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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

binomen
<zoology> The combination of two names, the first being a generic name and the second a specific name, that together constitute the scientific name of a species. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

binomial
<mathematics> An expression consisting of two terms connected by the sign plus (+) or minus; as, a+b, or 7-3. ... Origin: L. Bis twice + nomen name: cf. F. Binome, LL. Binomius (or fr. Bi- + Gr. Distribution ?). Cf. Monomial. ... 1. Consisting of two terms; pertaining to binomials; as, a binomial root. ... 2. Having two names; used of the system …

binomial distribution
The probability distribution associated with two mutually exclusive outcomes; used to model cumulative incidence rates and prevalence rates. The bernoulli distribution is a special case of binomial distribution. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

binomial nomenclature
<biology, ecology> The system of having two names (genus and specific epithet, also called Latin binomial) for each organism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

binotic
Synonym: binaural. ... Origin: L. Bini, a pair, + G. Ous (ot-), ear ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

binswanger disease
<radiology> Subcortical atherosclerotic encephalopathy, atherosclerosis of penetrating vessels, older patients (>60) with hypertension, periventricular and deep white matter lesions, associated with BG infarcts, atrophy, difficult to correlate CT with functional impairment see also: demyelinating disease, white-matter disease ... (12 Dec 19 …

Binswanger, Otto Ludwig
<person> German neurologist, 1852-1929. ... See: Binswanger's disease, Binswanger's encephalopathy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Binswanger's disease
One of the causes of multiinfarct dementia, in which there are many infarcts and lacunes in the white matter, with relative sparing of the cortex and basal ganglia. ... Synonym: Binswanger's encephalopathy, encephalitis subcorticalis chronica, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Binswanger's encephalopathy
Synonym for Binswanger's disease ... One of the causes of multiinfarct dementia, in which there are many infarcts and lacunes in the white matter, with relative sparing of the cortex and basal ganglia. ... Synonym: Binswanger's encephalopathy, encephalitis subcorticalis chronica, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Binz, Carl
<person> German pharmacologist, 1832-1913. ... See: Binz' test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Binz' test
A qualitative test for the presence of quinine in the urine; a precipitate is formed on the addition of an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide if quinine is present. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bio-
Combining form denoting life. ... Origin: G. Bios, life ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bio-bead
Polystyrene beads used to fractionate molecular compounds in gelfiltration chromatographywith lipophilic solvents. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bio-beads s
Polystyrene beads used to fractionate molecular compounds in gel filtration chromatography with lipophilic solvents. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioaccumulants
Substances in contaminated air, water, or food that increase in concentration in living organisms exposed to them because the substances are very slowly metabolised or excreted. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

bioaccumulation
<biology> The process by which organisms absorb chemicals or elements directly from their environment. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioaccumulation factor
Concentration of a chemical in living tissue divided by its concentration in the animal's diet. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioacoustics
<study> The study of how organisms make and hear sounds, and how sounds affect them physically and behaviourally. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioactive
Referring to a substance that can be acted upon by a living organism or by an extract from a living organism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bioaeration
A technique of purifying sewage by oxidizing it in centrifugal pumps. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioaffinity sensor
A sensor that uses immobilised hormone receptors or antibodies to detecthormones or antigens. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioassay
An assay for the activity or potency of a substance that involves testing its activity on living material. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

bioastronautics
<study> The study of the effects of space travel on living things. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioaugmentation
Increasing the activity of bacteria that break down pollutants, atechnique used in bioremediation. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioautography
<investigation> The use of cells to detect by their attachment or other reaction the presence of a particular substance, for example an adhesion protein on an electrophoretic gel. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

bioavailability
The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

bioblast
When Altmann first observed mitochondria he considered them to be intracellular parasites and christened them bioblasts. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

bioburden
The number of contaminating microbes on a certain amount of material prior to that material being sterilised. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocatalyst
A substance which catalyses biochemical processes in living things. The most well-known example is the enzyme. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocenology
<study> A field of ecology which deals with the study of communities of organisms and the interactions and relationships between the member organisms. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocenosis
A group of organisms in a self-sufficient community naturally occupying a small area with a uniform environment throughout. ... In the field of paleontology, it is one of three types of fossil communities, which depends on the condition and completeness of the community when found. Biocenosis is the most complete type, able to offer the most informa …

biochemical
Relating to biochemistry, characterised by, produced by or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

biochemical conversion process
The use of living organisms or their products to convert organic material to fuels. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

biochemical genetics
The study of genetics in terms of the chemical (biochemical) events involved, as in the manner in which DNA molecules replicate and control the synthesis of specific enzymes by the genetic code. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biochemical mechanism
This is the general term for any chemical reaction or series of reactions, usually mediated by enzymes, which produce a given physiological effect in a living organism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biochemical metastasis
The transportation and induction of abnormal immunochemical specificities in apparently normal organs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biochemical oxygen demand
The amount of oxygen aerobicorganisms need to carry out oxidative metabolism in watercontaining organic matter, such as sewage. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biochemical phenomena
Biochemical functions, activities, and processes at organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

biochemical profile
A combination of biochemical tests usually performed with automated instrumentation upon admission of a patient to a hospital or clinic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biochemistry
The scientific study of the chemistry of living cells, tissues, organs and organisms. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biochemorphic
Denoting the relationship between biologic action and chemical structure, as in food and drugs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biochemorphology
<study> The scientific study of the chemical structure of pharmaceuticals and nutrients and their effect on organisms. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biochip
An electronic device that uses organic molecules to form a semiconductor. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biochrome
A natural pigment produced by an organism. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocidal
Destructive of life; particularly pertaining to microorganisms. ... Origin: bio-+ L. Caedo, to kill ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biocide
<pharmacology> A chemical that kills organisms. ... See: herbicide, pesticide. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioclimatology
<study> A field of ecology which studies the effects of climate on what plants and animals are like, physically and behaviourally. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocompatibility
The ability to exist alongside living things without harming them. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocompatible materials
Any substance (other than a drug), synthetic or natural, that can be used as a system or part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

bioconcentration
(Bioaccumulation) The accumulation of a chemical in tissues of an organism to levels greater than in the environment in which the organism lives. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

bioconcentration factor
Concentration of a chemical in an organism divided by its concentration in the test solution or environment (for example, concentration in fish divided by concentration in water). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioconversion
In industrial microbiology, the use of microorganisms to convert an added chemical to a chemically modified form. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocosmetics
<study> A term for cosmetics that have some sort of biotechnologically produced ingredient, or that have a mechanism of action based on biologic principles. Many have to undergo the same scrutiny that a biopharmaceutical does before they can be brought to market. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

biocybernetics
<study> The study of how communication and control occurs within the bodies of living things, between different parts of the body. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocycle
A biological cycle, repeated cycles of biological phenomena within the bodies of living things. ... Examples: menstruation in humans, the daily sleep cycle which, when disturbed, results in jet lag, and migration. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocytin
<protein> The amino acid residue formed when biotin links covalently via anamide linkage to a Lys residue. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biocytinase
<enzyme> An enzyme which converts biocytin into biotin (one of the B vitamins) and lysine (an amino acid). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biodegradable
A substance that can be chemically degraded via natural effectors such as soil bacteria, weather, plants or animals. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

biodegradation
The series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to the environment. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

biodiesel
A biofuel produced through transesterification, a process in which organically- derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The biomass- derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel (100% biodiesel). Biodiesel can be m …

biodiversity
The existence of a wide range of different types of organisms in a givenplace at a given time. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biodynamic
Relating to biodynamics. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bioecology
Synonym for ecology ... <study> The scientific study of the relationship of organisms to each other and to their environment. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioelectric energy sources
Implantable devices which convert biological energy (chemical energy of the metabolism of continuously regenerating body fluids or mechanical energy of periodic movements) to electrical energy. The sources include biogalvanic cells, biofuel cells, and ionic concentration cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

bioelectric potential
Electrical potential's occurring in living organisms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bioelectricity
The naturally-occurring electrical currents which flow within nerves and muscles. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioelectronics
The study of how electrons are transferred between molecules during biological regulation or biological defense. The movement of electrons is fairly important to the study of metabolism mechanisms. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioelement
An element required by a living organism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

bioenergetics
<study> A scientific field that deals with the application of thermodynamicprinciples to organisms and biological systems. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioenergy
Useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter. The conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids and gases. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

bioengineering
The science of developing and manufacturing artificial replacements for organs, limbs and tissues. ... A branch of engineering in which live plants and plant parts are used as building material for erosion control and landscape restoration (this is in contrast to conventional engineering, in which only dead materials are used). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioenrichment
Adding nutrients or oxygen to increase microbial breakdown of pollutants. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioequivalence
Two different drugs which have the same potency and bioavailability, assuming equal doses. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

bioequivalent
Having the same strength and similar bioavailability in the same dosage form as another specimen of a given drug substance. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

bioethics
Bioethics is the branch of ethics, philosophy and social commentary that discusses the life sciences and their potential impact on our society. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

biofeedback
<procedure> A process in which a person learns to influence reliably physiologic responses of two kinds: those that are not ordinarily under voluntary control or those that ordinarily are easily regulated but for which regulation has broken down because of trauma or disease. ... <psychology> A process that uses instrumentation to give a …

biofilm
<technique> A technique of immobilising cells by growing microbes or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments. They are glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both pha …

bioflavonoid
<pharmacology> A group of chemical substances found in many plants which help keep the cell walls of small blood vessels permeable. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

bioflavonoids
Naturally occurring flavone or coumarin derivatives having the activity of the so-called vitamin P, notably rutin and esculin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biofuel
A gaseous, liquid, or solid fuel that is rendered from raw biological material (plants, sewage, dry waste, cane sugar or wood pulp) through combustion or fermentation. ... There are a variety of ways to convert these bulky materials into fuels useful for industry and transport. The major biofuels produced biologically are biogas generated by anaerob …

biofuels
Fuels made from cellulosic biomass resources. Biofuels include ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

biogas
A gas that is produced through anaerobic respiration, itcontains mostly methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of watervapor, nitrogen, hydrogen, or other gases. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biogenesis
The theory that life always arises from previously existing life, and never from things which are not alive (as would be the case for the theory of spontaneous generation). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biogenetic law
The theory that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, which means that one can trace the evolutionary development of a species by studying the development of an individual embryo or young of that species. The theory is still used, especially in paleontology, but has been found to not be strictly true when applied to problems in biology. ... (09 Oct 1997 …

biogenic
<biology> Something which came about as a result of the activities of living things. ... Something which is necessary for life processes. ... Origin: Gr. Gennan = to produce ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biogenic amine
<biochemistry> Amines found in both animals and plants that are frequently involved in signalling. There are several groups: ethanolamine derivatives include choline, acetylcholine AMP, muscarine, catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline & dopamine, polyamines include spermine, indolylalkylamines include tryptamine & serotonin …

biogenic amine neurotransmitters
Biogenic amines released by neurons as intercellular messengers. The biogenic amines norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, and serotonin are neurotransmitters in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

biogenic amines
A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

biogenic monoamines
Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

biogenic polyamines
Biogenic amines having more than one amine group. These are long-chain aliphatic compounds that contain multiple amino and/or imino groups. Because of the linear arrangement of positive charge on these molecules, polyamines bind electrostatically to ribosomes, DNA, and RNA. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

biogeochemistry
Study of microbially-mediated chemical transformations of geochemical interest, for example nitrogen or sulphur cycling. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biogeography
<study> The study of the distribution of different species of organisms aroundthe planet and the factors that influenced that distribution. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

biogeotechnology
<study> The use of biological, ecological, and geotechnical engineering data to solve geological problems (such as erosion). Applied biogeotechnology focuses on using plants and human-made structures to control erosion, protect slopes, and restore environmental quality. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biographer
<specialist> One who writes an account or history of the life of a particular person; a writer of lives, as Plutarch. ... (20 Mar 1998) ...

biography
1. The written history of a person's life. ... 2. Biographical writings in general. ... Origin: Gr.; life + to write: cf. F. Biographie. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

biogravics
That field of study dealing with the effect on living organisms (particularly man) of abnormal gravitational effects produced, e.g., by acceleration or by free fall; in the former case, heavier than normal weight is induced, and in the latter weightlessness. ... Origin: bio-+ L. Gravis, weight ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

biohazard
<microbiology> A risk of exposure to harmful bacteria, viruses, or other dangerous biological agents, particularly those found in genetic recombination studies or in clinical microbiology labs. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

biohydrology
<study> The study of the interactions between the water cycle and plants and animals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

biohydrometallurgy
<microbiology> The use of bacteria to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, etc. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...

bioimplant
<surgery> An implanted prothesis made of biosynthetic material. ... (21 Mar 1998) ...