Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

citrated blood
blood treated with sodium citrate or citric acid to prevent its coagulation.

citric acid
(sit´rik) a compound found in citrus fruits and acting as an antiscorbutic and diuretic. It functions as an anticoagulant in blood preservatives such as citrate phosphate dextrose, and is a metabolic intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

citric acid cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Citrobacter
(sit´ro-bak″tәr) a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacteria, which have been associated with diarrhea and secondary infections in debilitated persons, occasionally causing primary septicemia. Species include C. amalona´ticus and C. freun´dii, two opportunistic pathogens; a...

citronella
(sit″rә-nel´ә) a fragrant grass, the source of a volatile oil (citronella oil) used in perfumes and insect repellents.

citronella oil
a fragrant oil extracted from Cymbopogon nardus, used as an insect repellent.

citrovorum factor
folinic acid.

citrulline
(sit´rә-lēn) an alpha amino acid involved in the urea cycle.

citrullinemia
(sit-rul″in-e´me-ә) the presence in the blood of excessive citrulline, resulting from an inborn error of metabolism, marked by absence or deficiency of the enzyme argininosuccinate synthetase. The disorder, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, is manifested by hyperammonemia, vomiting, convulsions, a...

citrullinuria
(sit-rul″in-u´re-ә) the presence in the urine of large amounts of citrulline, with increased levels also in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

Civatte bodies
anuclear keratinocytes that have become incorporated into the papillary layer of the dermis; seen in lichen planus. Called also colloid bodies.

CK
creatine kinase.

Cl
chlorine.

clade
(klād) in taxonomy, a branch of a phylogenetic tree comprising all the organisms that share a particular common ancestor. a group of organisms that share characteristics exclusive to the group members and distinguishing them from other organisms, such as genetic variants within a single species.

cladosporiosis
(klad″o-spor″e-o´sis) any infection with Cladosporium.

Cladosporium
(klad″o-spor´e-әm) a genus of imperfect fungi. C. herba´rum produces “black spot” on meat in cold storage at a temperature of −8° C. C. carrio´ni is an agent of chromoblastomycosis.

cladribine
(kla´drĭ-bēn) a purine antimetaboliteantineoplastic agent administered intravenously in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia.

Claforan
(klaf´or-an) trademark for a preparation of cefotaxime sodium, a broad-spectrum cephalosporinantibiotic.

claiming
(klām´ing) bonding.

clairvoyance
(klār-voi´әns) a form of extrasensory perception in which knowledge of objective events is acquired without the use of the senses.

clamp
(klamp) a surgical device for compressing a part or structure.

clamp forceps
a forceps-like clamp with an automatic lock, for compressing arteries or other structures.

clamping
(klamp´ing) in the measurement of insulin secretion and action, the infusion of a glucose solution at a rate adjusted periodically to maintain a predetermined blood glucose concentration. euglycemic clamping a clamp technique in which the blood glucose is maintained at normal levels...

clang association
see clanging.

clanging
(klang´ing) a pattern of speech in which words are selected because of sound rather than meaning, resulting in rhyming and punning (clang association) instead of logic; normal in young children but a sign of mental disturbance in older persons.

clap
(klap) a slang term for gonorrhea.

clapotement
(klah-pawt-maw´) a splashing sound, as in succussion.

Clara cells
unciliated cells found in the epithelium of the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.

clarificant
(klar-if´ĭ-kәnt) a substance that clears a liquid of turbidity.

clarithromycin
(klә-rith″ro-mi´sin) a macrolide antibiotic effective against a wide spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; used in the treatment of respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue infections and of Helicobacter pylori–associated duodenal ulcer.

Clarke cells
pigmented cells in the thoracic column of the spinal cord.

Clarke-Hadfield syndrome
(klahrk´ had´fēld) congenital pancreatic infantilism, with enlargement of the liver, excessive amount of feces, and atrophy of the pancreas in an undersized and underweight child.

clasp-knife phenomenon
clasp-knife reflexclasp-knife rigidity increased tension in the extensor of a joint when it is passively flexed, giving way suddenly on exertion of further pressure; seen especially in upper motor neuron disease.

class
(klas) a taxonomic category subordinate to a phylum or subphylum and superior to an order. in statistics, a subgroup of a population for which certain variables measured for individuals in the population fall within specific limits.

class I antigens
major histocompatibility antigens found on virtually every cell, human erythrocytes being the only notable exception; they are the classic histocompatibility antigens recognized during graft rejection.

class II antigens
major histocompatibility antigens found only on immunocompetent cells, primarily B lymphocytes and macrophages.

classic typhus
epidemic typhus.

classical complement pathway
see complement.

classical conditioning
conditioning (def. 2).

classification
(klas″ĭ-fĭ-ka´shәn) a systematic arrangement of similar entities on the basis of certain differing characteristics.

clastic
(klas´tik) undergoing or causing division. separable into parts.

clastogenic
(klas″to-jen´ik) giving rise to or inducing disruption or breakages, as of chromosomes.

clathrate
(klath´rāt) having the shape or appearance of a lattice. a clathrate compound.

Claude hyperkinesis sign
reflex movements of paretic muscles elicited by painful stimuli.

Claude syndrome
(klawd) paralysis of the third (oculomotor) nerve on one side and asynergia on the other side, together with dysarthria.

claudication
(klaw´dĭ-ka´shәn) limping or lameness. jaw claudication a complex of symptoms like those of intermittent claudication but seen in the muscles of chewing; it accompanies temporal arteritis. venous claudication intermittent claudication caused by v...

Claudius cells
cuboidal cells found in the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti.

claustrophobia
(klaws″tro-fo´be-ә) irrational fear of being shut in; fear of enclosed spaces, such as elevators and tunnels.

claustrum
(claws´trәm) pl. claus´tra the thin layer of gray matter lateral to the external capsule of the lentiform nucleus, separating it from the white matter of the insula.

Claviceps
(klav´ĭ-seps) a genus of parasitic fungi that infest various seed plants. C. purpu´rea is the source of ergot.

clavicle
(klav´ĭ-kәl) an elongated, slender, curved bone lying horizontally at the root of the neck, in the upper part of the thorax; called also collar bone. adj., clavic´ular., adj.

clavicotomy
(klav″ĭ-kot´ә-me) surgical division of the clavicle.

clavicula
(klә-vik´u-lә) Latin word meaning clavicle.

clavicular notch
either of two oval surfaces, one on each side of the superior border of the manubrium of the sternum, where it articulates with the clavicle.

clavulanate
(klav´u-lә-nāt) a β-lactamase inhibitor used as the potassium salt in combination with penicillins in treating infections caused by β-lactamase–producing organisms.

clavus hystericus
(kla´vәs his-ter´ĭ-kәs) a sharp, painful sensation as if a nail were being driven into the head, usually considered to be a conversion symptom.

claw toe
a toe deformity seen in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis, consisting of dorsal subluxation of toes 2 through 5; the metatarsal heads bear weight and become painful during walking so that the patient has a shuffling gait.

clawfoot
(klaw´foot) a high-arched foot with the toes hyperextended at the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexed at the distal joints.

clawhand
(klaw´hand) claw hand flexion and atrophy of the hand and fingers.

clear cell adenocarcinoma
a rare malignant tumor of the female genital tract, resembling a renal cell carcinoma and containing tubules or small cysts with some cells that are hobnail-shaped and others whose cytoplasm is clear, containing abundant glycogen and inconspicuous stroma. It may occur in the ovary, uterus, cervix, or vagina. One form has ...

clear cell carcinoma
clear cell adenocarcinoma. renal cell carcinoma.

clear cell odontogenic tumor
a rare type of odontogenic tumor found in the jaw, usually in older women, consisting of a locally aggressive, poorly circumscribed lesion with sheets of clear cells.

clear cell sarcoma of kidney
a malignant kidney tumor similar to a Wilms tumor but having a poorer prognosis; it often metastasizes to bone.

clear cells
cells with empty-appearing cytoplasm, seen normally in the sweat glands, the parathyroid glands, the collecting tubules of the kidneys, and the epididymis; they also appear in some types of cancer.

clear corneal incision
a tiny incision off to the side in the clear part of the cornea for cataract extraction.

clear layer
stratum lucidum.

clear liquid diet
a temporary diet of clear liquids without residue. It is not nutritionally adequate, and is used in some acute illnesses and infections, in the postoperative period (especially after gastrointestinal surgery), and to reduce fecal matter in the colon. Foods allowed include water, tea, coffee, fat-free broth, carbonated bev...

clearance
(klēr´әns) the act of clearing; specifically, complete removal of a solute or substance from a specific volume of blood per unit of time by processes such as hepatic clearance, renal clearance, or hemodialysis.

cleavage
(kle´vәj) division into distinct parts. the early successive splitting of a zygote (fertilized oocyte) into smaller cells (blastomeres) by mitosis.

cleavage cell
blastomere.

cleavage fracture
shelling off of cartilage with a small fragment of bone from the upper surface of the capitellum humeri.

cleavage lines
Langer lines.

cleaved cell
see small cleaved follicular center cell and large cleaved follicular center cell.

Cleeman sign
creasing of the skin just above the patella, indicative of fracture of the femur with overriding of fragments.

cleft
(kleft) a fissure or longitudinal opening, especially one occurring during embryonic development. having such a fissure. branchial cleft one of the slitlike openings in the gills of fish between the branchial arches. pharyngeal groove. facial ...

cleft hand
a malformation in which the division between the fingers extends into the metacarpus; also, a hand with the middle digits absent. Cleft hand.

cleft lip
a congenital defect in the upper lip, sometimes accompanied by a cleft palate or other defect, resulting from failure of the two sides of the face to unite properly at an early stage of fetal development.

cleft palate
congenital fissure of the soft palate or both the soft and hard palates, resulting from failure of the two sides of the palate to unite properly at an early stage of fetal development. There is usually an opening through the roof of the mouth into the nasal cavity, extending forward into the premaxilla, where it bends to ...

cleft tongue
bifid tongue.

cleidocranial
(kli″do-kra´ne-әl) pertaining to the clavicles and head.

cleidocranial dysostosis
an autosomal dominant condition in which there is defective ossification of the cranial bones, complete or partial absence of the clavicles (so that the shoulders may be brought together, or nearly together, in front), and dental and vertebral anomalies.

cleidocranial dysplasia
a rare autosomal dominant disorder in which there is defective ossification of the cranial bones, with large fontanelles and delayed closing of the sutures; complete or partial absence of the clavicles, so that the shoulders may be brought together, or nearly together, in front; wide pubic symphysis; short middle phalange...

clemastine
(klem´әs-tēn) an antihistamine with sedative and anticholinergic effects; used as the fumarate salt in the treatment of nasal, eye, and skin manifestations of allergic reactions, including allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and itching, and also as an ingredient in cough and cold preparations, administered or...

Cleocin
(kle´o-sin) trademark for preparations of clindamycin, an antibiotic.

clerk
(klerk) an employee who keeps records and does other general office work. unit clerk , ward clerk a worker on a nursing unit who schedules patients for prescribed studies, prepares charts for patients, answers the phone on the unit, and handles other general cler...

click
(klik) a brief, sharp sound, especially any of the short, dry clicking heart sounds during systole, indicative of various heart conditions.

click syndrome
click-murmur syndrome mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

clidinium
(klĭ-din´e-әm) an anticholinergic and antimuscarinic with antispasmodic and antisecretory effects on the gastrointestinal tract; as clindium bromide it has been administered orally as adjunctive therapy in treatment of peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders.

client
(kli´ent) the term most often used as a synonym for a patient who receives health care in an ambulatory care setting, especially when health maintenance rather than illness care is the primary service provided. Sometimes this term is preferred to denote a collaborative relationship rather than a hierarchical one.

client-centered therapy
a form of psychotherapy in which the emphasis is on the patient's self-discovery, interpretation, conflict resolution, and reorganization of values and life approach, which are enabled by the warm, nondirective, unconditionally accepting support of the therapist, who reflects and clarifies the patient's discoveries.

climacteric
(kli-mak´tәr-ik) the complex of endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes occurring in women at menopause; the term has been extended to refer to analogous changes in aging men that often accompany normal diminution of sexual drives (andropause).

climatic disease
any disease thought to be produced by a change of climate.

climax
(kli´maks) the period of greatest intensity, as in the course of a disease or in sexual excitement.

clindamycin
(klin″dә-mi´sin) a semisynthetic antibiotic that is a derivative of lincomycin; used to treat gram-positive penicillin-resistant infections. a semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin used systemically, topically, and vaginally as an antibacterial, primarily against gram-positive bacteria; used also as...

clinging carcinoma of breast
a rare form of ductal carcinoma in situ.

clinic
(klin´ik) an establishment where patients are admitted for special study and treatment by a group of health care professionals practicing together. a clinical lecture; examination of patients before a class of students; instruction at the bedside. satellite clinic a fa...

clinical
(klin´ĭ-kәl) pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside. pertaining to or founded on actual observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or experimental.

clinical anatomy
anatomy as applied to clinical practice.

clinical death
the absence of heartbeat (no pulse being felt) and cessation of breathing.

clinical genetics
the application of genetics to the diagnosis of genetic disorders and patient care, including counseling and management of the disorder.