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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

learn
1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as, to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. 'Learn to do well.' 'Now learn …

learned helplessness
A laboratory model of depression involving both classical (respondent) and instrumental (operant) conditioning techniques; application of unavoidable shock is followed by failure to cope in situations where coping might otherwise be possible. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

learning
1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy. ... 2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning. Book learning. See Book. ... Synonym: Literature, er …

learning disability
A disorder in one or more of the basic cognitive and psychological processes involved in understanding or using written or spoken language; may be manifested in age-related impairment in the ability to read, write, spell, speak, or perform mathematical calculations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

learning disorders
Impairment of learning ability due to emotional, environmental or physiological factors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

learning set
A readiness or predisposition to learn developed from previous learning experiences, as when an organism learns to solve each successive problem (of equal or increasing difficulty) in fewer trials. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

learning theory
Any of several prominent theories designed to explain learning, especially those promulgated by Pavlov, Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull, Kohler, Spence, Miller, Skinner, and their modern followers. ... See: conditioning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leasing, property
Contractual arrangement between the lessor (owner) and the lessee in which the use of equipment or facilities is granted to the lessee for a period of time and at a specified rate. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

least
Origin: OE. Last, lest, AS. Lsast, lsest, superl. Of lssa less. See Less] Smallest, either in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant; as, the least insect; the least mercy; the least space. ... Least is often used with the, as if a noun. 'I am the least of the apostles.' (1 Cor. Xv. 9) at least, or At the least, at the least estimate, co …

least cost planning
(integrated resource planning) A method of power planning that recognises load uncertainty, embodies an emphasis on risk management, and reviews all available and reliable resources to meet future loads. It takes into consideration all costs of a resource, including capital, labour, fuel, maintenance, decommissioning, known environmental impacts, a …

least diffusion circle
In the configuration of rays emerging from a spherocylindrical lens system, the place where diverging rays of the lens first forming a line image are balanced by converging rays of the second lens. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

least squares
A principle of estimation invented by Gauss in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are the quantities that minimise the sum of squared differences between the observed values of the dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

least-squares analysis
A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leather
1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use; also, dressed hides, collectively. ... 2. The skin. ... Leather is much used adjectively in the sense of made of, relating to, or like, leather. Leather board, an imitation of sole leather, made of leather scraps, rags, paper, etc. Leather carp (a) A Cal …

leave
To send out leaves; to leaf; often with out. ... Origin: Leaved; Leaving. ... 1. Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is removed; permission; allowance; license. 'David earnestly asked leave of me.' (1 Sam. Xx. 6) 'No friend has leave to bear away the dead.' (Dryden) ... 2. The act of leaving or departing; a formal parting; a leaving; fare …

Leber, Theodor
<person> German ophthalmologist, 1840-1917. ... See: Leber's idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis, Leber's hereditary optic atrophy, Leber's plexus, amaurosis congenita of Leber. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leber's hereditary optic atrophy
Hereditary degeneration of the optic nerve and papillomacular bundle with resulting rapid loss of central vision, progressive for several weeks, then usually stationary with permanent central scotoma; age of onset is variable, most often in the third decade; more males than females are affected and transmission is cytoplasmic and strictly on the fe …

Leber's plexus
A small venous plexus in the eye between the venous sinuses of the sclera (of Schlemm) and the spaces of the iridocorneal angle (of Fontana). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lebetase
<enzyme> Extracted from vipera lebetina venom; hydrolyzes casein, fibrinogen, fibrin, and oxidised insulin b chain at positions ala(14)-leu(15), tyr(16)-leu(17) ... Registry number: EC 3.4.24.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

lecheguilla poisoning
A plant toxaemia of sheep and goats in western Texas, southeastern New Mexico, and northern Mexico caused by eating Agave lecheguilla; there is liver damage resulting in icterus, sometimes haemoglobinuria, and often death, and photosensitivity with oedema, swelling, and crusting of the face and ears. ... Synonym: swellhead. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithal
Having a yolk or pertaining to the yolk of any egg; used especially as a suffix. ... Origin: G. Lekithos, egg yolk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithin
<protein> Phospholipids of egg yolk (usually hen's eggs). A mixture of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but usually refers to phosphatidylcholine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

lecithin acyltransferase
Synonym for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that reversibly transfers an acyl residue from a lecithin to cholesterol, forming a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine (a lysolecithin) and a cholesterol ester; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in plasma resulting in anaemia, protei …

lecithin acyltransferase deficiency
A disease characterised by deficiency or low levels of plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase. Clinical manifestations include corneal opacity, anaemia, and proteinuria. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lecithin-cholesterol transferase
A plasma enzyme that catalyses the uptake of cholesterol esters by intermediate-density lipoproteins formed by high density lipoproteins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithin-retinol acyltransferase
<enzyme> Transfers 1-acyl moiety from lecithin to retinol-cellular retinol-binding protein, type II, to produce retinyl esters; does not use CoA ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio
A ratio used to determine foetal pulmonary maturity, found by testing the amniotic fluid; when the lungs are mature, lecithin exceeds sphingomyelin by 2 to 1. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithinase
<enzyme> See phospholipases. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

lecithinase A
Synonym for phospholipase A2 ... <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a lecithin to a lysolecithin by removing the 2-acyl group; also acts on other phospholipids by removing a fatty acid from the 2-position; this enzyme has an important role in prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ... Synonym: lecithinase A, phosphatidase, …

lecithinase B
Synonym for lysophospholipase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. ... Chemical name: 2-Lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.5 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lecithinase C
Synonym for phospholipase c ... <enzyme> An enzyme found in the alpha-toxin of clostridium welchii and other strains of clostridia and bacilli. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphorylated nitrogenous base such as choline. ... Chemical name: Phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase ... Regi …

lecithinase D
Synonym for phospholipase d ... <enzyme> An enzyme found mostly in plant tissue. It hydrolyzes glycerophosphatidates with the formation of a phosphatidic acid and a nitrogenous base such as choline. This enzyme also catalyses transphosphatidylation reactions. ... Chemical name: Phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase ... Registry number: EC 3.1 …

lecithoblast
One of the cells proliferating to form the yolk-sac endoderm. ... Origin: G. Lekithos, egg yolk, + blastos, germ ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithoprotein
A conjugated protein, with lecithin as the prosthetic group. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lecithovitellase
<chemical> ... Chemical name: lecithovitellase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

Leclef phenomenon
Synonym for Denys-Leclef phenomenon ... Enhanced phagocytosis by leukocytes of microorganisms in the presence of immune serum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

LeCompte manoeuvre
<procedure, surgery> A repair of double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis and other abnormalities of ventricular arterial connection and ventricular septal defect. ... The left ventricle is connected to the aorta and the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery using a technique that does not require an extracardiac conduit. ... Syn …

LeCompte operation
Synonym for LeCompte manoeuvre ... <procedure, surgery> A repair of double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis and other abnormalities of ventricular arterial connection and ventricular septal defect. ... The left ventricle is connected to the aorta and the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery using a technique that does not requi …

lectin
<plant biology> Proteins obtained particularly from the seeds of leguminous plants, but also from many other plant and animal sources, that have binding sites for specific mono or oligosaccharides in cell walls or membranes. They thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the …

lectotype
<zoology> One of several syntypes, designated by any author after the original publication of a species name as the type specimen for the taxonomic name. Designated only where there was no original holotype. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

lecture notes
Notes taken at the delivery or reading of a speech before an audience or class, usually given to instruct. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lectures
Speeches read or delivered before an audience or class, especially for instruction or to set forth some subject. They are differentiated from addresses in that addresses are less didactic and more informational, entertaining, inspirational, or polaemic. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

lecythis
<botany> A genus of gigantic trees, chiefly Brazilian, of the order Myrtaceae, having woody capsules opening by an apical lid. Lecythis Zabucajo yields the delicious sapucaia nuts. L. Ollaria produces the monkey-pots, its capsules. Its bark separates into thin sheets, like paper, used by the natives for cigarette wrappers. ... Origin: NL, fr. …

Lederer
Max, U.S. Pathologist, 1885-1952. ... See: Lederer's anaemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lederer's anaemia
An obsolete eponym for a form of acute acquired haemolytic anaemia associated with abnormal haemolysins and sometimes with haemoglobinuria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Ledermann
Sully, French psychiatrist. ... See: Ledermann formula. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Ledermann formula
A formula to calculate alcohol dependancy levels. Ledermann showed empirically that the distribution of alcohol consumption in a population is log normal; the formula used this observation to estimate the prevalence of various degrees of alcohol dependency. Some questions have been raised about the validity of Ledermann's observations. ... (05 Mar 2 …

ledge
1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also, that which resembles such a shelf in form or use, as a projecting ridge or part, or a molding or edge in joinery. ... 2. A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks. ... 3. A layer or stratum. 'The lowest ledge or row should be of stone.' (Sir H. Wotton) ... 4. <chemical> A lode; a limited mass of rock beari …

ledger
1. A book in which a summary of accounts is laid up or preserved; the final book of record in business transactions, in which all debits and credits from the journal, etc, are placed under appropriate heads. ... Alternative forms: leger. ... 2. A large flat stone, especially. One laid over a tomb. A horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights …

Lee-White method
A method for determining coagulation time of venous blood in tubes of standard bore at body temperature. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lee, Robert
<person> English physician, 1793-1877. ... See: Lee's ganglion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lee, Roger
<person> U.S. Physician, *1881. ... See: Lee-White method. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lee's ganglion
Synonym for uterovaginal plexus ... A gangliated autonomic plexus on each side of the cervix of the uterus, derived from the inferior hypogastric plexus. ... Synonym: plexus uterovaginalis, Frankenhauser's ganglion, Lee's ganglion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leech
1. Physician or surgeon; a professor of the art of healing. ... Alternative forms: leach] 'Leech, heal thyself.' (Wyclif (Luke iv. 23)) ... 2. <zoology> Any one of numerous genera and species of annulose worms, belonging to the order Hirudinea, or Bdelloidea, especially. Those species used in medicine, as Hirudo medicinalis of Europe, and allie …

leeches
Annelids of the class hirudinea, especially hirudo medicinalis. Some species, the bloodsuckers, may become temporarily parasitic upon animals, including man. Leeches were formerly used extensively for drawing blood. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

leeching
The former practice of applying leeches to the body to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leede
Carl S., U.S. Physician, *1882. ... See: Rumpel-Leede sign, Rumpel-Leede test, Leede-Rumpel phenomenon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leede-Rumpel phenomenon
Synonym for Rumpel-Leede phenomenon ... Appearance of petechiae in an area following application of vascular constriction, such as by a tourniquet, usually after 10 minutes but can appear after shorter period, such as following application of tourniquet to draw blood specimen or use of blood pressure cuff. Due to capillary fragility or abnormal plat …

leek
<botany> A plant of the genus Allium (A. Porrum), having broadly linear succulent leaves rising from a loose oblong cylindrical bulb. The flavor is stronger than that of the common onion. Wild leek, in America, a plant (Allium tricoccum) with a cluster of ovoid bulbs and large oblong elliptical leaves. ... Origin: AS.leac; akin to D. Look, G. …

LEEP
<abbreviation> Loop electrocautery excision procedure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leeuwenhoek
Anton van, Dutch microscopist, 1632-1723. ... See: Leeuwenhoek's canals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Leeuwenhoek's canals
Synonym for haversian canals ... <anatomy> The small Vascular canal's that run longitudinally in the centre of haversian systems of compact osseous tissue, through which the blood vessels ramify in bone. ... Synonym: Leeuwenhoek's canals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

leeway space
The difference between the combined mesiodistal widths of the deciduous cuspids and molars and their successors. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Lefevre
Paul, 20th century French dermatologist. ... See: Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

lefort fracture
<radiology> Types: I transverse fracture through floor of maxillary sinuses (only palate moves), II through maxillary sinuses (pyramidal fracture), III through orbits (craniofacial dysjunction), clinically, may be mixed ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

left
Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than on the other side; opposed to right, when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the left ear. Also said of the corresponding side of the lower animals. Left bank of a river, that which is on the left hand of a person whose face i …

left atrial pressure
<radiology> 15-20 mm Hg redistribution 20-25 interstitial oedema 25-30 airspace oedema ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

left atrioventricular valve
Synonym for mitral valve ... <anatomy, cardiology> The heart valve that divides the left atrium and left ventricle. During left atrial contraction, the mitral valve opens to allow blood to flow into the left ventricle. Upon closure, the mitral valve prohibits the regurgitation of blood back into the left atrium. The mitral valve is the only he …

left atrium
<anatomy> The thin-walled chamber of the heart which pumps blood into the left ventricle for ejection into the systemic circulation. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

left auricular appendage
Synonym for auricle of left atrium ... The small conical projection from the left atrium of the heart. ... Synonym: auricula sinistra, left auricular appendage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left axis deviation
A mean electrical axis of the heart pointing to -30° or more negative. ... See: hexaxial reference system. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left branch
Of a pair of branches, the branch passing to the left side of the body, to the left member of a bilateral pair of structures, or to the left portion of an unpaired structure; the other member of the pair being a right branch. ... Synonym: ramus sinister. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left colic artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending colon and splenic flexure; anastomoses, middle colic, sigmoid. ... Synonym: arteria colica sinistra. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left colic flexure
The bend at the junction of the transverse and descending colon. ... Synonym: flexura coli sinistra, splenic flexure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left colic lymph nodes
Small nodes along the left colic artery and its branches that drain the left flexure and upper part of the descending colon; efferent vessels pass to the inferior mesenteric nodes. ... Synonym: nodi lymphatici colici sinistri. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left colic vein
<anatomy, vein> A tributary of the inferior mesenteric vein that accompanies the left colic artery and drains the left flexure and descending colon. ... Synonym: vena colica sinistra. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left coronary artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, left aortic sinus; distribution, it divides into two major branches, an anterior interventricular which descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus, and a circumflex branch which passes to the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle; gives atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular branches. ... Synonym: arter …

left coronary artery branches
<radiology> Left anterior descending (LAD) artery, diagonal branches, septal branches (short br. at 90' angle), left circumflex artery (LCA), obtuse marginal branches ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

left coronary vein
Synonym for great cardiac vein ... <anatomy, vein> Begins at the apex of the heart (where it anastomoses with the middle cardiac vein), runs first with the anterior interventricular artery as it ascends the anterior interventricular groove, then turns to the left as it approaches or reaches the coronary groove to run with the circumflex branch …

left crus of diaphragm
The muscular origin of the diaphragm from the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae that ascends to the left of the aorta to reach the central tendon. ... Synonym: crus sinistrum diaphragmatis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left duct of caudate lobe
A tributary to the left hepatic duct draining bile from the left half of the caudate lobe. ... Synonym: ductus lobi caudati sinister. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastric artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, coeliac; distribution, cardia of stomach at lesser curvature, abdominal part of the oesophagus, and, frequently, a portion of the left lobe of the liver via an aberrant left hepatic branch; anastomoses, oesophageal, right gastric. ... Synonym: arteria gastrica sinistra, coronary artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastric lymph nodes
Nodes located along the left gastric artery and its branches; they are divided into paracardial, upper and lower groups. ... Synonym: nodi lymphatici gastrici sinistri, superior gastric lymph nodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastric vein
<anatomy, vein> Arises from a union of veins from both surfaces of the cardia of the stomach and an oesophageal tributary from the cardiac portion of the oesophagus; it runs in the lesser omentum and empties into the portal vein. ... See: oesophageal veins. ... Synonym: vena gastrica sinistra, coronary vein, vena coronaria ventriculi. ... (05 Ma …

left gastro-omental artery
Synonym for left gastroepiploic artery ... <anatomy, artery> Origin, splenic; distribution, greater curvature of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, right gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries. ... Synonym: arteria gastro-omentalis sinistra, arteria gastroepiploica sinistra, left gastro-omental artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastroepiploic artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, splenic; distribution, greater curvature of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, right gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries. ... Synonym: arteria gastro-omentalis sinistra, arteria gastroepiploica sinistra, left gastro-omental artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastroepiploic vein
<anatomy, vein> The vein that accompanies the left gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature of the stomach; it empties into the splenic vein. ... Synonym: vena gastro-omentalis sinistra, left gastroomental vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left gastroomental vein
Synonym for left gastroepiploic vein ... <anatomy, vein> The vein that accompanies the left gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature of the stomach; it empties into the splenic vein. ... Synonym: vena gastro-omentalis sinistra, left gastroomental vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left heart
The left atrium and left ventricle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left heart bypass
Any procedure that shunts blood returning from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation without passing through the left heart. This is utilised during some cardiac surgery and experimentally during severe left heart failure or cardiogenic shock. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left hepatic artery
<anatomy, artery> Left branch of proper hepatic artery; terminal branch off proper hepatic artery supplying left lobe of the liver. ... Synonym: ramus sinister arteriae hepaticae propriae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left hepatic duct
The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver, including the quadrate lobe and the left part of the caudate lobe. ... Synonym: ductus hepaticus sinister. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left hepatic veins
Veins draining the lateral segments [II & III] of the left lobe of the liver which join to form a single or paired trunk of variable size which usually (90% of the time) merges with that formed by the middle hepatic veins prior to entering the terminal portion of the superior vena cava. ... Synonym: venae hepaticae sinistrae. ... (05 Mar 2000) …

left inferior pulmonary vein
<anatomy, vein> The vein returning oxygenated blood from the inferior lobe of the left lung to the left atrium. ... Synonym: vena pulmonalis inferior sinistra. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left lobe
The left subdivision of several glands, e.g., prostate, thyroid, thymus. ... Synonym: lobus sinister. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left lobe of liver
It is separated from the right lobe above and in front by the falciform ligament, and from the quadrate and caudate lobes by the fissure for the ligamentum teres and the fissure for the ligamentum venosum; the distribution of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ducts does not correspond to the gross lobar divisions of the liver. It contains t …

left lumbar lymph nodes
The chain of lymph nodes associated with the aorta in the abdomen; it is divided into three groups: lateral aortic lymph nodes on the left of the aorta; pre-aortic lymph nodes in front of the aorta; post-aortic lymph nodes, behind the aorta. ... Synonym: nodi lymphatici lumbales sinistri, lumbar lymph nodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

left lung segments
<radiology> Upper lobe, apical posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular, lower lobe, superior, posterior basal, lateral basal, anterior medial basal ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

left main bronchus
It arises at the bifurcation of the trachea, passes in front of the oesophagus and enters the hilum of the left lung where it divides into a superior lobe bronchus and an inferior lobe bronchus. It is longer, of narrower caliber, and more nearly-horizontal than the right main bronchus, hence, aspirated objects enter it less frequently. ... Synonym: …

left ovarian vein
<anatomy, vein> Begins as the pampiniform plexus at the hilum of the ovary and empties into the left renal vein. ... Synonym: vena ovarica sinistra. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...