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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


cytidylic acid
Cytidine monophosphate (five are possible, depending on the site of attachment of the phosphate to the ribosyl OH's); a constituent of ribonucleic acids. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytisine
A toxic selective nicotinic cholinergic alkaloid from the seed of Laburnum anagyroides and other Leguminosae. Used in pharmacological studies of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain. ... Synonym: baptitoxine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cyto-
Cyt- ... A cell. ... Origin: G. Kytos, a hollow (cell) ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoanalyzer
An electronic optical machine that screens smears containing cells suspected of malignancy. ... Origin: cyto-+ analyzer ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoarchitectonics
Synonym: cytoarchitecture. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Architektonike, architectural ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoarchitectural
Pertaining to cytoarchitecture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoarchitecture
The specific arrangement of cells in tissue, often used to refer to the arrangement of nerve cells in the brain (cerebral cortex). ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

cytobiology
Synonym for cytology ... <study> The study of cells. Implies the use of light or electron microscopic methods for the study of morphology. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytobiosis
A type of symbiosis in whichone partner lives inside the cell or cells of the other. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytobiotaxis
Synonym: cytoclesis. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Bios, life, + taxis, arrangement ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocalbins
Calmodulin binding proteins associated with the cytoskeleton. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytocentrum
A zone of cytoplasm containing one or two centrioles but devoid of other organelles; usually located near the nucleus of a cell. ... Synonym: cell centre, central body, centrosome, cinocentrum, kinocentrum, microcentrum. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Kentron, centre ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytochalasin
A group of fungal metabolites that inhibit the addition of G actin to a nucleation site and therefore perturb labile microfilament arrays. Cytochalasin B inhibits at around 1 microgram/ml but at about 5 _g/ml begins to inhibit glucose transport. Cytochalasin D affects only the microfilament system and is therefore preferable. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytochalasin b
<chemical> Chemical name: 24-Oxa(14)cytochalasa-6(12),13,21-triene-1,23-dione, 7,20-dihydroxy-16-methyl-10-phenyl-, (7S,13E,16R,20R,21E)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochalasin d
<chemical> A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sp …

cytochalasins
A group of fungal metabolites that affect the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochemistry
Branch of histochemistry associated with the localisation of cellular components by specific staining methods, as for example the localisation of acid phosphatases by the Gomori method. Immunocytochemistry involves the use of labelled antibodies as part of the staining procedure. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytochrome
<biochemistry> Any electron transfer haemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the haem prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states. ... Classified as cytochromes a in which the haem contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes …

cytochrome a
<chemical> Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) in which the haem prosthetic group is haem a, i.e., the iron chelate of cytoporphyrin ix. ... Chemical name: Cytochrome a ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome aa3
Synonym for cytochrome-c oxidase ... <enzyme> An enzyme complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyses the reaction between ferrocytochrome c and oxygen to yield ferricytochrome c and water. ... It is associated with the pumping of protons and the resultant phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The reaction is the terminal event in the ele …

cytochrome b
<chemical> Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related haem as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. ... Chemical name: Cytochrome b ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome b(5) reductase
<enzyme> May be the enzyme for methemoglobin reductase activity ... Registry number: EC 1.6.2.2 ... Synonym: NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, mcr1 protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae, mcr1 gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome b5
<chemical> A cytochrome occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum that acts as an intermediate electron carrier in some reactions catalyzed by mixed function oxidases, e.g., fatty acid desaturation. It further activates molecular oxygen for an attack on the substrate. Mw 16kda. ... Chemical name: Cytochrome b5 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome b5 reductase
<enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the reduction of 2ferricytochrome b5 to 2ferrocytochrome b5 at the expense of NADH; has a role in fatty acid desaturation; a deficiency can lead to hereditary methemoglobinaemia (type I, only observed in erythrocyte cytosol; type II, deficiency in all tissues; type III, deficiency in all haematopoetic cells). ... …

cytochrome C
A type of cytochrome, a protein which carries electrons, that is central to the process of respiration in mitochondria (an organelle found in eukaryotes which produces energy). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytochrome C hydrolase
<enzyme> From yeast mitochondrial inner membrane ... Registry number: EC 3.4.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome C methyltransferase
<enzyme> From crithida oncopelti ... Registry number: EC 2.1.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome c reductase
Synonym for NADH dehydrogenase ... <enzyme> A flavoprotein containing iron. Cytochrome c may act as receptor. The enzyme reversibly catalyses the oxidation of NADH to NAD and reduced acceptor. ... An inherited deficiency of this complex results in overwhelming acidosis. ... Synonym: cytochrome c reductase. ... Chemical name: NADH:(acceptor) oxido …

cytochrome C synthetase
<enzyme> Forms cytochrome c from the apoprotein + hemin, requires NADPH; mechanism not given 9/81 ... Registry number: EC 4.99.- ... Synonym: cytochrome c haem lyase, hccs gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome c1
<chemical> The 30-kD membrane-bound c-type protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to cytochrome c in the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chain. ... Chemical name: Cytochrome c1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome C1 haem lyase
<enzyme> A mitochondrial haem lyase from saccharomyces cerevisiae; mw about 31 kD; facilitates covalent attachment of haem to the apoforms of c-type cytochromes ... Registry number: EC 4.99.- ... Synonym: yeast cc1hl ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome c2 reductase
Synonym for NADPH-cytochrome c2 reductase ... <enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the reduction of 2 ferricytochrome c2 to 2 ferrocytochrome c2 at the expense of NADPH. ... Synonym: cytochrome c2 reductase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytochrome c3 hydrogenase
A hydrogenase enzyme catalyzing reduction of 2ferricytochrome c3 by H2 to 2ferrocytochrome c3 and 2H+. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytochrome C553 peroxidase
<enzyme> A haem group of cytochrome-c peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.5); catalytically active in both the oxidised and half-reduced states; from nitrosomonas europaea; partial amino acid sequence given in first source ... Registry number: EC 1.11.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome cd
cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas) ...

cytochrome d
<chemical> Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with a tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron as a prosthetic group in which the degree of conjugation of double bonds is less than in porphyrin. ... Chemical name: Cytochrome d ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome oxidase
<enzyme> Terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain that accepts electrons from (i.e. Oxidizes) cytochrome C and transfers electrons to molecular oxygen. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytochrome p-450
<biochemistry> Enzymes of the electron transport chain that are pigmented by virtue of their haem prosthetic groups. ... They are highly conserved isozymes which are key components of the mixed-function oxidase system responsible for the biotransformation of many foreign compounds to mutagens and carcinogens. ... Most mammals have several dista …

cytochrome p-450 cyp11b2
<enzyme> A multifunctional enzyme that catalyses the conversion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and the subsequent conversion of 18-hydroxycorticosterone to aldosterone. ... Registry number: EC 1.14.99.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome p-450 cyp1a1
<enzyme> A cytochrome p-450 enzyme capable of activating procarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons into mutagenic compounds. Ethoxyresorufin acts as a substrate for cyp1a1 and measurement of ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase provides a more direct method of detection for this enzyme. ... Registry number: EC 1.-
cytochrome p-450 cyp1a2
<enzyme> A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome which is of significant clinical interest due to the large number of drug interactions associated with induction and inhibition of theophylline. Caffeine is considered to be a model substrate for this enzyme. It also metabolises theophylline and antipyrene. Environmental factors …

cytochrome p-450 cyp2b1
<enzyme> A major cytochrome p-450 enzyme which is inducible by phenobarbital in both the liver and small intestine. It is active in the metabolism of compounds like pentoxyresorufin, testosterone, and androstenedione. Cyp2b1 also mediates the activation of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide to mutagens. ... Registry number: EC 1.- ... (12 Dec 1998 …

cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6
<enzyme> A polymorphic enzyme that catalyses the hydroxylation of debrisoquine. It also metabolises several antidepressants and neuroleptics. This enzyme is deficient in up to 10 percent of the population. ... Registry number: EC 1.14.99.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome p-450 cyp2e1
<enzyme> A polymorphic enzyme that activates carcinogenic n-nitrosamines, benzene, urethane, and other low molecular weight compounds. It is inducible by ethanol and metabilises alcohol. Experimentally, it is used to study the effects of ethanol usage and withdrawal via enzyme markers such as n-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase. ... Registry nu …

cytochrome P-450 oxidase
<enzyme> Oxidises NADPH with formation of hydrogen peroxide ... Registry number: EC 1.6.2.- ... Synonym: NADPH-p450 reductase, NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase, cytochrome p450 reductase, cpra gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytochrome P-450SCC
Cholesterol monooxygenase (side chain cleaving). ... Origin: 450 nm, the absorption maximum that the CO compound of the reduced pigment exhibits ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytochrome peroxidase
A haemoprotein enzyme catalyzing the reaction between H2O2 and 2 ferrocytochrome c to yield 2ferricytochrome c and 2H2O. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytochrome reductase
Synonym for NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase ... <enzyme> A flavoprotein that catalyses the reduction of haem-thiolate-dependent monooxygenases and is part of the microsomal hydroxylating system. Its physiological acceptor is probably cytochrome p-450. ... Chemical name: NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase ... Registry number: EC 1.6.2.4 ... (1 …

cytochrome reductases
<enzyme> Registry number: EC 1.6.2. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochrome system
Synonym for respiratory chain ... The mitochondrial electron transport chain. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytochrome-c oxidase
<enzyme> An enzyme complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane that catalyses the reaction between ferrocytochrome c and oxygen to yield ferricytochrome c and water. ... It is associated with the pumping of protons and the resultant phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The reaction is the terminal event in the electron transport scheme by which oxyg …

cytochrome-c peroxidase
<enzyme> A haemprotein which catalyses the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. ... Chemical name: Ferrocytochrome c:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase ... Registry number: EC 1.11.1.5 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytochromes
Heme oxidation-reduction reactions such as photosynthesis and respiration. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytochylema
The more fluid portion of the cytoplasm. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Chylos, juice ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocidal
Causing the death of cells. ... Origin: cyto-+ L. Caedo, to kill ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocide
<pharmacology> Any chemical that kills or destroys living cells. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytoclasis
Fragmentation of cells. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Klasis, a breaking ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoclastic
Relating to cytoclasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoclesis
The influence of one cell on another. ... Synonym: biotaxis, cytobiotaxis. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Klesis, a call ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocrine gland
A cell which secretes things that move directly from cell to cell. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytocrine secretion
The transfer of secretory material from one cell to another, such as the transfer of melanin granules from melanocytes to epidermal cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocuprein
Former terms for copper-containing proteins found in human erythrocytes and other tissues. ... See: superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin. ... Synonym: cerebrocuprein, erythrocuprein, haemocuprein, hepatocuprein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytocyst
Rarely used term for the bladder-like remains of the red blood cell or tissue cell that encloses a mature schizont. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Kystis, bladder ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytodiagnosis
Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytodieresis
Synonym: cytokinesis. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Diairesis, division ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytodifferentiation
Differentiation between cells caused by changes in the cells' appearance or morphology rather than through changes to their chromosomes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytofluorometry
A technique for separating and analysing cells or chromosomes whichrelies on the detection of specific fluorescent markers. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytogene
Synonym for plasmagene ... <molecular biology> Any self-replicating gene foundin the cytoplasm of a cell, outside the nucleus. This includes the DNA found in mitochondria. ... (31 Dec 1997) ...

cytogenesis
The origin and development of cells. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Genesis, origin ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytogenetic map
A map in which the classical bonding pattern of a chromosome is shown. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytogeneticist
A specialist in cytogenetics. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytogenetics
<study> The study of the structure of chromosomes. Cytogenetic tests are carried out on samples of blood and bone marrow taken from leukaemia patients to detect any chromosomal abnormalities associated with the disease. These help in the diagnosis and selection of optimal treatment. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

cytogenetics, clinical
The application of cytogenetics to clinical medicine. For example, clinical cytogenetic studies might be done to determine whether a child with possible Down syndrome has an extra chromosome 21. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytogenic
Relating to cytogenesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytogenic reproduction
Reproduction by means of unicellular germ cells; includes both sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction by means of spores. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytogenous
Cell-forming. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoglucopenia
An intracellular deficiency of glucose. ... Origin: cyto-+ glucose + G. Penia, poverty ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytohet
An eukaryotic cell which has one or more genes that occur outside the nucleus (cytoplasmic genes) that are heterozygous. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytohyaloplasm
An obsolete term for hyaloplasm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoid
Resembling a cell. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytoid bodies
Swollen retinal nerve fibres which look like cells when cut transversely; found in cotton-wool patches. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytokeratin
<protein> Generic name for the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytokeratin filaments
Synonym for keratin filaments ... A class of intermediate filament's that form a network within epithelial cells and anchor to desmosomes, thus imparting tensile strength to the tissue. ... Synonym: cytokeratin filaments. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytokeratins
A class of intermediate filament proteins; several are associated with the epithelium that lines internal body cavities while others are specific for hard tissue such as nails and hair. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytokine
<biochemistry> Small proteins or biological factors (in the range of 5-20 kD) that are released by cells and have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication and behaviour of other cells. ... Not really different from hormones, but the term tends to be used as a convenient generic shorthand for interleukins, lymphokines and severa …

cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialised glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. ... (12 …

cytokinesis
Process in which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided after nuclear division (mitosis) is complete. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytokinin
<protein> Class of plant growth substances (plant hormones) active in promoting cell division. Also involved in cell growth and differentiation and in other physiological processes. ... Examples: kinetin, zeatin, benzyl adenine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytokinin oxidase
<enzyme> Isopentenyladenosine to adenosine ... Registry number: EC 1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

cytokinins
Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytolemma
Synonym: cell membrane. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Lemma, husk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytolipin
A glycosphingolipid, specifically a ceramide oligosaccharide, cytolipin H, a lactosylceramide, may display immunological properties under certain conditions, cytolipin K is probably identical with globoside. ... Compare: ceramide lactosidase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytologic
Relating to cytology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytologic examination
The microscopic examination of cells, especially for diagnosis of disease, performed by a specialist in pathology. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

cytologic screening
A screening for the detection of early disease, usually cancer, through microscopic examination of a cellular specimen by inspecting each cell and structure present, usually at &times;100 magnification with a mechanical stage, so that all areas are screened; the findings are evaluated and significant abnormalities are flagged (e.g., by dotting …

cytologic smear
A type of cytologic specimen made by smearing a sample (obtained by a variety of methods from a number of sites), then fixing it and staining it, usually with 95% ethyl alcohol and Papanicolaou stain. ... Synonym: cytosmear. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytologic specimen
A specimen obtainable by a variety of methods from many areas of the body, including the female genital tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, alimentary tract, and body cavities; used for cytologic examination and diagnosis (e.g., cytologic smears, filter preparations, centrifuged buttons). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytologist
One who specialises in cytology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytology
<study> The study of cells. Implies the use of light or electron microscopic methods for the study of morphology. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

cytology brush
A small brush which is used to collect cells during the course of a biopsy. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...