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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

addition
1. The act of adding two or more things together; opposed to subtraction or diminution. 'This endless addition or addibility of numbers.' ... 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as, a piazza is an addition to a building. ... 3. <mathematics> That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. ... 4. A dot at the right side of a note a …

addition compound
Strictly, a complex of two or more complete molecules in which each preserves its fundamental structure and no covalent bonds are made or broken (e.g., hydrates of salts, adducts), loosely, association of acids with basic organic compound's (e.g., amines with HCl), more loosely, addition of two molecules without loss of any atom, but forming new co …

addition mutation
Synonym for frameshift mutation ... <molecular biology> A type of mutation that results from insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide into, or from, an open reading frame in the normal DNA sequence. ... Normally, the genetic code is read in the wrong frame, three nucleotides at a time, and the entire sequence downstream of the mutation, is …

addition polymer
<chemistry> A polymer which is formed from the fusion of two monomers which join completely without losing any small molecules. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

addition reaction
<chemistry> Any reaction in which two chemicals combine to form a single chemical. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

addition-deletion mutation
Synonym for frameshift mutation ... <molecular biology> A type of mutation that results from insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide into, or from, an open reading frame in the normal DNA sequence. ... Normally, the genetic code is read in the wrong frame, three nucleotides at a time, and the entire sequence downstream of the mutation, is …

additional
Existing or coming by way of addition, added, further. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

additive
1. <chemistry> Characterised by addition. ... 2. A substance, as a flavouring agent, preservative or vitamin, added to another substance to improve its appearance, increase its nutritional value, etc. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

additive effect
<biochemistry, chemistry> An additive effect is the overall biological effect two chemicals acting together and which is the simple sum of the effects of the chemicals acting independently. ... Compare: antagonism. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

additive model
A model in which the combined effect of several factors is the sum of the effects that would be produced by each of the factors in the absence of the others. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

additivity
The quality or state of being additive. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

addle
1. To earn by labour. ... 2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. 'Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more.' (Tusser) ... Origin: OE. Adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. Fr. Icel. Oolask to acquire property, akin to ooal property. Cf. Allodial. ... Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as br …

address
<molecular biology> A site on a chromosome (characterised by a DNA sequence greater than 16 base pairs) that occurs only once in the genome. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

addressing ligands
Ligands on cells for specific homing receptors on lymphocytes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adducin
A protein that binds to spectrin and actin and appears to play a role in the assembly and maintenance of the spectrin-actin network. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adduct
<chemistry, molecular biology> A compound produced by the mixing of two or more chemicals. Acomplex that forms when a chemical binds to a biological molecule, such as DNA or a protein. ... (06 May 1997) ...

adduction
<anatomy, orthopaedics> Movement of the limbs toward the medial plane of the body or toward the axial line of the limb. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

adductor
<anatomy, orthopaedics> Muscles which move a portion of the body toward the midline such as lowering your arm to your side. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

adductor brevis
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, superior ramus of pubis; insertion, upper third of medial lip of linea aspera; action, adducts thigh; nerve supply, obturator. ... Synonym: musculus adductor brevis, short adductor muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor canal
The space in middle third of the thigh between the vastus medialis and adductor muscles, converted into a canal by the overlying sartorius muscle. It gives passage to the femoral vessels and saphenous nerve, ending at the adductor hiatus. ... Synonym: canalis adductorius, Hunter's canal, subsartorial canal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor hallucis
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, by two heads, the transverse head from the capsules of the lateral four metatarsophalangeal joints and the oblique head from the lateral cuneiform and bases of the third and fourth metatarsal bones; insertion, lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe; action, adducts great toe; nerve supply, lateral plan …

adductor hiatus
The aperture in the aponeurotic insertion of the adductor magnus that transmits the femoral artery and vein from the adductor canal to the popliteal space. ... Synonym: hiatus tendineus, hiatus adductorius, femoral opening, tendinous opening. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor longus
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, symphysis and crest of pubis; insertion, middle third of medial lip of linea aspera of femur; action, adducts, flexes and laterally rotates the thigh; nerve supply, obturator. ... Synonym: musculus adductor longus, long adductor muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor magnus
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, ischial tuberosity and ischiopubic ramus; insertion, linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur; action, adducts and extends thigh; nerve supply, obturator and sciatic. ... Synonym: musculus adductor magnus, great adductor muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor minimus muscle
<anatomy> A small flat muscle constituting the upper portion of the adductor magnus, insertion, the space above linea aspera. ... Synonym: musculus adductor minimus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor muscle
<anatomy> Any muscle that pulls inward toward the midline of the body. For example, the adductor muscles of the leg serve to pull the legs together. The opposite of adductor is abductor. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adductor muscle of great toe
Synonym for adductor hallucis ... <anatomy, muscle> Origin, by two heads, the transverse head from the capsules of the lateral four metatarsophalangeal joints and the oblique head from the lateral cuneiform and bases of the third and fourth metatarsal bones; insertion, lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe; action, adducts grea …

adductor muscle of thumb
Synonym for adductor pollicis ... <anatomy, muscle> Origin, by two heads, the transverse head from the shaft of the third metacarpal and the oblique head from the front of the base of the second metacarpal, the trapezoid and capitate bones; insertion, medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb; action, adducts thumb; nerve supply, ulnar. …

adductor pollicis
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, by two heads, the transverse head from the shaft of the third metacarpal and the oblique head from the front of the base of the second metacarpal, the trapezoid and capitate bones; insertion, medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb; action, adducts thumb; nerve supply, ulnar. ... Synonym: musculus adductor po …

adductor reflex
Contraction of the adductors of the thigh caused by tapping the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle while the thigh is abducted. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adductor tubercle
The prominence above the medial epicondyle of the femur to which the tendon of the adductor magnus attaches. ... Synonym: tuberculum adductorium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adelomorphous
Of not clearly defined form. In the past this term was applied to certain cells of the gastric glands. ... Origin: G. Adelos, uncertain, not clear, + morphe, shape ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

aden fever
<virology> A tropical disease caused by dengue virus (Arbovirus), that is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito of the genus Aedes). Four severity grades of the illness are seen: ... Grade I: fever and constitutional symptoms. ... Grade II: grade I plus spontaneous bleeding of skin, gums or gastrointestinal tract. ... Grade III: grade …

Aden ulcer
The lesion occurring in cutaneous leishmaniasis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenalgia
Rarely used term for pain in a gland. ... Origin: aden-+ G. Algos, pain ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adendric
Synonym for adendritic ... Without dendrites. ... Synonym: adendric. ... Origin: G., a-priv. + dendron, tree ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adendritic
Without dendrites. ... Synonym: adendric. ... Origin: G., a-priv. + dendron, tree ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenectomy
<procedure, surgery> The surgical removal of all or part of a gland. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

adenectopia
Presence of a gland other than in its normal anatomical position. ... Origin: aden-+ G. Ek, out of, + topos, place ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenemphraxis
Rarely used term for an obstruction to the discharge of a glandular secretion. ... Origin: aden-+ G. Emphraxis, stoppage ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adeniform
Synonym for adenoid ... <anatomy> Lymphoid tissue which forms a prominence on the wall of the pharyngeal recess of the nasopharynx. A mass of lymphoid tissue in the upper part of throat behind the nose. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...

adenine
<biochemistry> A nitrogenous base, one member of the basepair A-T (thymine). ... (10 May 1997) ...

adenine arabinoside
Misnomer for arabinosyladenine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenine deaminase
<enzyme> An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of adenine to ammonia and hypoxanthine. A part of purine degradation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenine deoxyribonucleotide
Synonym for deoxyadenylic acid ... Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, a hydrolysis product of DNA, differing from adenylic acid in containing deoxyribose in place of ribose. ... Synonym: adenine deoxyribonucleotide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenine nucleotide
Synonym for adenylic acid ... A condensation product of adenosine and phosphoric acid; a nucleotide found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids. 3'-Adenylic acid (adenosine 3'-monophosphate) and 5'-adenylic acid (adenosine 5'-monophosphate) differ in the place of attachment of the phosphoric acid to the d-ribose; deoxyadenylic acid diff …

adenine nucleotide translocase
<enzyme> Catalyses the exchange between endogenous and exogenous adenine nucleotides in mitochondria.ec 2.7.7.-. ... Registry number: EC 2.7.7.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenine phosphoribosyltransferase
<enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. ... Chemical name: AMP:pyrophosphate phospho-D-ribosyltransferase ... Registry number: EC 2.4.2.7 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenine sulfate
Adenine conjugated with sulfuric acid; used to stimulate leukocyte production in agranulocytosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenitis
<pathology> The inflammation of a gland. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

adenization
Conversion into glandlike structure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adeno-associated virus
Synonym for dependovirus ... <virology> A genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae which are all defective viruses (unable to replicate by themselves) and depend on the co-infection of their host cell by other, nondefective viruses to help them replicate. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

adenoacanthoma
<tumour> A malignant neoplasm consisting chiefly of glandular epithelium (adenocarcinoma), usually well differentiated, with foci of metaplasia to squamous (or epidermoid) neoplastic cells. ... Synonym: adenoid squamous cell carcinoma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoameloblastoma
Synonym for adenomatoid odontogenic tumour ... A benign epithelial odontogenic tumour appearing radiographically as a well-circumscribed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion usually surrounding the crown of an impacted tooth in an adolescent or young adult; characterised histologically by columnar cells organised in a duct-like configuration interspersed w …

adenoblast
A proliferating embryonic cell with the potential to form glandular parenchyma. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Blastos, germ ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenocarcinoma
<oncology, tumour> A form of cancer that involves cells from the lining of the walls of many different organs of the body. Breast cancer is a type of adenocarcinoma. ... (14 May 1997) ...

adenocarcinoma in situ
A noninvasive abnormal proliferation of glands believed to precede the appearance of invasive adenocarcinoma; reported in the endometrium, large intestine, cervix, and other sites. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenocarcinoma, bronchiolo-alveolar
A carcinoma thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be d …

adenocarcinoma, follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenocarcinoma, mucinous
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenocarcinoma, papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenocarcinoma, scirrhous
An adenocarcinoma with a hard (greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenocarcinoma, sebaceous
A malignant tumour composed of cells showing differentiation toward sebaceous epithelium. The tumour is solitary, firm, somewhat raised, more or less translucent, and covered with normal or slightly verrucose epidermis. It may be yellow or orange. The face and scalp are the commonest sites. The growth can be slow or rapid but metastasis is uncommon …

adenocellulitis
Inflammation of a gland, usually a lymph node, and of the adjacent connective tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenochondroma
Synonym: pulmonary hamartoma. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenocystoma
<tumour> Adenoma in which the neoplastic glandular epithelium forms cysts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenocyte
A secretory cell of a gland. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Kytos, a hollow (cell) ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenodiastasis
Separation or ectopia of glands or glandular tissue from their usual anatomical sites, e.g., pancreatic glands in the wall of the small intestine, gastric glands in the wall of the oesophagus. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Diastasis, a separation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenodynia
Rarely used term for adenalgia. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Odyne, pain ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoepithelioma
<tumour> Obsolete term for an epithelioma containing glandular elements. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenofibromyoma
Synonym for adenomatoid tumour ... A small, circumscribed, benign tumour of the genital tract, composed of small glandlike spaces lined by flattened or cuboidal mesothelium-like cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenofibrosis
Synonym for sclerosing adenosis ... A nodular, benign breast lesion occurring most frequently in relatively young women and consisting of hyperplastic distorted lobules of acinar tissue with increased collagenous stroma; the changes may be difficult to distinguish microscopically from carcinoma. Also, a benign nodular microscopic lesion of the prost …

adenogenous
Having an origin from glandular tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenohypophysial
Relating to the adenohypophysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenohypophysis
It consists of the distal part, intermediate part, and infundibular part. ... See: hypophysis. ... Synonym: lobus anterior hypophyseos, anterior lobe of hypophysis, glandular lobe of hypophysis, lobus glandularis hypophyseos. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenohypophysitis
Inflammatory reaction or sepsis affecting the anterior pituitary gland, often related to pregnancy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoid
<anatomy> Lymphoid tissue which forms a prominence on the wall of the pharyngeal recess of the nasopharynx. A mass of lymphoid tissue in the upper part of throat behind the nose. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...

adenoid cystic carcinoma
<tumour> A histologic type of carcinoma characterised by large epithelial masses containing round, glandlike spaces or cysts which frequently contain mucus or collagen and are bordered by a few or many layers of epithelial cells without intervening stroma, forming a cribriform pattern like a slice of Swiss cheese; perineural invasion and haem …

adenoid facies
The open-mouthed and often dull appearance in children with adenoid hypertrophy, associated with a pinched nose. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
Synonym for adenoacanthoma ... <tumour> A malignant neoplasm consisting chiefly of glandular epithelium (adenocarcinoma), usually well differentiated, with foci of metaplasia to squamous (or epidermoid) neoplastic cells. ... Synonym: adenoid squamous cell carcinoma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoid tissue
Synonym for lymphatic tissue ... A structure found within the lymphatic system that consists of lymphocytes within a network of fibres. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

adenoid tumour
Adenoma, or neoplasm with glandlike spaces. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoidectomy
<procedure, surgery> The surgical removal of the adenoid glands. Indications include airway obstruction, nasal obstruction, sleep apnoea and chronic ear infections. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

adenoiditis
<pathology> Infection of the adenoids. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenoids
1. A normal collection of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Also called pharyngeal tonsils. ... 2. Common terminology for the large (normal) pharyngeal tonsils of children. ... Origin: G. Aden, gland, + -eidos, resemblance ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoleiomyofibroma
Synonym: adenomatoid tumour. ... Origin: adeno-+ G. Leios, smooth, + mys, muscle, + fibroma ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenolipoma
<tumour> A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and adipose tissues. ... Origin: G. Aden, gland, + lipos, fat, + -oma, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenolipomatosis
A condition characterised by development of multiple adenolipomas. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenology
<study> The part of physiology that treats of the glands. ... Synonym: endocrinology. ... Origin: Adeno. ... (04 Mar 1998) ...

adenolymphocele
Cystic dilation of a lymph node following obstruction of the efferent lymphatic vessels. ... Origin: adeno-+ L. Lympha, spring water, + G. Kele, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenolymphoma
<oncology, tumour> A benign tumour characterised histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...

adenoma
<oncology, tumour> A benign epithelial tumour in which the cells form recognisable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

adenoma fibrosum
Synonym for fibroadenoma ... <oncology, tumour> A benign solid growth, usually found in the breast. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

adenoma of nipple
Synonym for subareolar duct papillomatosis ... A benign tumour which may clinically resemble Paget's disease, but which is a papillary or solid growth of columnar and myoepithelial cells producing a florid pseudoinfiltrative pattern. ... Synonym: adenoma of nipple, erosive adenomatosis of nipple. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

adenoma sebaceum
<radiology> Seen in tuberous sclerosis, raised, red papules on the face, mainly about the nose, misnomer: they're really perivascular fibromata ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenoma, adrenal cortical
A benign neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells resembling normal adrenal cells histologically but possessing functional autonomy. In general it does not exceed 5 cm in its largest dimension, although benign tumours exceeding 20 cm have been reported. Adrenal cortical adenomas produce hypercortisolism and hyperaldosteronism, but seldom produce adrenoge …

adenoma, basophil
A small tumour of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of acth, resulting in cushing's syndrome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenoma, bile duct
A benign tumour of the intrahepatic bile ducts. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

adenoma, chromophobe
A tumour of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells do not stain readily with either acid or basic dyes and whose presence may be associated with hypopituitarism. Although classically these adenomas have been said to be composed of sparsely granulated or degranulated (nonfunctioning) cells, some contain functioning cells and may be ass …