Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

choleragen
(kol´әr-ә-jen) cholera toxin.

choleraic
(kol″ә-ra´ik) pertaining to or characterized by cholera.

choleresis
(ko-ler´ә-sis) the secretion of bile by the liver.

choleretic
(ko″lәr-et´ik) stimulating bile production by the liver. an agent that so acts.

choleriform
(ko-ler´ĭ-form) resembling cholera.

cholestasis
(ko″lә-sta´sis) stoppage or suppression of bile flow, due to factors either within the liver (intrahepatic cholestasis) or outside it (extrahepatic cholestasis). adj., cholestat´ic., adj.

cholestatic jaundice
that resulting from abnormality of bile flow in the liver.

cholesteatoma
(ko″lә-ste″ә-to´mә) a cystlike mass with a lining of stratified squamous epithelium, filled with desquamating debris frequently including cholesterol. Cholesteatomas are most common in the middle ear and mastoid region secondary to trauma or infection that undergoes faulty healing so that e...

cholesteatosis
(ko″lә-ste″ә-to´sis) fatty degeneration due to cholesterol esters.

cholesterol
(kә-les´tәr-ol″) a steroid alcohol found in animal fats and oils, bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, egg yolk, myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It is a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones. Most of the body's cholesterol is synthesized by the liver, but some is ...

cholesterol pericarditis
pericarditis characterized by effusions containing cholesterol, resulting from deposition of cholesterol crystals and a resulting inflammatory response with infiltration of the pericardium by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and giant cells.

cholesterol test
see specifc tests, including Liebermann-Burchard test, Salkowski test (def. 2), Schultze test (def. 2).

cholesterolemia
(kә-les″tәr-ol-e´me-ә) hypercholesterolemia.

cholesteroluria
(kә-les″tәr-ol-u´re-ә) the presence of cholesterol in the urine.

cholesterosis
(kә-les″tәr-o´sis) a condition in which cholesterol is deposited in tissues in abnormal amounts.

cholesteryl ester storage disease
(CESD) a relatively mild lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal sterol esterase. Enlargement of the liver may be the only clinical abnormality; hyperbetalipoproteinemia is common, and there is often severe premature atherosclerosis; patients may survive past 40.

cholesteryl ester transfer protein
(CETP) a plasma glycoprotein that plays a role in the movement of cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver. Deficiency of this protein, an autosomal dominant trait, results in markedly higher plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. Called also lipid transfer protein I.

cholestyramine
(ko″lә-sti´rә-mēn) see cholestyramine resin.

cholestyramine resin
a synthetic, strongly basic anion exchange resin in the chloride form which chelates bile salts in the intestine, thus preventing their reabsorption; used as an adjunctive therapy to diet in management of certain hypercholesterolemias and in the symptomatic relief of pruritus associated with bile stasis.

cholic acid
(ko´lik) one of the primary bile acids, usually found conjugated with glycine or taurine; it facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. any of the substituted derivatives of cholic acid collectively constituting the bile acids.

choline
(ko´lēn) an amine that occurs in phosphatidylcholine and acetylcholine, and is an important methyl donor in intermediary metabolism. It is a lipotropic agent, decreasing liver fat content by increasing phospholipid turnover. It was formerly considered to be part of the vitamin B complex, but is now classified as a pseudo...

cholinergic
(ko″lin-ur´jik) activated or transmitted by acetylcholine; see also cholinergic fibers and cholinergic receptors. an agent that resembles acetylcholine or simulates its action. Called also parasympathomimetic.

cholinergic blockade
selective inhibition of cholinergic nerve impulses at autonomic ganglionic synapses, postganglionic parasympathetic effectors, or neuromuscular junctions. See also cholinergic blocking agent.

cholinergic blocking agent
one that blocks or inactivates acetylcholine.

cholinergic fibers
nerve fibers such as the parasympathetic fibers that liberate acetylcholine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes.

cholinergic receptors
membrane receptors on cells of effector organs, innervated by cholinergic nerve fibers and responsive to the acetylcholine secreted by these fibers. There are two types, muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors.

cholinergic urticaria
a type of physical urticaria, usually evoked by exertion, stress, or increased environmental heat. It is thought to be a nonimmunologic hypersensitivity reaction in which acetylcholine released from parasympathetic or motor nerve terminals induces release of mediators from mast cells.

cholinesterase
(ko″lin-es´tәr-ās) an enzyme that splits acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline; it occurs primarily in the serum, liver, and pancreas. See also acetylcholinesterase. true cholinesterase acetylcholinesterase.

cholinesterase inhibitor
anticholinesterase.

cholinoceptive
(ko″lin-o-sep´tiv) pertaining to the sites on effector organs that are acted upon by cholinergic transmitters.

cholinoceptor
(ko″lin-o-sep´tәr) cholinergic receptor.

cholinolytic
(ko″lin-o-lit´ik) blocking the action of acetylcholine. an agent having such action; see cholinergic blocking agent.

cholinomimetic
(ko″lin-o-mi-met´ik) having an action similar to that of acetylcholine; parasympathomimetic.

Cholografin
(ko″lo-gra´fin) trademark for preparations of iodipamide, used in cholecystography.

cholohemothorax
(kol″o-he″mo-thor´aks) a pleural effusion containing bile and blood.

choluria
(kol-u´re-ә) the presence of bile pigments or bile salts; called also biliuria. adj., cholu´ric., adj.

cholylglycine
(ko″lәl-gli´sēn) a bile salt, the glycine conjugate of cholic acid. Called also glycocholic acid.

cholyltaurine
(ko″lәl-taw´rēn) a bile salt, the taurine conjugate of cholic acid. Called also taurocholic acid.

chondral
(kon´drәl) pertaining to cartilage.

chondralgia
(kon-dral´jә) chondrodynia.

chondrectomy
(kon-drek´tә-me) excision of a cartilage.

chondrification
(kon″drĭ-fĭ-ka´shәn) conversion into cartilage.

chondritis
(kon-dri´tis) inflammation of a cartilage.

chondro-osseous
(kon″dro-os´e-әs) osteochondral.

chondroangioma
(kon″dro-an″je-o´mә) a benign mesenchymoma containing cartilaginous and angiomatous elements.

chondroblast
(kon´dro-blast) an immature cartilage-producing cell.

chondroblastoma
(kon″dro-blas-to´mә) a benign tumor arising from young chondroblasts in the epiphysis of a bone.

chondrocalcinosis
(kon″dro-kal″sĭ-no´sis) deposition of calcium salts in the cartilage of joints. When accompanied by attacks of goutlike symptoms, it is called pseudogout.

chondroclast
(kon´dro-klast) a giant cell believed to be associated with absorption of cartilage.

chondrocostal
(kon″dro-kos´tәl) pertaining to the ribs and costal cartilages.

chondrocranium
(kon″dro-kra´ne-әm) the cartilaginous cranial structure of the embryo from the seventh week to the middle of the third month, when it is a unified cartilaginous mass without clear boundaries indicating the limits of future bones.

chondrocyte
(kon´dro-sīt) one of the cells embedded in the lacunae of the cartilage matrix. adj., chondrocyt´ic., adj.

chondrodynia
(kon″dro-din´e-ә) pain in a cartilage; called also chondralgia.

chondrodysplasia
(kon″dro-dis-pla´zhә) enchondromatosis. chondrodysplasia punctata a heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common characteristic of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe, usually lethal autosomal recessive form (rhizomelic dw...

chondrodystrophia
(kon″dro-dis-tro´fe-ә) chondrodystrophy (kon″dro-dis´trә-fe) a disorder of cartilage formation.

chondroectodermal dysplasia
achondroplasia occurring in association with defective development of skin, hair, and teeth, polydactyly, and defect of the cardiac septum; called also Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.

chondroendothelioma
(kon″dro-en″do-the″le-o´mә) an endothelioma containing cartilage tissue.

chondroepiphysitis
(kon″dro-ep″ĭ-fiz-i´tis) inflammation of the epiphyseal cartilages.

chondrofibroma
(kon″dro-fi-bro´mә) a fibroma with cartilaginous elements.

chondrogenesis
(kon″dro-jen´ә-sis) formation of cartilage.

chondrogenic
(kon″dro-jen´ik) giving rise to or forming cartilage.

chondroglossus muscle
origin, medial side and base of the lesser horn of hyoid bone; insertion, substance of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal nerve; action, pushes down, pulls in tongue.

chondroid
(kon´droid) resembling cartilage.

chondroitin sulfate
(kon-dro´ĭ-tin) a glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) which is widespread in connective tissue, particularly cartilage, and in the cornea.

chondrolipoma
(kon″dro-lĭ-po´mә) a benign mesenchymoma containing lipomatous and cartilaginous elements.

chondroma
(kon-dro´mә) pl. chondromas, chondro´mata a tumor or tumorlike growth of cartilage cells. It may remain in the interior or substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma, or enchondroma), or may develop on the surface of a cartilage and project under the periosteum of a bone (ecchondroma).

chondromalacia
(kon″dro-mә-la´shә) abnormal softening of cartilage.

chondromatosis
(kon″dro-mә-to´sis) formation of multiple chondromas. synovial chondromatosis a rare condition in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membrane of joints, tendon sheaths, or bursae, sometimes becoming detached and producing a number of loose bodies.

chondromere
(kon´dro-mēr) a cartilaginous vertebra of the fetal vertebral column.

chondrometaplasia
(kon″dro-met″ә-pla´zhә) a condition characterized by metaplastic activity of the chondroblasts.

chondromyoma
(kon″dro-mi-o´mә) a benign mesenchymoma with myomatous and cartilaginous elements.

chondromyxoid fibroma
a benign, slowly growing tumor of chondroblastic origin, usually affecting the long bones of the lower limb.

chondromyxoma
(kon″dro-mik-so´mә) myxoma with cartilaginous elements.

chondromyxosarcoma
(kon″dro-mik″so-sahr-ko´mә) a sarcoma containing cartilaginous and mucous tissue.

chondropathy
(kon-drop´ә-the) any disease of cartilage.

chondroplasia
(kon″dro-pla´zhә) the formation of cartilage by specialized cells (chondrocytes).

chondroplast
(kon´dro-plast) chondroblast.

chondroplasty
(kon´dro-plas″te) plastic repair of cartilage.

chondroporosis
(kon″dro-po-ro´sis) the formation of sinuses or spaces in cartilage.

chondrosarcoma
(kon″dro-sahr-ko´mә) a malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells or their precursors. central chondrosarcoma one developing in the interior of a bone; it usually presents with dull pain, but a mass is rare.

chondrosis
(kon-dro´sis) chondropathy.

chondrosteoma
(kon-dros″te-o´mә) osteochondroma.

chondrosternal
(kon″dro-stur´nәl) pertaining to the costal cartilages and sternum.

chondrosternoplasty
(kon″dro-stur´no-plas″te) surgical correction of pectus excavatum.

chondrotomy
(kon-drot´ә-me) the dissection or surgical division of cartilage.

Chopart amputation
Chopart operation amputation of the foot, with the calcaneus, talus, and other parts of the tarsus being retained.

chord
(kord) cord.

chorda
(kor´dә) pl. chor´dae Latin word meaning cord or sinew. adj., chor´dal., adj.

chorda magna
(kor´dә mag´nә) Achilles tendon.

chorda tympani
(kor´dә tim´pә-ni) a nerve originating from the facial nerve, distributed to the submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; it is a parasympathetic and special sensory nerve.

chorda umbilicalis
(kor´dә әm-bil″ĭ-ka´lis) umbilical cord.

chorda vocalis
(kor´dә vo-ka´lis) vocal cord.

chordae tendineae
(kor´de ten-din´e-e) tendinous cords connecting the two atrioventricular valves to the appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles.

Chordata
(kor-da´tә) a phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all animals having a notochord during some developmental stage.

chordate
(kor´dāt) an animal of the Chordata. having a notochord.

chordee
(kor´de) (kor´da) downward deflection of the penis, due to a congenital anomaly (hypospadias) or to urethral infection.

chorditis
(kor-di´tis) inflammation of vocal or spermatic cords. chorditis nodosa , chorditis tuberosa the formation of small white nodules on one or both vocal cords in persons who use their voices excessively; see also vocal cord nodules.

chordoma
(kor-do´mә) a malignant tumor arising in the axial skeleton from embryonic remains of the notochord.

chordotomy
(kor-dot´ә-me) cordotomy.

chorea
(kә-re´ә) the ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky involuntary movements. adj., chore´ic., adj. acute chorea Sydenham chorea. chronic chorea Huntington chorea. chorea gravidarum a type of Sydenham chorea ...