Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

tonometer
(to-nom´ә-tәr) an instrument for measuring tension or pressure, especially intraocular pressure. gastric tonometer a tonometer and standard vented gastric sump that are incorporated into one device with separate lumens for the tonometer, suction, and vent.

tonometry
(to-nom´ә-tre) measurement of tension or pressure, such as intraocular pressure. digital tonometry estimation of the degree of intraocular pressure by having the examiner exert pressure on the eyeball with a finger. gastric tonometry monitoring of the...

tonsil
(ton´sil) a small, rounded mass of tissue. any of several fleshy masses of lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat, found in three pairs: the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils. The tonsils are part of the lymphatic system and help to filter the circulating lymph of bacteria and any othe...

tonsillar fossa
the depression in which a palatine tonsil is lodged.

tonsillar hernia
tonsillar herniation.

tonsillar herniation
protrusion of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.

tonsillectomy
(ton″sĭ-lek´tә-me) surgical removal of the tonsils, done in treatment of chronic infection of the tonsils, obstructive sleep apnea, suppurative otitis media, or hearing loss associated with otitis media.

tonsillitis
(ton″sĭ-li´tis) inflammation and enlargement of a tonsil, especially a palatine tonsil. Enlarged tonsils and adenoids need not be a cause for concern unless they become a source of chronic infection or interfere with swallowing or breathing. follicular tonsillitis tonsillitis ...

tonsilloadenoidectomy
(ton″sĭ-lo-ad″ә-noid-ek´tә-me) adenotonsillectomy.

tonsillolith
(ton-sil´o-lith) a calculus in a tonsil.

tonsillotomy
(ton″sĭ-lot´ә-me) incision of a tonsil.

tonus
(to´nәs) tone or tonicity; the slight, continuous contraction of a muscle, which in skeletal muscles aids in the maintenance of posture and in the return of blood to the heart.

tooth
(tldbomacth) pl. teeth one of the small bonelike structures of the upper and lower jaws for biting and chewing of food; they also help in the shaping of sounds and forming of words in speech. The part above the gum is the crown, and that below the gum is the root. The crown is covered by enamel, which is related to the epithel...

tooth angles
the angles formed by the junction of two or more surfaces of a tooth, named according to the surfaces participating in their formation. Click here to view image Tooth angles: Top, line angles; Bottom, point angles.

Tooth atrophy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

tooth depression
intrusion.

Tooth disease
(tldbomacth) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

tooth extraction
forcible removal of a tooth; called also odontectomy.

tooth numbering system
any of several systems used to uniquely identify individual teeth by position in the jaw; see Fédération Dentaire Internationale tooth numbering system,International Standards Organization System for Teeth,Palmer tooth notation system, and Universal Numbering System.

tooth pulp
dental pulp.

toothache
(tldbomacth´āk″) pain in a tooth.

topagnosia
(top″ag-no´zhә) loss of touch localization. loss of ability to recognize familiar surroundings.

topalgia
(to-pal´jә) pain fixed in one spot, a common feature of pain without organic basis, as seen in a conversion disorder.

topectomy
(to-pek´tә-me) ablation of a small and specific area of the frontal cortex in the treatment of mental illness.

topesthesia
(top″es-the´zhә) ability to recognize the location of a tactile stimulus.

tophaceous
(to-fa´shәs) gritty or sandy; pertaining to tophi.

tophus
(to´fәs) a chalky deposit of sodium urate occurring in gout; tophi form most often around the joints in cartilage, bone, bursae, and subcutaneous tissue and in the external ear, producing a chronic, foreign-body inflammatory response. dental calculus. tophus syphiliticus ...

topical
(top´ĭ-kәl) pertaining to a particular area, such as a topical antiinfective agent applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied.

topical anesthesia
that produced by application of a local anesthetic directly to the area involved.

topiramate
(to-pi´rә-māt) a substituted monosaccharide used as an anticonvulsant in treatment of partial seizures; administered orally.

topoanesthesia
(top″o-an″es-the´zhә) inability to recognize the location of a tactile stimulus.

topographic anatomy
that devoted to determination of relative positions of various body parts.

topography
(to-pog´rә-fe) a special description of an anatomic region or a special part. adj., topograph´ic., adj.

topoisomerase
(to″po-i-som´ә-rās) an enzyme involved in mobilization and replication of DNA during cell division.

topoisomerase inhibitor
a class of antineoplastic agents that interfere with the arrangement of DNA in cells.

toposcopic catheter
a miniature catheter that can pass through narrow, tortuous vessels to convey chemotherapy directly to specific sites.

topotecan
(to″po-te´kan) an antineoplastic agent used as the hydrochloride salt in treatment of metastatic ovarian carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma; administered by intravenous infusion.

TOPV
poliovirus vaccine live oral trivalent.

TORCH
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes virus, which are perinatal infections of concern in maternal and neonatal care. All causative organisms in this group are capable of crossing the placenta and damaging the fetus.

TORCH syndrome
[toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex] any of a group of infections seen in neonates due to one of the causative agents having crossed the placental barrier; they all have similar symptoms in babies and may be clinically silent in the mothers. Called also TORCH infection.

torcular Herophili
(tor´ku-lәr he-rof´ĭ-le) a depression in the occipital bone at the confluence of a number of cerebral venous sinuses.

Torek operation
one of the pioneering operations for esophageal cancer, consisting of removal of the thoracic part of the esophagus.

toremifene
(tor´ә-mĭ-fēn″) an analogue of tamoxifen that acts as an estrogen antagonist; used as the citrate salt in palliative treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma, administered orally.

Tornwaldt disease
(torn´vahlt) chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal bursa, with formation of a pus-containing cyst, and nasopharyngeal stenosis. Spelled also Thornwaldt disease.

torpid
(tor´pid) not acting with normal vigor and facility.

torpor
(tor´por) sluggishness. torpor retinae sluggish response of the retina to the stimulus of light.

torque
(tork) a rotatory force causing part of a structure to twist about an axis.

torr
(tor) a unit of pressure equal to one millimeter of mercury (mm Hg), or 133.3 pascals.

Torre syndrome
(tor´a) multiple carcinomas, primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, in association with large numbers of sebaceous neoplasms ranging from sebaceous hyperplasia to sebaceous carcinoma. Called also Muir-Torre syndrome.

torsades de pointes
(tor-sahd´ dә pwant) an atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia with periodic waxing and waning of amplitude of the QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram. It is usually drug related and may be either self-limiting or progressing to ventricular fibrillation.

torsemide
(tor´sә-mīd) a diuretic related to sulfonylurea, used in treatment of edema and hypertension, administered orally or intravenously.

torsion
(tor´shәn) the act of twisting; the state of being twisted. adj., tor´sive., adj. tibial torsion inward twisting of the tibia so that the foot turns inward.

torsion fracture
spiral fracture.

torsiversion
(tor″sĭ-vur´zhәn) turning of a tooth on its long axis out of normal position.

torso
(tor´so) trunk (def. 1).

torticollis
(tor″tĭ-kol´is) a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing torsion of the neck; the deformity may be congenital, hysterical, or secondary to conditions such as pressure on the accessory nerve, inflammation of glands in the neck, or muscle spasm. Called also wryneck.

tortipelvis
(tor″tĭ-pel´vis) distortions of the spine and hip produced by a disorder marked by irregular muscular contractions of the trunk and extremities.

tortuous
(tor´choo-әs) twisted; full of turns and twists.

torulus
(tor´u-lәs) Latin word meaning small elevation. torulus tactilis a tactile elevation in the skin of the palms and soles.

torus
(tor´әs) Latin word meaning a swelling or bulging projection. torus mandibularis a prominence sometimes seen on the lingual aspect of the mandible at the base of its alveolar part. torus palatinus a bony protuberance sometimes found on the hard palate...

torus fracture
a fracture in which there is a localized expansion or torus of the cortex, with little or no displacement of the lower end of the bone.

Toscana virus
a virus belonging to the genus Phlebovirus. It is a cause of phlebotomus fever.

tosylate
(to´sә-lāt) USAN contraction for p-toluenesulfonate.

total alopecia
loss of hair from the entire scalp.

total anterior synechia
adhesion of the entire surface of the iris to the cornea.

total body irradiation
TBI; external beam irradiation involving exposure of the entire body.

total body scanning
use of computed tomography to examine a cross section of the entire body; this produces an image of tissue density in a complete cross section of the part of the body being scanned. This technique is particularly useful in visualizing organs in the retroperitoneal space, such as the pancreas, liver, spleen, and ovaries, a...

total cataract
an opacity of all the fibers of the lens; called also complete cataract.

total cell volume
a measure of the adequacy of urea clearance of a hemodialyzer, calculated as the volume of saline necessary to fill its blood compartment; it declines slightly with each reuse of the dialyzer.

total color blindness
monochromatic vision.

total hysterectomy
that in which the uterus and cervix are completely excised.

total leukocyte count
a leukocyte count measuring the total number of all the types in a given volume of blood. See also differential leukocyte count.

total lipodystrophy
an autosomal recessive disorder seen mainly in females, characterized by a generalized loss of subcutaneous fat and extracutaneous adipose tissue. It may be present at birth or not appear until later in life, and is associated with enlargement of the liver, a protruding abdomen, hypoglycemia and insulin-resistant nonketot...

total lung capacity
the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation. Subdivisions of total lung capacity: TLC, total lung capacity; VT, tidal volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; FRC, functional residual capacity; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; VC, vital capacity; RV, residual volume.

total mastectomy
simple mastectomy.

total ophthalmoplegia
paralysis of all the eye muscles, both intraocular and extraocular.

total peripheral resistance
the vascular resistance of the systemic circulation: the difference between the mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure divided by the cardiac output. Called also peripheral vascular resistance.

total posterior synechia
adhesion of the entire surface of the iris to the lens.

total pulmonary resistance
pulmonary vascular resistance.

total ventilation
minute ventilation.

Toti operation
dacryocystorhinostomy.

totipotency
(to″tĭ-po´tәn-se) the ability to differentiate along any line or into any type of cell. adj., totipo´tent, totipoten´tial., adj.

totipotential cell
an embryonic cell that is capable of developing into any type of body cell.

totipotentiality
(to″tĭ-po-ten″she-al´ĭ-te) totipotency.

touch
(tuch) palpation with the finger. the sense by which contact of an object with the skin is recognized. Touch is actually not a single sense, but several. There are separate nerves in the skin to register heat, cold, pressure, pain, light touch, and coarse touch. These thousands of nerves are distributed un...

touch cell
tactile receptor.

touch receptor
tactile receptor.

Toupet fundoplication
Toupet operation fundoplication in which the fundus is wrapped 180° to 200° around the distal esophagus; done for patients with poor esophageal clearance and asymmetrical extrinsic pressure.

Touraine-Solente-Golé syndrome
(too-ren´ so-lahnt´ go-la´) pachydermoperiostosis.

Tourette syndrome
(too-ret´) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Tournay sign
unilateral dilatation of the pupil of the abducting eye on extreme lateral fixation.

tourniquet
(toor´nĭ-kәt) a device for compression of an artery or vein; uses include stopping of the excessive bleeding of a hemorrhage, maintenance of a nearly bloodless operative field, prevention of spread of snake venom after a snakebite, and aiding in obtaining blood samples or giving intravenous injections.

tourniquet test
one involving the application of a tourniquet to a limb, as in determination of capillary fragility (denoted by the appearance of petechiae) or of the status of the collateral circulation.

Touton giant cell
a large vacuolated cell with numerous nuclei surrounding a peripheral rim of foamy cytoplasm; characteristic of such diseases as xanthomas, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and histiocytosis X.

Townes syndrome
(tounz) an autosomal dominant syndrome of auricular anomalies, anal defects, limb and digit—particularly thumb—anomalies, and renal deficiencies; it occasionally includes cardiac disease, deafness, or cystic ovary.

toxemia
(tok-se´me-ә) any condition resulting from spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. toxemia of pregnancy former name for preeclampsia/eclampsia.

toxic
(tok´sik) pertaining to, due to, or of the nature of a toxin or poison. sometimes extended to mean injurious by other means.

toxic adenoma
toxic multinodular goiter.

toxic cataract
an opacity caused by exposure to a drug or other toxic substance, such as a miotic, antimiotic, corticosteroid, metal, nitro compound, or substituted hydrocarbon.

toxic gastritis
gastritis resulting from ingestion of a corrosive substance such as a strong acid or poison. There is an acute burning sensation and cramping stomach pain, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting that may be bloody. This condition is an emergency and immediate measures must be taken to prevent serious damage to the stomach.