain, it arches d …

lemniscus medialis
Synonym for medial lemniscus ... A band of white fibres originating from the gracile and cuneate nuclei and decussating in the lower medulla; thence it passes upward through the centre of the medulla oblongata, close to the median raphe; on entering the pons it spreads out laterally to form a flat band ascending over the dorsal border of the pontine …

lemniscus spinalis
Synonym for spinothalamic tract ... A large ascending fibre bundle in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord, arising from cells in the posterior horn at all levels of the cord, which cross within their segments of origin in the white commissure. In their contralateral ascent, the bundle is intermingled with numerous intersegme …

lemniscus trigeminalis
Synonym for trigeminal lemniscus ... Collective term denoting the fibres ascending from the sensory nucleus of the trigeminus; one such fibre system originates from the main sensory nucleus, largely decussates, and ascends as the ventral trigeminal lemniscus to join the medial lemniscus with which it enters the ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, …

lemon
1. <botany> An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus,the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum). There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet. ... 2. The tree whi …

lemon sign
<radiology> Concave frontal bones, suggests neural tube defect also: banana sign ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lemon yellow
Synonym for chrome yellow ... A fine yellow powder used in paints and dyes. ... Synonym: lead chromate, Leipzig yellow, lemon yellow, Paris yellow. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lemur
<zoology> One of a family (Lemuridae) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Ind …

lemuridae
A family of the order primates, suborder strepsirhini (prosimii), containing four genera which inhabit madagascar and the comoro island. most of the lemurs prefer wooded areas. The four genera are hapalemur, lemur, lepilemur, and varecia. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lend
1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as, to lend a book; opposed to borrow. 'Give me that ring. I'll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power To give it from me.' (Shak) ... 2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as, to lend mon …

Lendrum, A
<person> 20th century Scottish pathologist. ... See: Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine stain, Fraser-Lendrum stain for fibrin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine stain
<technique> A stain for demonstrating acidophilic inclusion bodies, which appear red on a yellow background; nuclei stain blue, but Negri bodies do not stain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenegre, Jean
<person> 20th century French cardiologist. ... See: Lenegre's disease, Lenegre's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenegre's disease
Synonym for Lenegre's syndrome ... <syndrome> Isolated damage of the cardiac conduction system as a result of a sclerodegenerative lesion; characterised ordinarily as idiopathic fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal, His bundle, or bundle branches with corresponding conduction block(s). ... Synonym: Lenegre's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenegre's syndrome
<syndrome> Isolated damage of the cardiac conduction system as a result of a sclerodegenerative lesion; characterised ordinarily as idiopathic fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal, His bundle, or bundle branches with corresponding conduction block(s). ... Synonym: Lenegre's disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

length
1. The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as, the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line. ... 2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; oft …

length of stay
The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

length-breadth index
Synonym for cephalic index ... The ratio of the maximal breadth to the maximal length of the head, obtained by the formula: (breadth &times; 100)/length. ... Synonym: length-breadth index. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

length-height index
Synonym for vertical index ... The relation of the height to the length of the skull: (height &times; 100)/length. ... Synonym: height-length index, length-height index, transversovertical index. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lengthening reaction
In the decerebrate animal, the rather sudden relaxation with lengthening of the extensor muscles when a limb is passively flexed; associated with clasp-knife spasticity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenhossek, Michael von
<person> Hungarian anatomist, 1863-1937. ... See: Lenhossek's processes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenhossek's processes
Short process's ('aborted axons') possessed by some ganglion cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lenitive
1. <medicine> A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain or protecting from the action of irritants. A mild purgative; a laxative. ... 2. That which softens or mitigates; that which tends to allay passion, excitement, or pain; a palliative. 'There is one sweet Lenitive at least for evils, which Nature holds out; so I took it …

Lennert classification
Synonym for Kiel classification ... Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma into low-grade malignancy (lymphocytic, lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic, and centroblastic-centrocytic types) and high-grade malignancy (centroblastic, lymphoblastic of Burkitt's or convoluted cell, and immunoblastic types). ... Synonym: Lennert classification. ... (05 Mar 20 …

Lennert, K
<person> ... See: Lennert's lymphoma, Lennert classification. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lennert's lesion
Synonym for Lennert's lymphoma ... <tumour> Malignant lymphoma with a high proportion of diffusely scattered epithelioid cells, tonsillar involvement, and an unpredictable course. ... Synonym: Lennert's lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lennert's lymphoma
<tumour> Malignant lymphoma with a high proportion of diffusely scattered epithelioid cells, tonsillar involvement, and an unpredictable course. ... Synonym: Lennert's lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lennox syndrome
See Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lennox-gastaut syndrome
<syndrome> A severe form of epilepsy that usually begins in early childhood and is characterised by frequent seizures of multiple types, mental impairment, and a particular brain wave pattern (a slow spike-and-wave pattern). The seizures that are notoriously hard to treat and may lead to falls and injuries can be reduced in frequency by treat …

Lennox, William
<person> U.S. Neurologist, 1884-1960. ... See: Lennox syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenoir, Camille
<person> French anatomist, *1867. ... See: Lenoir's facet. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lenoir's facet
The medial articular surface of the patella. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lens
<physics> A transparent optical element, so constructed that it serves to change the degree of convergence or divergence of the transmitted rays. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

lens capsule
The capsule enclosing the lens of the eye. ... Synonym: capsula lentis, crystalline capsule, lenticular capsule, phacocyst. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lens capsule, crystalline
The noncellular outer covering of the crystalline lens, secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lens clock
Synonym for Geneva lens measure ... A device for measuring the radii of the curvature of a spectacle lens. ... Synonym: lens clock. ... Origin: Geneva, Switzerland ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lens cortex, crystalline
The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. It contains lens fibres and amorphous, intercellular substance. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lens implantation, intraocular
Insertion of an artificial lens following removal of the crystalline lens, usually after cataract extraction. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lens neutral proteinase
<enzyme> Degrades alpha 2-crystallin; requires ca and mg; cleaves phe-ser bond in bradykinin; similar enzyme found in human lung ... Registry number: EC 3.4.24.5 ... Synonym: neutral proteinase 24.5 ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

lens nucleus, crystalline
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lens pits
The paired depressions formed in the superficial ectoderm of the embryonic head as the lens placodes sink in toward the optic cup; the external openings of the pit's are closed as the lens vesicles are formed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lens placodes
Paired ectodermal placode's that become invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. ... Synonym: optic placodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lens stars
Congenital cataracts with opacities along the suture lines of the lens; may be anterior or posterior or both. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...