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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

protalbumose
Intermediate products of protein digestion, derived from hemialbumose; soluble in water and not coagulable by heat, but precipitated by ammonium sulfate, cupric sulfate, and sodium chloride. ... Synonym: protoalbumose. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protaminase
Synonym for carboxypeptidase B ... A hydrolase that releases C-terminal lysyl or arginyl residues preferentially. A zinc-containing exopeptidase. ... Synonym: protaminase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protamine
Highly basic (arginine rich) protein that replaces histone in sperm heads, enabling DNA to pack in an extremely compacted form, for example clupein, iridin (4K). ... See: transition proteins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protamine kinase
<enzyme> An aspect of protein kinase (ec 2.7.1.37) in which serine residues in protamines and histones are phosphorylated in the presence of ATP. ... Chemical name: ATP:protamine O-phosphotransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.70 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protamine sulfate
A purified mixture of simple protein principles from the sperm or testes of suitable species of fish; it is a heparin antagonist used in certain haemorrhagic states associated with increased amounts of heparin-like substances in the circulation and for the treatment of heparin overdosage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protamine zinc insulin
Insulin modified by the addition of protamine and zinc chloride; it contains 40 or 80 units per ml. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protamines
<chemical> A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralise the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatm …

protandrous
Having the male sex organs maturing before the female, of a flower, shedding the pollen before the stigma is receptive. ... Compare: protogynous. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

protanomaly
A deficiency of colour perception in which the red-sensitive pigment in cones is decreased. ... Origin: G. Protos, first, + anomalia, anomaly ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protanopia
A form of dichromatism characterised by absence of the red-sensitive pigment in cones, decreased luminosity for long wavelengths of light, and confusion in recognition of red and green. ... Origin: G. Protos, first, + a-priv. + ops (op-) eye ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protean
Changeable in form; having the power to change body form, like the amoeba. ... Origin: G. Proteus, a god having the power to change his form ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protease
<enzyme> A proteinase which is any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protease inhibitor
A drug that binds to and blocks HIV protease from working, thus preventing the production of new infectious viral articles. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

protease inhibitors
Compounds which inhibit or antagonise biosynthesis or actions of proteases. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protease nexin
<protein> Specific inhibitor of urokinase, thrombin and plasmin. Reported to influence neurite outgrowth by regulating the degree of proteolytic activity and thereby preventing excess degradation of substrate macromolecules and promoting neurite adhesion. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

proteases
Enzymes that degrade protein molecules. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

proteasome
<cell biology> Proteolytic complexes that degrade cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Implicated in ATP dependent ubiquitin protein complex degradation and in antigen processing in antigen presenting cells. The 20S proteasome (700 kD), essential in ATP ubiquitin degradation pathway, has 13-15 subunits each of which has three or four different pep …

protection
Synonym: protective block. ... Origin: see protective ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protection test
A test to determine the antimicrobial activity of a serum by inoculating a susceptible animal with a mixture of the serum and the virus or other microbe being tested. ... Synonym: neutralization test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protective
<pharmacology> An agent that affords defense against a deleterious influence, such as a substance applied to the skin to avoid the effects of the sun's rays or other noxious influences. ... Origin: L. Protegere = to cover over ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protective agents
Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protective block
An incompletely understood mechanism whereby a pacemaker is protected from being discharged by the impulse from another centre; the mechanism, usually conceived as an encircling zone of unidirectionally refractory tissue permitting egress of impulses from the centre but preventing access to the centre, is seen in operation in ventricular parasystol …

protective clothing
Clothing designed to protect the individual against known hazards to which he will be exposed. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protective colloid
A colloid that has the power of preventing the precipitation of suspensoids under the influence of an electrolyte. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protective devices
Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protective laryngeal reflex
Closure of the glottis to prevent entry of foreign substances into the respiratory tract. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protective protein
Synonym for antibody ... An immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells) or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their ode of action as agglutinins, bacter …

protective spectacles
Spectacles which protect against ultraviolet or infrared rays or against mechanical injuries. ... Synonym: safety spectacles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protective zone
The time in the cardiac cycle, immediately following the vulnerable period, during which a second stimulus will prevent the initiation of ventricular fibrillation by a previous stimulus applied during the vulnerable period, probably by blocking a reentrant pathway. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protector
1. One who, or that which, defends or shields from injury, evil, oppression, etc.; a defender; a guardian; a patron. 'For the world's protector shall be known.' (Waller) ... 2. One having the care of the kingdom during the king's minority; a regent. 'Is it concluded he shall be protector !' (Shak) ... 3. A cardinal, from one of the more considerable …

Proteeae
A tribe within the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae that includes the three genera: Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

proteid
<physiology> One of a class of amorphous nitrogenous principles, containing, as a rule, a small amount of sulphur; an albuminoid, as blood fibrin, casein of milk, etc. Proteids are present in nearly all animal fluids and make up the greater part of animal tissues and organs. They are also important constituents of vegetable tissues. See Note …

proteidae
The proteidae family of permanently larval aquatic salamanders. It consists of two living genera - necturus (mudpuppy) of the eastern united states and proteus (the european olm). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein
<biochemistry> Any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and usually sulphur, the characteristic element being nitrogen and which are widely distributed in plants and animals. ... Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high molecular weight and consist esse …

protein 4.1
A peripheral protein that binds tightly to spectrin in the red cell membrane; it also binds to certain glycophorins and helps determine the shape and flexibility of the red blood cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein A
Protein obtained from Staphylococcus aureus that binds immunoglobulin molecules without interfering with their binding to antigen. Widely used in purification of immunoglobulins and in antigen detection, for example by immunoprecipitation. A very effective B-cell mitogen. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protein A24 lyase
<enzyme> Releases histone 2a and ubiquitin from chromosomal protein a24 ... Registry number: EC 4.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein acyl kinase
<enzyme> Transfers gamma-phosphate of ATP to a protein acceptor with formation of an acyl phosphate bond ... Registry number: EC 2.7.2.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein acyltransferase
<enzyme> Human placental enzyme active in posttranslational acylation of membrane glycoproteins ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.- ... Synonym: glycoprotein palmitoyltransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein c
A vitamin K-dependent protein in plasma that enters into the cascade of biochemical events leading to the formation of a clot. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein c deficiency
Protein C is a protein in plasma that enters into the cascade of biochemical events leading to the formation of a clot. Deficiency of protein c results in thrombotic (clotting) disease and excess platelets with recurrent thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the vein that occurs when a clot forms). The clot can break loose and travel through the blood …

protein c inhibitor
<chemical> A member of the serpin family of proteins that is found in plasma and urine. It is dependent on heparin and able to inhibit activated protein c, thrombin, kallikrein, and other serine proteinases. ... Pharmacological action: serine proteinase inhibitors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, imposed upon it by the secondary and tertiary structure of the peptide chain. This stage in the structure of a protein describes the highest level of organization in overall structure assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). This is the fourth folding level …

protein crystallization
This is an essential process in determining a protein's three-dimensional structure, and hence in using that information to design drugs. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

protein deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of proteins in the diet, characterised by adaptive enzyme changes in the liver, increase in amino acid synthetases, and diminution of urea formation, thus conserving nitrogen and reducing its loss in the urine. Growth, immune response, repair, and production of enzymes and hormones are all impaired i …

protein disulfide-isomerase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the rearrangement of disulfide bonds within proteins during folding. It is a monomer identical to one of the subunits of procollagen-proline dioxygenase. ... Chemical name: Protein disulfide-isomerase ... Registry number: EC 5.3.4.1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein engineering
Normally means the use of recombinant DNA technology to produce proteins with desired modifications in the primary sequence. ... See: site specific mutagenesis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protein factor
The factor (6.25) by which the nitrogen content of a protein is multiplied to give the amount of protein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein fever
Fever produced by the injection of foreign protein, such as milk. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein folding
A rapid biochemical reaction involved in the formation of proteins. It begins even before a protein has been completely synthesised and proceeds through discrete intermediates (primary, secondary, and tertiary structures) before the final structure (quaternary structure) is developed. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein G
Protein from Group C Streptococci that binds the Fc portion of IgG. Is less species specific than Protein A. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protein geranylgeranyltransferase
<enzyme> Involved in protein isoprenylation; transfers geranylgeranyl group to cys fourth from the c-terminal of GTP-binding proteins; amino acid sequence of beta subunit of ggtase-i known; genbank l24116; see also rab, ras, and rhoa p21 geranylgeranyl- transferases and component a, rab geranylgeranyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.5.1.- …

protein hybridization
The formation of a protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains from separate and different polypeptide chains. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein hydrolysate
A sterile solution of amino acids and soft chain peptides prepared from a suitable protein by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis; used intravenously for the maintenance of positive nitrogen balance in severe illness, and after surgery involving the alimentary tract; or used orally in the diets of infants allergic to milk or as a supplement when high prot …

protein isoprenylation
A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the c-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein kinase
<enzyme> Enzyme catalysing transfer of phosphate from ATP to hydroxyl side chains on proteins, causing changes in function. most phosphate on proteins of animal cells is on serine residues, less on threonine, with a very small amount on tyrosine residues. Tyrosine kinases phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine, serine / threonine kinases on serin …

protein kinase B kinase
<enzyme> Phosphorylates and activates protein kinase b on threonine-308; requires phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: upstream kinase, pkb kinase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein kinase c
<enzyme> An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol e …

protein kinases
<enzyme> A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. ... Chemical name: ATP-protein phosphotransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.37 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein malnutrition
Children are particularly prone to develop protein malnutrition. To grow, children have to consume enough nitrogen-containing food (protein) to maintain a positive nitrogen balance whereas adults need only be in nitrogen equilibrium. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein metabolism
Decomposition and synthesis of protein in the tissues. ... Synonym: proteometabolism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein methylesterase
<enzyme> Hydrolyzes protein methyl esters to yield methanol and unmethylated protein; found in bacterial and human cells ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein methyltransferases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of amino acids after their incorporation into a polypeptide chain. S-adenosyl-l-methionine acts as the methylating agent. ... Registry number: EC 2.1.1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein o-methyltransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosylmethionine to free carboxyl groups of a protein molecule forming methyl esters. ... Chemical name: S-Adenosylmethionine:protein O-methyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.1.1.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein p16
Product of the p16 tumour suppressor gene, that acts as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor of cdk4. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein p34cdc2
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the g2/m phase transition of the cell cycle. It is the catalytic subunit of the maturation-promoting factor and complexes with both cyclin a and cyclin b in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of p34cdc2 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated. Protein p34cdc2, the product of the …

protein p53
Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (genes, p53) whose normal function is to control cell proliferation. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in leukaemia, osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and colourectal cancer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein phosphatases
A class of enzymes that catalyze the dephosphorylation of specific phosphorylated proteins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein quotient
The number obtained by dividing the quantity of globulin of the blood plasma by the quantity of albumin. ... Respiratory quotient (R.Q.), the steady state ratio of carbon dioxide produced by tissue metabolism to oxygen consumed in the same metabolism; for the whole body, normally about 0.82 under basal conditions; in the steady state, the respirator …

protein S
Vitamin K dependent cofactor. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protein s deficiency
An autosomal dominant disorder showing decreased levels of plasma protein s antigen or activity, associated with venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Protein s is a vitamin k-dependent plasma protein that inhibits blood clotting by serving as a cofactor for activated protein c (also a vitamin k-dependent protein), and the clinical manifestatio …

protein sequencing
Determining the sequence of amino acids in a protein, a process carried out by automated techniques. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

protein shock
The systemic reaction following the parenteral administration of a protein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein shock therapy
The injection of a foreign protein to induce fever as a means of treating certain diseases. ... Synonym: foreign protein therapy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein splicing
Excision of in-frame internal protein sequences (inteins) of a precursor protein, coupled with ligation of the flanking sequences (exteins). Protein splicing is an autocatalytic reaction and results in the production of two proteins from a single primary translation product: the intein and the mature protein. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein status
A term used to indicate the level of protein in a person's system. A severe lack of protein can result in protein-calorie malnutrition. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

protein structure
The amino acids and their manner of arrangement in constituting a protein. The four stages of protein structuring are primary (protein structure, primary see amino acid sequence), secondary (protein structure, secondary), tertiary (protein structure, tertiary), and quaternary (protein structure, quaternary see protein conformation). ... (12 Dec 1998 …

protein structure, secondary
The stage in the development of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices and beta sheets. This is the first folding level of protein building. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein structure, tertiary
The stage in the structural development of a protein in which combinations of alpha helices and beta sheets pack together to form compactly folded globular units named domains. Small proteins consist of only one domain but larger proteins contain a number of domains which are usually connected by open lengths of polypeptide chain. This stage is a c …

protein synthesis
The process in which individual amino acids, whether of exogenous or endogenous origin, are connected to each other in peptide linkage in a specific order dictated by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA; this governing sequence is conveyed to the synthesizing apparatus in the ribosomes by mRNA, formed by base-pairing on the DNA template. ... (05 Mar …

protein synthesis inhibitor
Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually antibiotics or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the the a site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins. ... ( …

protein targeting
The process through which newly-made proteins are sorted and carriedto different parts of a cell. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

protein Zero
<protein> The major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin, an integral transmembrane protein, synthesised by Schwann cells (Mw = 28, 500). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

protein-bound iodine
Thyroid hormone in its circulating form, consisting of one or more of the iodothyronines bound to one or more of the serum proteins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein-bound iodine test
A formerly used test of thyroid function in which serum protein-bound iodine is measured to provide an estimate of hormone bound to protein in peripheral blood. ... Synonym: PBI test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

protein-calorie malnutrition
Severe deficiency of protein + inadequate caloric intake = kwashiorkor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-energy malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-histidine kinase
<enzyme> Sass involved in transduction of starvation and cell density inputs; hkna isolated from bacillus thuringiensis; ciah isolated from streptococcus pneumoniae; do not confuse with plp1 protein ... Registry number: EC 2.7.3.- ... Synonym: histidine protein kinase, histidine kinase, hkna gene product, ciah gene product, kinc gene product, p …

protein-losing enteropathies
A series of gastrointestinal disorders which share in common the excessive loss of protein, mainly albumin, across the gut wall. They occur in the stomach (menetrier disease), as well as the small bowel (intestinal lymphangiectases, assorted inflammatory states). They are also occasionally associated with congestive heart failure (again a small bow …

protein-losing enteropathy
Condition in which plasma protein is lost to excess into the intestine. This can be due to diverse causes including gluten enteropathy, extensive ulceration of the intestine, intestinal lymphatic blockage, and infiltration of leukaemic cells into the intestinal wall. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-lysine 6-oxidase
<enzyme> An enzyme oxidizing peptidyl-lysyl-peptide in the presence of water & molecular oxygen to yield peptidyl-allysyl-peptide plus ammonia & hydrogen peroxide. ... Chemical name: Protein-L-lysine:oxygen 6-oxidoreductase (deaminating) ... Registry number: EC 1.4.3.13 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-proline kinase
<enzyme> Phosphorylates synapsin i; phosphorylation takes place on serine 20, which is flanked by two proline molecules; heterodimer of p34(cdc2)/p58(cyclin a) ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10.- ... Synonym: proline-directed protein kinase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

protein-serine-threonine kinases
<enzyme> A group of enzymes that catalyses the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. ... Registry number: EC 2.7.10 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-tyrosine kinase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.12. ... Chemical name: ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.112 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

protein-tyrosine-phosphatase
<enzyme> An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with protein-tyrosine kinase, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. ... Chemical name: Protein-tyrosine-phosphate …

proteinaceous infectious particle
A proposed pathogen composedonly of protein with no detectable nucleic acid and which is responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and kuru inhumans and scrapie in sheep. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

proteinase
Synonym for endopeptidase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that cleaves protein at positions within the chain. Formally, the enzymes are peptidyl peptide hydrolases, more usually known as proteinases or proteolytic enzymes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

proteinogenic
Synonym for proteogenic ... Capable of producing proteins. ... Synonym: proteinogenic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

proteinoid droplet
Membrane bounded droplets supposed to have been formed in primaeval soup as an early stages in the evolution of cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...