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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

antibiotic induced enteritis
<pathology> A condition where the normal intestinal bacteria (useful for digestion) are killed by the use of an antibiotic resulting in symptoms. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

antibiotic induced gastroenteritis
<pathology> A condition where the normal intestinal bacteria (useful for digestion) are killed by the use of an antibiotic resulting in symptoms. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

antibiotic ointment
A ointment (or cream) based medication that kills bacteria. ... Examples include Neosporin, Bactroban, Garamycin, bacitracin, gentamicin, mupirocin, neomycin, silver sulphasalazine, chloramphenicol and clindamycin. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

antibiotic prophylaxis
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotic resistance
The ability of a bacterium tosynthesise a protein that neutralises an antibiotic. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antibiotic resistance gene
Genes in a microorganism which confer resistance to antibiotics, for example by coding for enzymes which destroy it, by coding for surface proteins which prevent it from entering the microorganism, or by being a mutant form of the antibiotic's target so that it can ignore it. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antibiotic sensitivity
Microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. ... See: antibiotic sensitivity test, minimal inhibitory concentration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antibiotic sensitivity test
The in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antibiotic-resistant
Indicating microorganisms that continue to multiply although exposed to antibiotic agents. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antibiotics
Drugs that fight infections. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, aminoglycoside
Antibiotics whose structure contains amino sugars attached to an aminocyclitol ring (hexose nucleus) by glycosidic bonds. Aminoglycoside antibiotics are derived from various species of streptomyces and micromonospora or are produced synthetically. They act by inhibiting protein synthesis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, anthracycline
Antibiotics which have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to a sugar molecule. These antibiotics have potent antineoplastic activity. The two best known members of this group are daunorubicin and doxorubicin. Since these agents intercalate with DNA, many DNA functions are adversely affected. Futhermore they …

antibiotics, antifungal
Antibiotics inhibiting the growth of or killing fungi and used in the treatment of various fungal diseases. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, antineoplastic
Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, antitubercular
Substances obtained from various species of microorganisms that are, alone or in combination with other agents, of use in treating various forms of tuberculosis; most of these agents are merely bacteriostatic, induce resistance in the organisms, and may be toxic. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, combined
Combination of antibiotics used against difficult-to-treat infections. Antibiotic combinations have been used mainly to broaden the antibacterial spectrum and prevent development of resistance. In some instances these combinations have shown lower toxicity, but drug antagonism may be one of the problems encountered by their use. They may be given s …

antibiotics, glycopeptide
Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more cyclic peptides to which are attached one or more deoxy sugars in glycosidic linkage. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, lactam
Compounds containing a four-membered ring with an amide nitrogen and a keto group. This configuration includes bacteriostatic, cell-wall inhibiting antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins; their analogs and derivatives, such as the penem (or penam) compounds; clavulanic acids; and monobactams. They are substrates for and may act as inhi …

antibiotics, macrolide
A group of antibiotics containing a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. These antibiotics are produced by certain species of streptomyces. They often inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50s subunits of 70s ribosomes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, peptide
Antibiotics whose structure contains one or more peptides, usually cyclic. They are generally effective against gram-positive bacteria and act by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotics, tetracycline
<chemical> Broad-spectrum natural and semisynthetic antibiotics with a naphthacene structure obtained from various streptomyces species. ... Pharmacological action: protein synthesis inhibitor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibiotin
Synonym for avidin ... <protein> Biotin binding protein (68 kD) from egg white. Binding is so strong as to be effectively irreversible a diet of raw egg white leads to biotin deficiency. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antiblennorrhagic
Rarely used term for:1. Preventive or curative of a mucous discharge (blennorrhagia). ... 2. A remedy possessing such properties. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antibodies
Any of numerous protein molecules produced by the B-cells as a primary immune defense. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

antibodies, anti-idiotypic
Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, anticardiolipin
Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, antinuclear
See: Antinuclear antibodies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, antiphospholipid
Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, archaeal
Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by archaea that have an antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, bacterial
Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by bacteria that have an antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, bispecific
Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate antigenic determinants. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of hybridoma cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be effici …

antibodies, blocking
Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between antigen and other antibodies or sensitised T-lymphocytes (e.g., antibodies of the IgG class that compete with IgE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumours and prevent destruction of tumour cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have also been called …

antibodies, catalytic
Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterised by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, fungal
Immunoglobulins induced by substances elaborated by fungi that have an antigenic activity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, helminth
Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic helminth antigens. The IgE class of immunoglobulins is usually formed and released, but IgG, IgM, and IgA may also occur. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, heterophile
Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are forssman, hanganutziu-deicher (h-d), and paul-bunnell (p-b). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody respons …

antibodies, monoclonal
Antibodies produced by clones of cells such as those isolated after hybridization of activated b lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. These hybrids are often referred to as hybridomas. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, neoplasm
Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumours other than the normally occurring histocompatibility antigens. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, protozoan
Antibodies produced by human or animal cells following clinical or experimental exposure to parasitic protozoan antigens. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibodies, viral
Immunoglobulins produced as a response to viral antigens; includes all classes of immunoglobulins elicited by all viral components. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibody
An immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells) or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their ode of action as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, haemolysins, o …

antibody affinity
A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of 'avidity,' …

antibody aldolase
<enzyme> Prepared by reactive immuninization to catalyze a wide variety of aldol reactions and decarboxylations ... Registry number: EC 4.1.2.- ... Synonym: fab 33f12, aldolase catalytic antibody ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

antibody combining site
Synonym for paratope ... <immunology> In immune network theory, an idiotope, an antigenic site of an antibody that is responsible for that antibody binding to an antigenic determinant (epitope). ... Also used of the site on a ligand molecule to which a cell surface receptor binds. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antibody deficiency disease
Synonym for antibody deficiency syndrome ... <syndrome> Any of a group of disorders associated with a defective antibody production due to defects in the B-type lymphocyte system or in T-type lymphocytes; chief manifestation is an increased susceptibility to infection by various microorganisms. ... See: agammaglobulinaemia, hypogammaglobulinaem …

antibody deficiency syndrome
<syndrome> Any of a group of disorders associated with a defective antibody production due to defects in the B-type lymphocyte system or in T-type lymphocytes; chief manifestation is an increased susceptibility to infection by various microorganisms. ... See: agammaglobulinaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, immunodeficiency. ... Synonym: antibody d …

antibody diversity
The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of antibodies, which enables the immune system to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of antigens it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: 1) the germ line theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possi …

antibody excess
In a precipitation test, the presence of antibody in an amount greater than that required to combine with all of the antigen present. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antibody induced lysis
<haematology> The term is imprecise and should not be used since there is confusion as to which mechanism is involved, i.e. Natural killing or complement lysis. ... See: complement lysis, natural killer cells. ... (09 Feb 1998) ...

antibody producing cell
<immunology> A lymphocyte of the B series synthesising and releasing immunoglobulin. Equivalent to plasmacyte and plasma cell. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antibody specificity
The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some antigenic determinants and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibody technology
<molecular biology> Techniques for the synthesis of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for use in research, diagnostics and therapeutics. ... (09 Feb 1998) ...

antibody-dependent enhancement
Enhancement of viral infectivity caused by non-neutralizing antibodies. There are at least two mechanisms known to account for this: mediation by fc receptors (receptors, fc) or by complement receptors (receptors, complement). Either the virus is complexed with antiviral IgG and binds to fc receptors, or virus is coated with antiviral IgM and binds …

antibody-forming cell
<immunology> B-cells (plasma cells) that are dedicated to producing secreted antibodies. ... (09 Feb 1998) ...

antibody-producing cells
Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesise. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antibromic
1. Deodorizing. ... 2. A deodoriser. ... Origin: anti-+ G. Bromos, smell ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antic
1. Old; antique. ... <zoology> 'Lords of antic fame.' ... 2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous. 'The antic postures of a merry-andrew.' (Addison) 'The Saxons . . . Worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape.' (Fuller) ... Origin: The same word as antique; cf. It. Antico ancient. See Antique. ... Sour …

anticarcinogen
<chemistry, oncology> A chemical that counteracts the effect of a cancer-causing agent. ... (09 Feb 1998) ...

anticarcinogenic agents
Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumours independently of the mechanism involved. They differ from antineoplastic agent in that they prevent neoplasms from forming. The anticarcinogenic substances can be divided into three categories. The first consists of compounds that prevent the formation of carcinogens from pr …

anticardiolipin antibodies
<immunology> Antibodies directed against cardiolipid, a phosphorylated polysaccharide ester of fatty acids found in cell membranes. Associated with immune-mediated illnesses, syphilis, and strokes; thought to be from a hypercoagulable state. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticarious
Preventing or inhibiting caries. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticathexis
In psychoanalysis, the shifting of an emotional charge to an impulse or action of an opposite character; e.g., unconscious hatred expressed as conscious love. ... Synonym: counterinvestment. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticephalalgic
Headache-relieving or preventing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticestodal agents
Agents used to treat tapeworm infestations in man or animals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anticholagogue
Rarely used term for an agent or process that reduces or suspends the flow of bile. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticholesteraemic agents
Substances that promote a reduction of blood cholesterol levels. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anticholinergenic
<pharmacology> Refers to an agent that inhibits parasympathetic neural activity by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. ... Origin: Gr. Gennan = to produce ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anticholinergic
<pharmacology> An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. ... Synonym: parasympatholytic. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

anticholinesterase
<pharmacology> An agent, such as nerve gas, that blocks nerve impulses by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme cholinesterase. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anticipate
To come before the appointed time; said of a periodic symptom or disease, such as a malarial paroxysm, when it recurs at progressively shorter intervals. ... Origin: L. Anticipo, pp. -cipatus, to anticipate, fr. Anti (old form of ante), before, + capio, to take ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticipation
1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. 'So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery.' (Shak) ... 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. 'The happy anticipa …

anticipatory control
<physiology> The regulation of a system or process based on anticipated events, this isa feed-forward rather than a feedback system. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

anticlinal
Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal. ... <anatomy> Anticlinal line, Anticlinal axis, one of the dorsal vertebrae, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebrae are inclined. ... Origin: Pref. Anti- + Gr. To incline. ... <geology> The crest or line in which strata slop …

anticnemion
Synonym: anterior border of tibia. ... Origin: G. Antiknemion ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticoagulant
<haematology, pharmacology> Any substance that prevents blood clotting. ... Those drugs administered for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic disorders are heparin, which inactivates thrombin and several other clotting factors and which must be administered parenterally and the oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dicumarol and congeners) whic …

anticoagulant therapy
The use of anticoagulant drugs to reduce or prevent intravascular or intracardiac clotting. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticoding strand
The strand of duplex DNA which is used as a template for the synthesis of mRNA. ... Synonym: antisense strand. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticodon
<molecular biology> Nucleotide triplet on transfer RNA that is complementary to the codon of the messenger RNA. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

anticomplement
A substance that combines with a complement and so neutralises its action by preventing its union with the antibody. ... Synonym: antialexin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticomplement immunofluorescence
A technique used to make certain indirect fluorescent antibody techniques more specific and sensitive. Here the fluorescent dye is conjugated to antibody directed at complement and then added to a complement-fixing complex of antigen and patient antibody. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticomplementary
Denoting a substance possessing the power of diminishing or abolishing the action of a complement. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticomplementary factor
A factor that interferes with the action or function of complement. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticomplementary serum
Serum that destroys or inactivates complement. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticonvulsant
<pharmacology> An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

anticonvulsants
Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

anticurare
A drug property referring to the capacity to reverse the muscle paralysis produced by d-tubocurarine and other curare-like neuromuscular blocking drugs. Examples include neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticus
A term in anatomical nomenclature to designate a muscle or other structure which of all similar structures is nearest the front or ventral surface. Nomina Anatomica uses 'anterior' in place of this term. ... Origin: L. In the very front, fr. Ante, before ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

anticytotoxin
A specific antibody that inhibits or destroys the activity of a cytotoxin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antidepressant
An agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidepressive agents
Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents (antidepressive agents, tricyclic) also ap …

antidepressive agents, tricyclic
Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effe …

antidermatitis factor
Synonym for pantothenic acid ... <chemical> Chemical name: beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, (R)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antidiabetic
An agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidiabetic agent
A substance that helps a person with diabetes control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood so that the body works as it should. See: insulin. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

antidiarrhoeal
Antidiarrhetic ... 1. Having the property of opposing or correcting diarrhoea. ... 2. An agent having such action. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antidiarrhoeals
Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhoea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhoea, but merely alleviate the condition. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

antidiuresis
Reduction of urinary volume. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

antidiuretic
Suppressing the rate of urine formation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

antidiuretic hormone
<endocrinology> A peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary lobe but synthesised in the hypothalamus. There are 2 forms, differing only in the amino acid at position 8: arginine vasopressin is widespread, while lysine vasopressin is found in pigs. Has antidiuretic and vasopressor actions. Used in the treatment of diabetes insipidu …

antidiuretin
Synonym for vasopressin ... <protein> A peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary lobe but synthesised in the hypothalamus. There are 2 forms, differing only in the amino acid at position 8: arginine vasopressin is widespread, while lysine vasopressin is found in pigs. Has antidiuretic and vasopressor actions. Used in the treatment …