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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

antidopaminergic
Preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidotal
Relating to or acting as an antidote. ... Synonym: alexipharmac. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antidote
<pharmacology> A remedy for counteracting a poison. ... Origin: L. Antidotum ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidotes
Agents counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antidromic
Performing a nerve conduction study in such a manner that the nerve impulse is being propagated in a direction opposite to that in which the nerve fibre ordinarily conducts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antidyskinetic
A group of medications which an anticholinergic effect in the central nervous system and are employed in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal effects. ... Examples include biperiden, procyclidine, trihexyphenidyl and benztropine. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

antidyspeptic
A compound that relieves indigestion. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antidysrhythmic
Synonym for antiarrhythmic ... An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidysuric
Preventing or relieving strangury or distress in urination. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antiemetic
<oncology, pharmacology> A medicine that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting, used during and sometimes following treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. ... Origin: Gr. Emetikos = inclined to vomit ... (14 May 1997) ...

antiemetics
Drugs used to prevent nausea or vomiting. Antiemetics act by a wide range of mechanisms. Some act on the medullary contol centres (the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) while others affect the peripheral receptors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antienergic
Acting against or in opposition. ... Origin: anti-+ G. Energos, active ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antienzyme
<biochemistry> A protein or polypeptide that inhibits ordestroys and enzyme. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antiepileptic
<neurology, pharmacology> An agent that combats epilepsy. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antiepithelial serum
An antiserum (cytotoxin) for epithelial cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antiexudative
Counteracting a process of exudation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antifibrillatory
Any measure or medication that tends to suppress fibrillary arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antifibrinolysin
Synonym for antiplasmin ... <chemical> A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principle plasmin inactivator in blood, rap …

antifibrinolytic
<pharmacology> Inhibiting fibrinolysis. ... Origin: Gr. Lysis = dissolution ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antifibrinolytic agent
Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive haemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antifoam agent
A chemical that reduces the surface tension of foams that form on thesurface of broths in fermentors because of aeration or agitation. Stearyldecanol, octal decanol, vegetable oils, silicones, sulphonates, andpolypropylene glycol are typically used, though they can cause problems inrefining the broth later on. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antifoaming agents
Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antifolic
1. Antagonistic to the action of folic acid. ... 2. Any agent with this effect. ... See: folic acid antagonists. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antifreeze protein
<protein> This is a protein found in the extracellular fluid of some fish that livein very cold water, it inhibits the formation of ice crystals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antifungal
<pharmacology> A drug that is destructive to fungi or suppressing their reproduction or growth, effective against fungal infections. ... (06 Oct 1997) ...

antifungal agents
Agents destructive to fungi, suppressing their growth or reproduction, and effective against fungal infections. They differ from fungicides, industrial in that antifungal agents are restricted to action against fungi present in human or animal tissues. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antifungicide
<pharmacology> A substance which kills fungi. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antigalactagogue
An agent for suppressing lactation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigalactic
Diminishing or arresting the secretion of milk. ... Origin: anti-+ G. Gala, milk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigen
Virus coded cell surface antigens that appear soon after the infection of a cell by virus, but before virus replication has begun. ... See: early gene. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen excess
In a precipitation test, the presence of uncombined antigen above that required to combine with all of the antibody; precipitation may be inhibited because the presence of excess antigen gives rise to soluble antigen-antibody complexes, in vivo the resultant antigen-antibody interaction in such an antigen excess may give rise to immune complexes, w …

antigen interferon
Synonym for interferon-gamma ... <cytokine> Interferon elaborated by T lymphocytes in response to either specific antigen or mitogenic stimulation. ... This type II interferon can be produced by recombinant DNA technology and is similar to the interferon secreted by lymphocytes and has antiviral and antineoplastic activity. ... Synonym: antigen …

antigen p150,95
A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by human monocytes, granulocytes, nk cells, and some lymphocytes. The alpha subunit is the CD11c antigen (also called leu-m5), a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 antigen (antigens, CD18). The p150,95 antigen has been shown to play an important ro …

antigen presentation
Synonym for antigen presenting cell ... A cell that carries on its surface antigen bound to MCH Class I or Class II molecules and presents the antigen in this context to T-cells. Includes macrophages, endothelium, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells of the skin. ... See: MHC restriction, histocompatibility antigens. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen presenting cell
A cell that carries on its surface antigen bound to MCH Class I or Class II molecules and presents the antigen in this context to T-cells. Includes macrophages, endothelium, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells of the skin. ... See: MHC restriction, histocompatibility antigens. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen processing
Modification of an antigen by accessory cells. This usually involves endocytosis of the antigen and either minimal cleavage or unfolding. The processed antigen is then presented in modified form by the accessory cell. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen shift
Abrupt change in antigens expressed by a species or variety of organisms. Usually seen in microorganisms where the change may allow escape from immune recognition. Antigenic drift is a more gradual change. ... See: antigenic variation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen unit
The smallest amount of antigen that, in the presence of specific antiserum, will fix 1 complement unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigen-antibody complex
The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. If the antigen is polyvalent the complex may be insoluble. ... Immune complexes activate complement through the classical pathway. ... See: glomerulonephritis, Arthus reaction …

antigen-antibody reaction
The phenomenon, occurring in vitro or in vivo, of antibody combining with antigen of the type that stimulated the formation of the antibody, thereby resulting in agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, greater susceptibility to ingestion and destruction by phagocytes, or neutralization of exotoxin. ... See: skin test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigen-binding site
Synonym for paratope ... <immunology> In immune network theory, an idiotope, an antigenic site of an antibody that is responsible for that antibody binding to an antigenic determinant (epitope). ... Also used of the site on a ligand molecule to which a cell surface receptor binds. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigen-combining site
See: paratope. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigen-presenting cells
Immunocompetent cells, usually ia positive, that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens or mitogens which stimulate T-cell activation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigen-responsive cell
Synonym for antigen-sensitive cell ... A small lymphocyte that, although not itself an immunologically activated cell, responds to antigenic (immunogenic) stimulus by a process of division and differentiation that results in the production of immunologically activated cells. ... Synonym: antigen-responsive cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigen-sensitive cell
A small lymphocyte that, although not itself an immunologically activated cell, responds to antigenic (immunogenic) stimulus by a process of division and differentiation that results in the production of immunologically activated cells. ... Synonym: antigen-responsive cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigenaemia
Persistence of antigen in circulating blood; e.g., HBs-antigenaemia (presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in blood serum). ... Origin: antigen + G. Haima, blood ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigenic
Having the properties of an antigen (allergen). ... Synonym: allergenic, immunogenic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigenic competition
Competition that occurs when two different antigens, each of which can evoke an immunological response when inoculated alone, are mixed in equal quantities and inoculated together; the response may be to only one, that to the other being largely or entirely suppressed. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigenic complex
A composite of different antigenic structures, such as a cell or a bacterium, or, by extension, a molecule containing two or more determinant groups of different antigenic specificities. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antigenic determinant
That part of an antigenic molecule against which a particular immune response is directed. For instance a tetra to penta peptide sequence in a protein, a tri to penta glycoside sequence in a polysaccharide. ... In the animal most antigens will present several or even many antigenic determinants simultaneously. ... See: hapten. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antigenic drift
<immunology> A change that occurs on the molecular level to effect a change in the antigenicity of a bacteria or virus. Antigenic drift occurs naturally and more rapidly in certain viruses (for example HIV). It is antigenic drift which complicates the development of an effective HIV (AIDS) vaccine. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

antigenic modulation
Loss of detectable antigen from the surface of a cell after incubation with antibodies. This is one method in which some tumours escape detection by the immune system. Antigenic modulation of target antigens also reduces the therapeutic effectiveness of treatment by monoclonal antibodies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigenic shift
Mutation, i.e., sudden change in molecular structure of RNA/DNA in microorganisms, especially viruses, which produces new strains of the microorganism; hosts previously exposed to other strains have little or no acquired immunity to the new strain; antigenic shift is believed to be the explanation for the occurrence of strains of microorganisms, su …

antigenic switching
<immunology> The process by which a pathogenic microbe's genetic structure is altered tochange its surface antigens inorder to avoid being detected by the host's immune system. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antigenic variation
The phenomenon of changes in surface antigens in parasitic populations of Trypanosoma and Plasmodium (and some other parasitic protozoa) in order to escape immunological defense mechanisms. at least 100 different surface proteins have been found to appear and disappear during antigenic variation in a clone of trypanosomes. Each antigen is encoded i …

antigenicity
<immunology> The ability of a substance to trigger an immune response in a particularorganism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antigens
Substances which are capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibodies or specifically sensitised T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulates, such as bacteria and tis …

antigens, archaeal
Substances of archaeal origin that have antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, bacterial
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD
Synonym for CD antigen ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens residing on human leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similiar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation. ... (12 Dec 1998 …

antigens, CD1
Synonym for CD1 ... <immunology> Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. Cd1 antigens are highly specific markers for human langerhans cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD11
Synonym for CD11 ... <immunology> A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (antigens, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (receptors, leukocyte adhesion) are lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1, macrophage-1 antigen, and antigen, p150,95. ... (12 …

antigens, CD13
Synonym for CD13 ... <enzyme, immunology> Glycoproteins expressed on human granulocyte-monocyte progenitor colony forming units (cfu-gm) and their more differentiated progeny. The enzymes are also found in a large number of tissues, often associated with membranes. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.11.2 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD14
Synonym for CD14 ... <immunology> Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and lps-binding protein. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD15
Synonym for CD15 ... <immunology> Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patient …

antigens, CD18
Synonym for CD18 ... <immunology> Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (receptors, leukocyte-adhesion). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes leukocyte-adhesion deficiency syndrome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD19
Synonym for CD19 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD2
Synonym for CD2 ... <immunology> Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD20
Synonym for CD20 ... <immunology> Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane calcium conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD26
Synonym for CD26 ... <enzyme, immunology> Cell-surface glycoproteins and serine protease, also known as dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, that play a role in t-lymphocyte activation. Cd26 binds to adenosine deaminase on the T-cell surface. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.14.5 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD27
Synonym for CD27 ... <immunology> Dimeric membrane glycoproteins found on most T-lymphocytes. Activation of T-cells by the antigen receptor increases CD27 surface expression. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD28
Synonym for CD28 ... <immunology> T-cell differentiation antigens that serve as the receptors for the b7 antigen (antigens, CD80) which modulates T-cell lymphokine production. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD29
Synonym for CD29 ... <immunology> Integrin beta-1 chains which are expresssed as heterodimers noncovalently associated with specific alpha-chains of the CD49 family (CD49a-f). Cd29 is expressed on resting and activated leukocytes and is a marker for total very late activation antigens on cells. (barclay et al., the leukocyte antigen factsbook, …

antigens, CD3
Synonym for CD3 ... <immunology> A complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (receptors, antigen, T-cell). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell rece …

antigens, CD30
Synonym for CD30 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens normally present in a small number of cells in the lymph nodes and tonsils in vivo, but also capable of being induced in a wide range of cells in vitro. They are clinically useful as tumour markers for ki-1 lymphoma (lymphoma, large-cell, ki-1) and some cases of lymphomatoid papulosis, …

antigens, CD31
Synonym for CD31 ... <immunology> Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. Cd31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD34
Synonym for CD34 ... <immunology> Glycoproteins found on immature haematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD36
Synonym for CD36 ... <immunology> Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on monocytes, endothelial cells, platelets, mammary epithelial cells, and a variety of cultured cell lines. They play major roles in adhesion phenomena, signal transduction, and haematopathology. Cd36 is also the receptor for …

antigens, CD4
Synonym for CD4 ... <immunology> 55-kD glycoproteins originally defined as differentiation antigens on T-lymphocytes, but also found on other cells including monocytes/macrophages. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MHC (major histocompatibility complex) cla …

antigens, CD40
Synonym for CD40 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens found on all mature B-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells, carcinomas, and lymphoid dendritic cells. This is a member of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germin …

antigens, CD44
Synonym for CD44 ... <immunology> Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. Cd44 antigens are the principle cell surf …

antigens, CD45
Synonym for CD45 ... <immunology> High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of all leukocytes and their haemopoietic progenitors. The CD45 family consists of multiple members that are all products of a single gene. Cd45 expression is necessary for signalling through the T-cell receptor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD5
Synonym for CD5 ... <immunology> Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD55
Synonym for CD55 ... <immunology> Glycoproteins broadly distributed among haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells. Cd55 prevents the assembly of c3 convertase or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD56
Synonym for CD56 ... <immunology> The 140-kD isoform of ncam (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumours. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD57
Synonym for CD57 ... <immunology> Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on nk cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD58
Synonym for CD58 ... <immunology> Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. Cd58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2 (antigens, CD2) and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD59
Synonym for CD59 ... <immunology> Small glycoproteins found on both haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells. Cd59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to c8 and c9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD7
Synonym for CD7 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential haematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD8
Synonym for CD8 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. Cd8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted interactions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, CD80
Synonym for CD80 ... <immunology> The natural ligand for the T-cell antigen CD28 (antigens, CD28) mediating t-cell and B-cell adhesion. Cd80 is expressed on activated B-cells and gamma-interferon-stimulated monocytes. The binding of CD80 to CD28 and ctla-4 provides a co-stimulatory signal to T-cells and leads to greatly upregulated lymphokine …

antigens, CD95
Synonym for CD95 ... <immunology> Differentiation antigens expressed on a variety of cell lines including myeloid and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Their primary role is to regulate peripheral immune responses, which is achieved by triggering apoptosis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, differentiation
Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, fungal
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, helminth
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, heterophile
Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, human platelet
Human alloantigens expressed only on platelets, specifically on platelet membrane glycoproteins. These platelet-specific antigens are immunogenic and can result in pathological reactions to transfusion therapy. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, ly
A group of lymphocyte surface antigens differentially located on subpopulations of mouse lymphocytes. This localization has been useful in distinguishing different functional subpopulations of lymphocytes. For example, cytotoxic T-cells bear primarily lyt-23 on their surface and not lyt-1, whereas helper cells bear lyt-1 and not lyt-23. ... (12 Dec …

antigens, neoplasm
Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumour cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antigens, polyomavirus transforming
Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large t antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle t antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small t antigen is necessary for the completion of t …