Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

Gradenigo syndrome
(grah-dә-ne´go) paralysis of the abducens nerve and unilateral headache in chronic suppurative otitis media, caused by direct spread of the infection to involve the abducens and trigeminal nerves.

gradient
(gra´de-әnt) rate of increase or decrease of a variable value, or its representative curve. concentration gradient a difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier. edge gradient in radiology, the penumbra or partia...

graduate nurse
a graduate of a school of nursing; often used to designate one who has not been registered or licensed.

Graefe operation
removal of the cataractous lens by a scleral cut, with laceration of the capsule and iridectomy.

Graefe sign
(gra´fә) tardy or jerky downward movement of the upper eyelids when the gaze is directed downward; noted in thyrotoxicosis.

Graefe test
(for heterophoria) on holding a prism of 10 degrees before one eye, base up or down, two images are formed; one of these images is displaced laterally in heterophoria.

graft
(graft) any tissue or organ for implantation or transplantation. to implant or transplant such tissues. This term is preferred over transplant in the case of skin grafts. See also implant.

graft-versus-host disease
(GVH disease) graft-versus-host reaction a condition that occurs when immunologically competent cells or their precursors are transplanted into an immunocompromised recipient (host) that is not histocompatible with the donor. Because the host is immunocompromised, the graft is not rejected. Immunocompetent T ...

grafting
(graft´ing) transplantation. The term grafting is preferred in the case of skin grafting and of synthetic grafts such as arteriovenous grafts.

Graham Little syndrome
(gra´әm lit´әl) a syndrome characterized by cicatricial patches of alopecia of the scalp with prominent follicular plugging and follicular keratoses on the trunk and limbs, sometimes associated with noncicatricial alopecia of the axillae, pubic region, trunk, and limbs.

Graham Steell murmur
a high-pitched diastolic murmur due to pulmonic regurgitation in patients with pulmonary hypertension and mitral stenosis.

Graham test
the intravenous or oral administration of iodophthalein sodium prior to radiographic examination of the gallbladder.

Graham's law
(gra´әmz) the rate of diffusion of a gas through porous membranes varies inversely with the square root of its density.

grain
(grān) a seed, especially of a cereal plant. the smallest unit in the apothecaries' and avoirdupois systems, equal to 0.065 of a gram; abbreviated gr.

grain alcohol
ethanol.

grain fever
a syndrome of malaise, fever, chills, and myalgia, occurring in grain elevator workers and others who have heavy exposure to grain dust; the cause is usually inhalation of endotoxins or contaminants such as mites. In some workers there is chronic asthma. See also grain handler's lung.

grain handler's lung
a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurring in those exposed to grain, probably caused by fungal contaminants. See also grain fever.

grain itch
itching dermatitis due to a mite, Pyemotes ventricosus, that preys on certain insect larvae living on straw, grain, and other plants.

gram
(g) (gram) a unit of mass in the SI system; one thousandth of a kilogram. See also si units.

gram molecular weight
the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; one gram molecular weight of a molecular substance contains one mole of molecules. See also mole1.

Gram stain
a staining procedure in which bacteria are stained with crystal violet, treated with strong iodine solution, decolorized with ethanol or ethanol-acetone, and counterstained with a contrasting dye; those retaining the stain are called gram-positive, and those losing the stain but staining with the counterstain are called gram-ne...

gram-negative
(gram-neg´ә-tiv) losing the stain or being decolorized by alcohol when Gram stain is applied; this is a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide.

gram-negative bacterium
any of the bacteria that lose their color when Gram stain is applied; see gram-negative.

gram-positive
(gram-poz´ĭ-tiv) retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol when Gram stain is applied; this is a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.

gram-positive bacterium
any of the bacteria that keep their color when Gram stain is applied; see gram-positive.

gramicidin
(gram″ĭ-si´din) an antibiotic produced by Bacillus brevis, applied topically in pyodermic, ocular, and other localized infections due to susceptible gram-positive organisms. It is also one of the two major components of tyrothricin, the other being tyrocidine.

Grancher sign
equality of pitch of exhalations and inhalations, a sign of obstruction to exhalation.

grand mal epilepsy
a type involving loss of consciousness with generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

grandiose
(gran´de-ōs″) in psychiatry, pertaining to exaggerated belief or claims of one's importance or identity, often manifested by delusions of great wealth, power, or fame.

grandiose delusion
delusion of grandeur.

Granger sign
if in the radiograph of an infant two years old or less, the anterior wall of the lateral sinus is visible, extensive destruction of the mastoid is indicated.

granisetron
(gră-nis´ә-tron) an antiemetic used in conjunction with cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy; administered orally or intravenously as the hydrochloride salt.

granular
(gran´u-lәr) made up of or marked by the presence of granules or grains.

granular cell
a type of keratinocyte found in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis, containing a dense collection of keratohyalin granules.

granular cell tumor
a relatively common type of tumor whose cells have a granular appearance under the microscope; it is usually benign but occasionally malignant, and multiple tumors may occur. It can be found anywhere but is most often seen inside the mouth, especially on the tongue.

granular induration
cirrhosis.

granular layer
stratum granulosum.

granular layer of cerebellar cortex
the deep layer of the cortex of the cerebellum, which contains many small neurons. Called also stratum granulosum of cerebellum.

granular layer of cerebral cortex
either of two layers of the cortex; the external one contains small pyramidal cells and granule cells with short axons; the internal one contains many densely-packed granule cells, some small pyramidal cells, and horizontally-arranged nerve fibers.

granular leukocyte
a leukocyte containing abundant granules in the cytoplasm; these include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Called also granulocyte.

granulatio
(gran″u-la´she-o) pl. granulatio´nes Latin word meaning granulation.

granulation
(gran″u-la´shәn) the process of forming granulation tissue. the process of forming cytoplasmic granules. granule (def. 1). any granular material on the surface of a tissue, membrane, or organ. the rendering of hard or metallic substances into granules or grai...

granulation tissue
material formed in repair of wounds of soft tissue, consisting of connective tissue cells and ingrowing young vessels; it ultimately forms a scar.

granulation tumor
granuloma.

granule
(gran´ūl) a small particle or grain. a small pill made of sucrose.

granule cells
tiny cells found in the granular layers of the cerebellar and cerebral cortices. small nerve cells without axons, found in the granular layer of the olfactory bulb.

granuloadipose
(gran″u-lo-ad´ĭ-pōs) showing fatty degeneration containing granules of fat.

granuloblast
(gran´u-lo-blast″) an immature granulocyte.

granulocyte
(gran´u-lo-sīt″) granular leukocyte. adj., granulocyt´ic, adj. . band-form granulocyte band cell.

granulocyte series
granulocytic series the succession of morphologically distinguishable cells that are stages in granulocyte development: in order of maturity: the myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, the band cell or stab cell (which is the least mature form normally found in the peripheral blood), and the mature polymorphonuclear leuko...

granulocytic leukemia
myelogenous leukemia.

granulocytic sarcoma
chloroma.

granulocytopathy
(gran″u-lo-si-top´ә-the) any disorder of the granulocytes.

granulocytopenia
(gran″u-lo-si″to-pe´ne-ә) a reduction in the number of granular leukocytes in the blood that is less severe than agranulocytosis; called also granulopenia.

granulocytopoiesis
(gran″u-lo-si″to-poi-e´sis) granulopoiesis. adj., granulocytopoiet´ic, adj. .

granulocytosis
(gran″u-lo-si-to´sis) an excess of granulocytes in the blood.

granuloma
(gran″u-lo´mә) pl. granulomas, granulo´mata an imprecise term applied either to any small nodular, delimited aggregation of mononuclear inflammatory cells, or more specifically to a similar collection of modified macrophages resembling epithelial cells, usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes, often with m...

granuloma fissuratum
(gran″u-lo´mә fis″u-ra´tәm) a firm, whitish, fissured, fibrotic granuloma of the gum and buccal mucosa, occurring on an edentulous alveolar ridge and between the ridge and the cheek.

granuloma gravidarum
pregnancy tumor.

granuloma inguinale
(gran″u-lo´mә ing-gwĭ-na´le) a granulomatous disease that is associated with uncleanliness and is caused by the microorganism Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. It is often considered to be a sexually transmitted disease, but it can also be transmitted other than by sexual contact. About 10 days to 3 months aft...

granuloma telangiectaticum
(gran″u-lo´mә tә-lan″je-ek-tat´ĭ-kәm) pyogenic granuloma.

granuloma venereum
(gran″u-lo´mә vә-nēr´e-әm) granuloma inguinale.

granulomatosis
(gran″u-lo″mә-to´sis) any condition involving formation of granulomas.

granulomatosis siderotica
(gran″u-lo´mә sid″ә-rot´ĭ-kә) a condition in which brownish nodules are seen in the enlarged spleen.

granulomatous amebic encephalitis
a rare, chronic, usually fatal opportunistic infection caused by species of Acanthamoeba or certain other amebae in debilitated, immunocompromised, diabetic, or alcoholic patients.

granulomatous arteritis
giant cell arteritis.

granulomatous encephalomyelitis
a disease marked by granulomas and necrosis of the walls of the cerebral and spinal ventricles.

granulomatous lymphoma
Hodgkin disease.

granulomatous myocarditis
giant cell myocarditis, including also granuloma formation.

granulopenia
(gran″u-lo-pe´ne-ә) agranulocytosis.

granuloplastic
(gran″u-lo-plas´tik) forming granules.

granulopoiesis
(gran″u-lo-poi-e´sis) the formation and development of granulocytes; called also granulocytopoiesis. adj., granulopoiet´ic, adj. .

granulosa
(gran″u-lo´sә) pertaining to the cells of the cumulus oophorus.

granulosa cell carcinoma
a granulosa cell tumor that has undergone malignant transformation.

granulosa cell tumor
an ovarian tumor originating in the granulosa cells, the solid mass of cells surrounding the graafian follicle; it may be associated with excessive production of estrogen and lead to overgrowth of the endometrium with hemorrhaging. Called also granulosa tumor.

granulosa cells
cells surrounding the graafian follicle and forming the stratum granulosum and cumulus oophorus; after ovulation they are transformed into lutein cells.

granulosa tumor
granulosa cell tumor.

granulosa-lutein cells
lutein cells of the corpus luteum derived from granulosa cells.

granulosa-theca cell tumor
an ovarian tumor predominantly composed of either granulosa cells (follicular cells) or theca cells, and often associated with excessive production of estrogen, with hyperplasia of the breast and endometrium and carcinoma of the endometrium. When luteinized (having cells resembling those of the corpus luteum), it is called a luteoma.

granulovacuolar degeneration
neurodegeneration, most commonly occurring in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, in which the cytoplasm becomes filled with small vacuoles containing argyrophilic granules; it is a normal process in aging but is more pronounced in Alzheimer disease.

graph
(graf) a diagram or curve representing data and varying relationships between sets of data.

graphospasm
(graf´o-spaz″әm) writer's cramp.

grasp reflex
flexion or clenching of the fingers or toes on stimulation of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot.

Grasset phenomenon
Grasset-Gaussel phenomenon inability of a patient to raise both lower limbs at the same time, though either can be raised alone; seen in incomplete hemiplegia.

Grasset sign
Grasset-Bychowski sign Grasset phenomenon.

Grasset-Gaussel-Hoover sign
Hoover sign (def. 1).

gravel
(grav´әl) calculus occurring in small particles.

Graves disease
(grāvz) a syndrome in which thyrotoxicosis is associated with diffuse goiter, infiltrative exophthalmos, and sometimes infiltrative dermopathy. It is now known to be an autoimmune disease; most patients with this condition have autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomes, and often some components of the thy...

Graves orbitopathy
dysthyroid orbitopathy occurring in Graves disease. Called also Graves ophthalmopathy.

gravid
(grav´id) pregnant.

gravid uterus
one containing a developing fetus.

gravida
(grav´ĭ-dә) a pregnant woman; called gravida I (primigravida) during the first pregnancy, gravida II (secundigravida) during the second, and so on.

gravidic
(grә-vid´ik) occurring in pregnancy.

gravidocardiac
(grav″ĭ-do-kahr´de-ak) pertaining to heart disease in pregnancy.

gravimetric
(grav″ĭ-met´rik) pertaining to measurement by weight; performed by weight, as the gravimetric method of drug assay.

gravity
(grav´ĭ-te) the phenomenon by which two bodies having mass are attracted to each other. the gravitational attraction near a large body having mass, particularly near or on the surface of a planet or star. standard gravity(g) the acceleration due to gra...

Grawitz tumor
renal cell carcinoma.

gray
(gra) the SI unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as the transfer of 1 joule of energy per kilogram of absorbing material (1 J/kg); 1 gray equals 100 rads.

gray atrophy
secondary optic atrophy.

gray baby syndrome
gray syndrome a potentially fatal condition seen in neonates, particularly premature infants, due to a reaction to chloramphenicol, characterized by an ashen gray cyanosis, listlessness, weakness, and hypotension.