Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

expectorant
(ek-spek´tә-rәnt) promoting expectoration. an agent that so acts. liquefying expectorant an expectorant that promotes the ejection of mucus from the respiratory tract by decreasing its viscosity.

expectoration
(ek-spek″tә-ra´shәn) the coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea. sputum.

experiment
(ek-sper´ĭ-mәnt) a procedure done in order to discover or demonstrate some fact or general truth. adj., experimen´tal, adj. . control experiment one made under standard conditions, to test the correctness of other observations.

experimental medicine
study of the science of healing diseases based on experimentation in animals.

experimental pathology
the study of artificially induced pathologic processes.

experimental psychology
the study of the mind and mental operations by the use of experimental methods.

experimenter effects
demand characteristics.

expirate
(eks´pĭ-rāt) exhaled air or gas. single expirate the gas exhaled at a single breath.

expiration
(ek″spĭ-ra´shәn) exhalation (def. 3). termination, or death. a time after which a medication or agent has lost its potency. adj., expi´ratory., adj.

expiratory reserve volume
the maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level.

expire
(ek-spīr´) to exhale. to die. to be no longer useful because of deterioration, such as a medication.

explant
(eks´plant) tissue taken from its original site and transferred to an artificial medium for growth.

explant
(eks-plant´) to remove something from the body, such as an implant, or tissue placed in artificial medium for growth.

explantation
(eks″plan-ta´shәn) the removal of an implant.

exploration
(ek″splә-ra´shәn) investigation or examination for diagnostic purposes. adj., explo´ratory., adj.

exploratory operation
surgical incision into an area of the body followed by inspection and palpation of organs and tissues to determine the cause of unexplained symptoms.

explosive speech
loud, sudden enunciation, occurring in certain brain diseases.

exposure
(ek-spo´zhәr) the act of laying open, as surgical exposure. the condition of being subjected to something, as to infectious agents or extremes of weather or radiation, which may have a harmful effect. in radiology, a measure of the amount of ionizing radiation at the surface of the irra...

expressed almond oil
almond oil (def. 1).

expression
(ek-spresh´әn) the aspect or appearance of the face as determined by the physical or emotional state. the act of squeezing out or evacuating by pressure. gene expression. gene expression the flow of genetic information from gene to protein. ...

expressive aphasia
motor aphasia.

expressive language disorder
a communication disorder occurring in children and characterized by problems with the expression of language, either oral or signed. It includes difficulties such as limited speech or vocabulary, vocabulary errors, difficulty or hesitation in word selection, oversimplification of grammatical or sentence structure, omissio...

expressivity
(ek″sprĕ-siv´ĭ-te) in genetics, the level of phenotypic expression of an inherited trait in an individual.

expulsive
(ek-spul´siv) driving or forcing out; tending to expel.

expulsive pains
labor pains during the second stage of labor.

exsanguination
(ek-sang″wĭ-na´shәn) extensive blood loss due to internal or external hemorrhage.

exsiccation
(ek″sĭ-ka´shәn) the act of drying out; in chemistry, the deprival of a crystalline substance of its water of crystallization.

exstrophy
(ek´stro-fe) the turning inside out of an organ, such as the urinary bladder. exstrophy of the bladder congenital absence of a portion of the abdominal wall and bladder wall, the bladder appearing to be turned inside out, with the internal surface of its posterior wall showing th...

extended care
long-term care.

extended care facility
(ECF) long-term care facility.

extended field
in radiation therapy, such as for malignant lymphoma, an area of irradiation beyond the involved field. See also under irradiation.

extended field irradiation
irradiation of an extended field in radiation therapy for malignant lymphoma.

extended insulin zinc suspension
a long-acting insulin with time of onset about 4 to 6 hours after injection and duration of action of 36 hours, consisting of insulin from an animal modified by addition of a suitable zinc salt so that the solid phase of the suspension is mostly crystalline. Administered subcutaneously.

extended radical mastectomy
surgical removal of the internal mammary chain of lymph nodes, the entire involved breast, the underlying chest muscles, and the lymph nodes in the armpit.

extended-release
(ek-stend´әd-re-lēs´) allowing a twofold or greater reduction in frequency of administration of a drug in comparison with the frequency required by a conventional dosage form.

extender
(ek-sten´dәr) something that enlarges or prolongs; called also expander. artificial plasma extender a substance that can be transfused to maintain fluid volume of the blood in event of great necessity, supplemental to the use of whole blood and plasma. Called also plasma vo...

extension
(ek-sten´shәn) the movement by which the two ends of any jointed part are drawn away from each other. a movement bringing the members of a limb into or toward a straight condition. Buck extension a temporary type of lightweight traction applied to the distal end of a f...

extensor
(ek-sten´sor) a muscle that straightens a joint.

extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
ulnar extensor muscle of wrist (2 heads): origin,HUMERAL HEAD—lateral epicondyle of humerus, ULNAR HEAD—posterior border of ulna; insertion, base of fifth metacarpal bone; innervation, deep branch of radial nerve; action, extends and adducts wrist joint.

extensor digiti minimi muscle
extensor muscle of little finger: origin, common extensor tendon and adjacent intermuscular septa; insertion, extensor expansion of little finger; innervation, deep branch of radial nerve; action, extends little finger.

extensor digitorum brevis muscle
short extensor muscle of toes: origin, superior surface of calcaneus; insertion, tendons of extensor digitorum longus muscles of first, second, third, and fourth toes; innervation, deep peroneal nerve; action, extends toes.

extensor digitorum longus muscle
long extensor muscle of toes: origin, anterior surface of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia, interosseous membrane; insertion, extensor expansion of each of the four lateral toes: innervation, deep peroneal nerve; action, extends toes.

extensor digitorum muscle
extensor muscle of fingers: origin, lateral epicondyle of humerus; insertion, extensor expansion of each (nonthumb) finger; innervation, posterior interosseus nerve; action, extends wrist joint and phalanges.

extensor hallucis brevis muscle
short extensor muscle of great toe: a name given to the portion of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle that goes to the big (great) toe.

extensor hallucis longus muscle
long extensor muscle of great toe: origin, front of fibula and interosseous membrane; insertion, base of distal phalanx of great toe; innervation, deep peroneal nerve; action, dorsiflexes ankle joint, extends great toe.

extensor indicis muscle
extensor muscle of index finger: origin, posterior surface of body of ulna, interosseous membrane; insertion, extensor expansion of index finger; innervation, posterior interosseous nerve; action, extends index finger.

extensor pollicis brevis muscle
short extensor muscle of thumb: origin, posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane; insertion, base of proximal phalanx of thumb; innervation, posterior interosseous nerve; action, extends thumb.

extensor pollicis longus muscle
long extensor muscle of thumb: origin, posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane; insertion, base of distal phalanx of thumb; innervation, posterior interosseous nerve; action, extends thumb, adducts and rotates thumb laterally.

exteriorize
(ek-stēr´e-ә-rīz″) to form a correct mental reference of the image of an object seen. in psychiatry, to turn one's interest outward. to transpose an internal organ to the exterior of the body.

extern
(ek´stәrn) a medical student or graduate in medicine who assists in patient care in the hospital but does not reside there. a student nurse employed by an institution to provide care and develop clinical skills outside of the hours spent in school.

external
(ek-stur´nәl) situated or occurring on the outside. In anatomy, situated toward or near the outside. See also lateral.

external acoustic meatus
see acoustic meatus.

external auditory foramen
the external acoustic meatus.

external auditory meatus reflex
Kisch reflex.

external beam irradiation
external beam radiotherapyexternal beam therapy radiation therapy in which the radiation is emitted from a source located at a distance from the body.

external capsule
the layer of white fibers between the putamen and claustrum.

external carotid artery
origin,common carotid artery; branches, superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, sternocleidomastoid, occipital, posterior auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary; distribution, neck, face, skull.

external carotid nerves
origin, superior cervical ganglion; distribution, cranial blood vessels and glands via the external carotid plexus; modality, sympathetic.

external ear
outer ear.

external hemorrhage
one in which blood escapes from the body.

external hernia
indirect inguinal hernia.

external iliac artery
origin, common iliac artery; branches, inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac arteries; distribution, abdominal wall, external genitalia, lower limb.

external iliac vein
the continuation of the femoral vein from the inguinal ligament to the sacroiliac joint, where it joins with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.

external inguinal ring
superficial inguinal ring.

external intercostal muscles
origin, inferior border of rib (11 on each side); insertion, superior border of rib below; innervation, intercostal nerves; action, primarily raise ribs in inspiration, and are also active in expiration.

external jugular vein
a vein that begins in the parotid gland behind the angle of the jaw by union of the retromandibular and the posterior auricular vein, passes down the neck, and opens into the subclavian, the internal jugular, or the brachiocephalic vein.

external laryngeal nerve
external branch of superior laryngeal nerve: the smaller of the two branches into which the superior laryngeal nerve divides, descending under cover of the sternothyroid muscle and innervating the cricothyroid and the inferior constrictor of the pharynx; modality, motor.

external malleolar sign
Chaddock reflex.

external mammary artery
lateral thoracic artery.

external maxillary artery
facial artery.

external nasal veins
small ascending branches from the nose that open into the angular and facial veins.

external oblique muscle of abdomen
origin, lower eight ribs at costal cartilages; insertion, crest of ilium, linea alba through rectus sheath; innervation, seventh to twelfth intercostal nerves; action, flexes and rotates vertebral column, increases intra-abdominal pressure, acts as accessory respiratory muscle.

external obturator muscle
obturator externus muscle.

external pacemaker
external cardiac pacemaker an artificial pacemaker located outside the body; the primary types are transcutaneous and transvenous. See also temporary pacemaker.

external palatine vein
a vein that drains blood from the tonsils and the soft palate into the facial vein.

external pericarditis
a type that primarily affects the outer surface of the pericardium.

external pudendal veins
veins that follow the distribution of the external pudendal arteries, drain anterior parts of the labia or scrotum, and open into the great saphenous vein and femoral vein.

external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.

external spermatic artery
cremasteric artery.

external urethral orifice
urinary meatus.

external urethral sphincter
a sphincter that compresses the membranous part of the urethra in males and the central part of the urethra in females; its origin is in the ramus of the pubis, its insertion is in the median raphe on both sides of the urethra, and its innervation is perineal. (in males) origin, ramus of pubis; insertion, me...

external version
that done using outside manipulation.

externalization
(ek-stur″nәl-ĭ-za´shәn) the tendency to perceive in the external world and in external objects components of one's own personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and ways of thinking. the process of learning the difference between self and non-self in c...

externus
(ek-stur´nәs) external; in anatomy, denoting a structure farther from the center of an organ or cavity.

exteroception
(ek″stәr-o-sep´shәn) the perception of stimuli originating outside or at a distance from the body.

exteroceptive
(ek″stәr-o-sep´tiv) pertaining to exteroceptors. pertaining to exteroception.

exteroceptive nervous system
that portion of the afferent elements of the somatic nervous system which is sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body.

exteroceptor
(ek″stәr-o-sep´tәr) a sensory nerve ending stimulated by the immediate external environment, such as those in the skin and mucous membranes.

extima
(ek´stĭ-mә) outermost; the outermost coat of a blood vessel; the adventitia.

extinction
(ek-stink´shәn) in psychology, the disappearance of a conditioned response as a result of its not being reinforced; also, the process by which the disappearance is accomplished. See also conditioning.

extirpation
(ek″stәr-pa´shәn) complete removal or eradication of an organ or tissue.

extorsion
(ek-stor´shәn) tilting of the upper part of the vertical meridian of the eye away from the midline of the face.

extortor
(ek-stor´tәr) an extraocular muscle that produces extorsion, such as the inferior oblique or the inferior rectus muscle.

extra-anatomic
(eks″trә-an″ә-tom´ik) not following the normal anatomic path; said of certain arterial bypass procedures.

extra-anatomic bypass
an arterial bypass that does not follow the normal anatomic pathway, such as an axillofemoral bypass.

extra-articular
(eks″trә-ahr-tik´u-lәr) situated or occurring outside a joint.

extracapsular
(eks″trә-kap´su-lәr) situated or occurring outside a capsule.

extracapsular ankylosis
that caused by rigidity of surrounding parts.

extracapsular fracture
a fracture of the humerus or femur outside of the capsule.

extracellular
(eks″trә-sel´u-lәr) situated or occurring outside a cell or cells.