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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


cytotoxicity, immunologic
The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitised T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid 'killer' cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytotoxin
<pharmacology> Any substance that poisons living cells. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytotoxins
Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

cytotrophoblast
The inner layer of the trophoblast. ... Synonym: Langhans' layer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytotrophoblastic cells
Stem cell's that fuse to form the overlying syncytiotrophoblast of placental villi. ... Synonym: Langhans' cells. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytotrophoblastic shell
The external layer of foetally derived trophoblastic cells on the maternal surface of the placenta. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytotropic
Having an affinity for cells. ... Synonym: cytophilic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytotropic antibody
Antibody that has an affinity for certain kinds of cells, in addition to and unrelated to its specific affinity for the antigen that induced it, because of the properties of the Fc portion of the heavy chain. ... See: heterocytotropic antibody, homocytotropic antibody, cytotropic antibody test. ... Synonym: anaphylactic antibody, cytophilic antibody. …

cytotropic antibody test
A rosette test for macrophage cytotropic antibody: monolayers of macrophages are exposed first to antibody cytotropic for macrophages, then to the antigen (for which the antibody is specific), and indicator sheep erythrocytes; if the antibody is specific for sheep erythrocytes, the latter will form a rosette around the macrophages directly, but if …

cytotropism
<cell biology> The movement of cells or groups of cells toward or away from each other. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

cytozoic
Living in a cell; denoting certain parasitic protozoa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytozoon
A protozoan cell or organism. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Zoon, animal ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cytozyme
An obsolete term for thromboplastin. ... Origin: cyto-+ G. Zyme, leaven ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

cyturia
The passage of cells in unusual numbers in the urine. ... Origin: G. Kytos, cell, + ouron, urine ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Czapek
Friedrich J.F., Czechoslovakian botanist, 1868-1921. ... See: Czapek's solution agar, Czapek-Dox medium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Czapek-Dox medium
Synonym for Czapek's solution agar ... A culture medium used for the cultivation of fungus species and for identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species. ... Synonym: Czapek-Dox medium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Czapek's medium
<cell culture> An agar medium used to grow fungi and soil bacteria which feed on decaying organic material (called saprobes). The medium contents include sugars, water, and salt. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Czapek's solution agar
A culture medium used for the cultivation of fungus species and for identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species. ... Synonym: Czapek-Dox medium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

CZE
<abbreviation> Capillary zone electrophoresis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

czech republic
Created 1 january 1993 as a result of the division of czechoslovakia into the czech republic and slovakia. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

czechoslovakia
Created as a republic in 1918 by czechs and slovaks from territories formerly part of the austro-hungarian empire. The country split into the czech republic and slovakia 1 january 1993. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Czerny
Vincenz, German surgeon, 1842-1916. ... See: Czerny's suture, Czerny-Lembert suture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Czerny-Lembert suture
An intestinal suture in two rows combining the Czerny suture (first) and the Lembert suture (second). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Czerny's suture
The first row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal suture; the needle enters the serosa and passes out through the submucosa or muscularis, and then enters the submucosa or muscularis of the opposite side and emerges from the serosa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d &AMP; c
Dilatation and curettage, a minor operation in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilatation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

D and C
Synonym for dilatation and curettage ... This gynaecological procedure involves dilating the cervix (opening to the uterus) such that a surgical curette may be passed into the uterus. The surgeon uses the curette to remove the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium). This procedure is often performed to correct dysfunctional uterine bleeding. ... (2 …

D antigen
One of 6 antigens that compose the Rh locus. Antibody induced by D antigen is the most frequent cause of haemolytic disease of the newborn. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D cell
<pathology> (delta cells) Cells of the pancreas, about 5% of the cells present in primate pancreas with small argentaffin positive granules. Their function is unclear, but they may release somatostatin. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

d cells
Cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, …

d check
Synonym for delta check ... A comparison of consecutive values for a given test in a patient's laboratory file used to detect abrupt changes, usually generated as a part of computer-based quality control programs. ... Synonym: d check. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D enzyme
Synonym for 4-alpha-d-glucanotransferase ... Dextrin transglycosylase or glycosyltransferase;a 4-glycosyltransferase converting maltodextrins into amylose and glucose by transferring parts of 1,4-glucan chains to new 4-positions on glucose or other 1,4-glucans. ... Synonym: amylomaltase, D enzyme, dextrin glycosyltransferase, dextrin transglycosylase …

D gene segment
<molecular biology> Diversity gene segment. Part of the gene for the immunoglobin heavy chain, it codes for part of the hypervariable region of the VH domain and is located between the VH and JH segments. There are probably about 20 different D segments. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

d loop
<molecular biology> A structure that can sometimes be seen on DNA which forms when a small area of the double-stranded molecule comes apart and becomes two single strands. ... The result is a structure shaped like the letter D. Single-stranded binding proteins are usually present to hold the strands apart for the purpose of DNA replication. …

D mannitol
<chemical> Hexitol related to D mannose. Found in plants, particularly fungi and seaweeds. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

D mannose
<chemical> Hexose identical to D glucose except that the orientation of the H and OH on carbon 2 are interchanged (i.e. The 2 epimer of glucose). Found as constituent of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

D wave
A positive or negative deflection in the electroretinogram occurring when a light stimulus is removed (off-response). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-(-)-tartrate dehydratase
<enzyme> From rhodopseudomonas spheroides; does not act on l-(+)-tartrate; forms oxaloacetate ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.- ... Synonym: d-(-)-tartrate hydrolyase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Substrate may be a specific hydroxy acid; enzyme from trypanosoma cruzi; has been sequenced; genbank u31175 (ddh gene product) ... Registry number: EC 1.1.99.6 ... Synonym: alpha-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, ddh gene product, staphylococcus aureus, d-lactate dehydrogenase (nad) ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydratase
<enzyme> From rat liver peroxisomes; catalyses the epimerization of d-3-hydroxyacyl CoA by the dehydration of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 2-trans-enoyl-CoA followed by the hydration of the latter enzyme to l-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA by enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17); is not active on 2-cis-enoyl CoA; consider also EC 4.2.1.74 ... Registry number: EC 4.2. …

D-alanyl-L-alanine endopeptidase
<enzyme> Acts on peptidoglycan ... Registry number: EC 3.4.99.- ... Synonym: d-ala-l-ala endopeptidase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-altro-2-heptulose
Synonym for sedoheptulose ... <biochemistry> Seven carbon sugar, whose phosphate derivatives are involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin Benson cycle. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

D-amino acid malonyltransferase
<enzyme> From mung beans ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.- ... Synonym: 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate malonyltransferase, d-acc-malonyltransferase, acc n-malonyltransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-amino acid transaminase
<enzyme> Catalyses the alpha,beta elimination of the (d)-isomer of beta-chloroalanine or other amino acids to yield pyruvate, chloride and ammonia ... Registry number: EC 2.6.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-amino acid transferase
<enzyme> Mw 41 kD; catalyses d-amino acid transfer; d-configuration specific; recognises aromatic d-amino acid esters to form oligo d-amino acid esters ... Registry number: EC 2.3.2.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-amino-acid oxidase
<enzyme> Chemical name: D-Amino-acid:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) ... Registry number: EC 1.4.3.3 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

d-aminobutyric acid
<enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of an amino group from d-aminobutyric acid to 2-oxoglutarate, thus forming a L-glutamic acid and succinate semialdehyde. An important step in the catabolism of d-aminobutyric acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-aminolevulinate dehydratase
Synonym for porphobilinogen synthase ... <enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the formation of porphobilinogen from two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid. ... Chemical name: 5-Aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing) ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.24 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

d-aminolevulinic acid
NH2CH2COCH2CH2COOH;an acid formed by d-aminolevulinate synthase from glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A; a precursor of porphobilinogen, hence an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of haematin. ALA levels are elevated in cases of lead poisoning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-aminolevulinic acid synthase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the reaction of succinyl-CoA with glycine to form d-aminolevulinic acid, coenzyme A, and CO2. The committed step in porphyrin biosynthesis. ... Acronym: ALA ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-amphetamine phosphate
Synonym for dextroamphetamine phosphate ... Monobasic d-alpha-methylphenethylamine phosphate;same actions and uses as dextroamphetamine sulfate. ... Synonym: d-amphetamine phosphate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-amphetamine sulfate
Synonym for dextroamphetamine sulfate ... (+)-alpha-methylphenethylamine sulfate;similar in action to racaemic amphetamine sulfate, but is more stimulating to the central nervous system; sympathomimetic and appetite depressant. ... Synonym: d-amphetamine sulfate, dexamphetamine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-arabino-1-kinase
<enzyme> Do not confuse with d-arabinokinase, which places phosphate group at 5 position; l-arabinokinase places phosphate group at 1 position of l-arabinose (EC 2.7.1.46) ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-arabinonolactone oxidase
<enzyme> From candida albicans atcc 10231; catalyses the biosynthesis of d-erythro-ascorbic acid from d-arabinono-1,4-lactone ... Registry number: EC 1.1.3.- ... Synonym: d-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-arabinose dehydrogenase
<enzyme> See also l-arabinose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.46) ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.116 ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-digitoxose
The carbohydrate moiety found in digitalis glycosides. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-dimer test
Test that detects the cross-linked fibrin degradation fragment, D-dimer. Elevations in this fragment are seen in primary and secondary fibrinolysis, during thrombolytic or defibrination therapy with tissue plasminogen activator, as a result of thrombotic disease, such as deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or DIC, in vasoocclusive crisis of si …

d-epirhamnose
6-deoxy-d-glucose;occurs in plants and bacteria in combination with diacylglycerol and is often sulfated (at C-6) in glycolipids. ... Synonym: quinovose. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-fructose 5-dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Catalyses the oxidation of fructose with any acceptor to 5-ketofructose and reduced acceptor ... Registry number: EC 1.1.99.11 ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-galacturonic acid
The d-isomer is an oxidation product of d-galactose, in which the 6-CH2OH group has become a -COOH group; occurs in many natural products (e.g., pectins). ... Synonym: pectic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glucose
D-Glucose;a dextrorotatory monosaccharide (hexose) found in the free state in fruits and other parts of plants, and combined in glucosides, disaccharides (often with fructose in sugars), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides; it is the product of complete hydrolysis of cellulose, starch, and glycogen. Free glucose also occurs in the blood (normal h …

d-glucose 1-phosphate
An important intermediate in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. ... Synonym: Cori ester. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
A bisphosphorylated derivative of d-glucose that is a required intermediate in the interconversion of d-glucose 1-phosphate and d-glucose-6-phosphate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glucose-6-phosphate
A key intermediate in glycolysis, glycogenolysis, pentose phosphate shunt, etc.; elevated levels inhibit brain hexokinase and glycolysis. ... Synonym: Robison ester, Robison-Embden ester. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glucuronolactone
Lactone of d-glucofuranuronic acid;used as a means of orally administering glucuronic acid in the management of collagen and joint diseases. ... Synonym: glucurone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glyceric aciduria
1. Elevated levels of d-glyceric acid in the urine. ... 2. An inborn error in metabolism resulting in d-glyceric aciduria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-glycogenous
Synonym for glycogenetic ... Glycogenic;relating to glycogenesis. ... Synonym: d-glycogenous. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-homosteroid
A steroid in which the D ring is made up of six carbon atoms instead of the usual five. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d-hydroxylysine
Synonym for 5-hydroxylysine ... A hydroxylated amino acid found in certain collagens. The decreased ability to form 5-hydroxylysine is associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI. ... Synonym: d-hydroxylysine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Catalyses oxidation of lactaldehyde to methylglyoxal in presence of nad ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.78 ... Synonym: methylglyoxal reductase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-lactate dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Catalyses the conversion of (r)-lactate and nad+ to pyruvate and NADH; amino acid sequence from lactobacillus delbrueckii given in first source ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.28 ... Synonym: d-ldh ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-mandelate dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Uses nad; forms benzoylformate ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-manno-heptulose
A ketoheptose of the mannose configuration, occurring in the urine of individuals who have eaten a large quantity of avocados. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase
<enzyme> Catalyses conversion of d-glucose-6-phosphate to d-myo-inositol-3-phosphate ... Registry number: EC 5.5.1.- ... Synonym: inositol-3-phosphate synthase, ins3p synthase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-octopine dehydrogenase
<enzyme> Catalyses reductive condensation between pyruvate and arginine, lysine, histidine or ornithine to yield, respectively, octopine, lysopine, histopine or octopinic acid; NADH is cofactor ... Registry number: EC 1.5.1.11 ... Synonym: octopine synthase, octopine dehydrogenase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-phenylglycine aminotransferase
<enzyme> Catalyses conversion of d-phenylglycine and 2-oxoglutarate to 2-oxophenylacetic acid; d-4-hydroxyphenylglycine is another substrate; isolated from pseudomonas stutzeri ... Registry number: EC 2.6.1.- ... Synonym: d-phgat ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-proline reductase
An oxidoreductase reversibly reacting d-proline with NADH to produce 5-aminovalerate and NAD+. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-ribose reductase
<enzyme> Ribose is converted to ribitol ... Registry number: EC 1.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-ribulokinase
<enzyme> Consider also EC 2.7.1.16 ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.47 ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D-S test
Synonym for Doerfler-Stewart test ... Examination of the patient's ability to respond to spondee words in the presence of a masking noise of the saw-tooth type; used especially in differentiating between functional and organic hearing loss. ... Synonym: D-S test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D-selenocystine alpha, beta-lyase
<enzyme> From clostridium sticklandii; pyridoxal-p enzyme; mw 74kda; decomposes d-selenocystine into pyruvate, nh3 and elemental selenium; d-cystine, d-lanthionine, meso-lanthionine and d-cysteine can also serve as substrates; d-selenocysteine, d-serine, dl-selenohomocystine and l-amino acids are inert ... Registry number: EC 4.99.- ... Synonym …

D-serine dehydratase
<enzyme> Do not confuse with l-serine dehydratase (mh) ... Chemical name: d-serine hydro-lyase (deaminating) ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.14 ... Synonym: d-serine deaminase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-shaped plasma
<radiobiology> A toroidal plasma whose cross-section (poloidal plane) is a D (instead of a circle). A D-shape has a higher beta limit than a circular shape. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

D-xylo-aldonate dehydratase
<enzyme> Forms 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-xylonate (d-pentulosonic acid) ... Registry number: EC 4.2.1.- ... Synonym: d-xylonate dehydratase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

d-xylose absorption
This test measures the intestine's ability to absorb the simple sugar, D-xylose. This is an indicator for whether or not nutrients are being absorbed properly in the intestine. This test is often used to evaluate persistent diarrhoea, weight loss, malnutrition and cases of suspected malabsorption. Abnormal results may be seen in the following condi …

D-xylulose reductase
<enzyme> Chemical name: xylitol nad 2-oxidoreductase (d-xylulose-forming) ... Registry number: EC 1.1.1.9 ... Synonym: xylitol dehydrogenase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

D.I. particle
<abbreviation> Defective interfering particle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Arcet
Jean, French chemist, 1725-1801. ... See: d'Arcet's metal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Arcet's metal
An alloy of lead, bismuth, and tin; used in dentistry. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Arsonval current
Synonym for high frequency current ... An alternating electric current having a frequency of 10,000 or more per second; it produces no muscular contractions and does not affect the sensory nerves. ... Synonym: d'Arsonval current, Tesla current. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Arsonval, Jacques Arsene
<person> French biophysicist, 1851-1940. ... See: d'Arsonval current, d'Arsonval galvanometer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D'Espine, Jean
<person> French physician, 1846-1930. ... See: D'Espine's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

D'Espine's sign
<clinical sign> An obsolete sign: ... Bronchophony over the spinous processes heard, at a lower level than in health, in pulmonary tuberculosis, an echoed whisper following a spoken word, heard in the stethoscope placed over the seventh cervical or first or second dorsal spine, in cases of tuberculosis of the mediastinal glands. ... (05 Mar 200 …

d'Herelle phenomenon
Synonym for Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon ... The lysis of bacteria by bacteriophage. ... Synonym: bacteriophagia, d'Herelle phenomenon, Twort phenomenon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Herelle, Felix
<person> Canadian physician and bacteriologist, 1873-1949. ... See: d'Herelle phenomenon, Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d'Ocagne nomogram
An alignment chart consisting of an arrangement of three or more graduated lines (straight or curved), each constituting a scale of values of a variable, constructed so that any straight line crossing these scales connects the simultaneously compatible values; from values for any two variables, the values of all other variables can be determined.
d'Ocagne, Philbert
<person> French mathematician, 1862-1938. ... See: d'Ocagne nomogram. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

d4dr gene
<molecular biology> A gene which regulates a protein that plays a role in transmitting messages carried by dopamine between neurons (brain cells). ... A particular form of the gene may have an affect on an individual's personality since it seems to occur in individuals with novelty-seeking behaviour. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

d4t
<drug> An anti-HIV nucleoside analogue FDA approved for people with AIDS who are intolerant to or fail on AZT and ddl. ... Possible side effects include mental confusion and peripheral neuropathy. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Da
Symbol for dalton. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Da Fano
Corrado D., Italian-American anatomist, 1879-1927. ... See: Da Fano's stain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...