Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

ganirelix
(gan″ĭ-rel´iks) a synthetic compound derived from, and an antagonist to, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; used as the acetate salt to inhibit premature luteinizing hormone (LH) surges in women undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation in the treatment of female infertility, administered subcutaneously.

Ganser syndrome
(gan´ser) the giving of inappropriate, ridiculous, or approximate answers to questions, sometimes associated with amnesia, disorientation, perceptual disturbances, and conversion symptoms; it is most commonly seen in malingering prisoners feigning psychosis.

Gantrisin
(gan´trĭ-sin) trademark for preparations of sulfisoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic.

gap
(gap) an opening or hiatus. anion gap the concentration of plasma anions not routinely measured by laboratory screening, accounting for the difference between the routinely measured anions and cations and equal to the plasma sodium − (chloride + bicarbonate); used in the ev...

gap junction
a narrowed portion of the intercellular space, containing channels linking adjacent cells and through which can pass ions, most sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, hormones, and cyclic AMP. In electrically excitable tissues the gap junctions serve to transmit electrical impulses via ionic currents and are known as...

Garamycin
(gar″ә-mi´sin) trademark for preparations of gentamicin, an antibiotic.

Garcin syndrome
(gahr-să´) unilateral paralysis of all or most of the cranial nerves due to a tumor at the base of the skull or in the nasopharynx; called also half base syndrome.

Gardner syndrome
(gahrd´nәr) familial polyposis of the colon associated with osseous and soft tissue tumors.

Gardner-Diamond syndrome
(gahrd´nәr di´ah-mәnd) painful bruising syndrome.

Gardnerella
(gahrd″nәr-el´ә) a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria having one species, G. vagina´lis (formerly called Haemophilus vaginalis). It is found in the normal female genital tract and is the causative organism for nonspecific vaginitis.

gargle
(gahr´gәl) a solution for rinsing the mouth and throat. to rinse the mouth and throat by holding a solution in the open mouth and agitating it by expulsion of air from the lungs.

gargoylism
(gahr´goil-iz-әm) Hurler syndrome.

garment
(gahr´mәnt) an article of clothing. pneumatic antishock garment an inflatable garment used to combat shock, stabilize fractures, promote hemostasis, and increase total peripheral resistance. Called also MAST suit. pressure garment a garment that appli...

Garré disease
(gah-ra´) sclerosing nonsuppurative osteomyelitis.

Garré osteomyelitis
sclerosing nonsuppurative osteomyelitis.

Gartner canal
(gahrt´nәr) a closed rudimentary duct, lying parallel to the uterine tube, into which the transverse ducts of the epoöphoron open; it is the remains of the part of the mesonephros that participates in formation of the reproductive organs.

gas
(gas) any elastic aeriform fluid in which the molecules are widely separated from each other and so have free paths. alveolar gas the gas in the alveoli of the lungs, where gas exchange with the capillary blood takes place. blood gases the partial pressures...

gas abscess
an abscess that contains gas as a result of the action of gas-forming bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens. Called also Welch abscess.

gas bloat syndrome
a condition in which voluntary eructation is impossible; it is a common complication following fundoplication procedures.

gas chromatography
a type of automated chromatography in which the mobile phase is an inert gas. Volatile components of the sample are separated in the column and measured by a detector. The method has been applied in the clinical laboratory to separate and quantify steroids, barbiturates, and lipids.

gas gangrene toxin
an exotoxin that causes gas gangrene; there are at least 10 types produced by Clostridium perfringens and others produced by C. novyi and C. septicum.

gas pains
pains caused by distention of the stomach or intestines by accumulation of air or other gases; its presence is indicated by distention of the abdomen, belching, or discharge of gas through the rectum.

gas peritonitis
peritonitis with the accumulation of gas in the peritoneum.

gas sterilization
sterilization by means of a bactericidal gas, frequently used for items that are heat and moisture sensitive. Ethylene oxide is commonly used; in its pure form it is highly explosive and flammable in air, so that it is usually diluted with carbon dioxide or a fluorinated hydrocarbon. Gas sterilization is a chemical process resu...

gas-liquid chromatography
gas chromatography in which the substances to be separated are moved by an inert gas along a tube filled with a finely divided inert solid coated with a nonvolatile oil; each component migrates at a rate determined by its solubility in oil and its vapor pressure.

gaseous cholecystitis
emphysematous cholecystitis.

Gasser syndrome
(gahs´әr) hemolytic uremic syndrome.

gasserian ganglion
trigeminal ganglion.

gaster
(gas´tәr) Greek word meaning stomach; a term used in anatomy.

Gasterophilus
(gas″tәr-of´ĭ-lәs) a genus of flies, the horse botflies, the larvae of which develop in the gastrointestinal tract of horses and may sometimes infect humans.

gastradenitis
(gas″trad-ә-ni´tis) inflammation of the gastric glands.

gastralgia
(gas-tral´jә) pain in the stomach; called also gastrodynia.

gastrectomy
(gas-trek´tә-me) excision of the entire stomach (total gastrectomy) or part of it (partial or subtotal gastrectomy); this may be indicated in cases of malignant tumors or gastric ulcers not responsive to medical management or those complicated by perforation or hemorrhage.

gastric
(gas´trik) pertaining to, affecting, or originating in the stomach.

gastric acid
the hydrochoric acid that is secreted by gastric glands and forms part of the gastric juice.

gastric acid pump inhibitor
proton pump inhibitor.

gastric adenoma
adenomatous polyp of stomach.

gastric atrophy
marked reduction in thickness of the mucosa of the stomach, with complete or almost complete disappearance of gastric glands and pyloric glands, which are replaced by simple mucus-secreting epithelium; this is often accompanied by intestinal metaplasia.

gastric bypass
a surgical treatment for morbid obesity consisting of creation of a small gastric pouch that empties directly into the jejunum through a gastrojejunostomy so that food bypasses the duodenum.

gastric calculus
gastrolith.

gastric fistula
an abnormal passage communicating between the stomach and some other body part. a passage created artificially through the abdominal wall into the stomach.

gastric folds
the series of folds in the mucous membrane of the stomach.

gastric follicles
lymphoid masses in the gastric mucosa.

gastric function test
see specific tests, such as augmented histamine test and pentagastrin test. Abnormal results on the Schilling test may indicate defective gastric secretion of intrinsic factor.

gastric glands
the secreting glands of the stomach, including the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric glands.

gastric juice
the secretion of gastric glands for use in digestion. Its essential ingredients are pepsin and hydrochloric acid. At the sight and smell of food, the stomach increases its output of gastric juice. When food reaches the stomach, it is thoroughly mixed with the juice, the breakdown of the proteins is begun, and later the food pas...

gastric pacemaker
a saddle-shaped area of the greater curvature of the stomach at the junction of its upper and middle thirds, which regulates the frequency of stomach contractions.

gastric partitioning
a procedure of the treatment of morbid obesity consisting of the creation of a small pouch in the proximal stomach by two rows of staples, which are deliberately interrupted at one point to allow passage of food from the pouch to the rest of the stomach. This procedure is rarely done today because of its high failure rate...

gastric tetany
a severe form due to disease of the stomach, attended by difficult respiration and painful tonic spasms of the limbs.

gastric ulcer
one in the inner wall of the stomach, one of the two most common kinds of peptic ulcer.

gastricsin
(gas-trik´sin) a proteolytic enzyme isolated from gastric juice; its precursor is pepsinogen but differs from pepsin in molecular weight and in the amino acid content at the N terminal.

gastrin
(gas´trin) a polypeptide hormone secreted by cells in the stomach wall; it strongly stimulates secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, and weakly stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction.

gastrinoma
(gas″trĭ-no´mә) a gastrin-secreting islet cell tumor of cells other than the beta cells; this is one of the manifestations of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

gastritis
(gas-tri´tis) inflammation of the lining of the stomach; this common stomach disorder is usually distinguished as either acute, chronic, or toxic.

gastroanastomosis
(gas″tro-ә-nas″to-mo´sis) gastrogastrostomy.

gastrocardiac
(gas″tro-kahr´de-ak) pertaining to the stomach and the heart.

gastrocele
(gas´tro-sēl) hernial protrusion of the stomach or of a gastric pouch.

gastrocnemius muscle
origin,MEDIAL HEAD—popliteal surface of femur, upper part of medial condyle, and capsule of knee, LATERAL HEAD—lateral condyle and capsule of knee; insertion, aponeurosis unites with tendon of soleus to form Achilles tendon; innervation, tibial nerve; action, plantar flexes ankle joint, flexes knee joint.

gastrocolic
(gas″tro-kol´ik) pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and colon.

gastrocolic omentum
greater omentum.

gastrocolic reflex
increase in intestinal peristalsis after food enters the empty stomach.

gastrocolitis
(gas″tro-ko-li´tis) inflammation of the stomach and colon.

gastrocutaneous
(gas″tro-ku-ta´ne-әs) pertaining to the stomach and skin, or communicating with the stomach and the cutaneous surface of the body, as a gastrocutaneous fistula.

gastrocystoplasty
(gas″tro-sis´to-plas″te) augmentation cystoplasty using a portion of the stomach for the graft.

gastrodidymus
(gas″tro-did´ә-mәs) symmetrical conjoined twins joined in the abdominal region.

gastroduodenal
(gas″tro-doo″o-de´nәl) pertaining to the stomach and duodenum.

gastroduodenal artery
origin, common hepatic artery; branches, supraduodenal and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries; distribution, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, greater omentum.

gastroduodenitis
(gas″tro-doo″o-dә-ni´tis) inflammation of the stomach and duodenum.

gastroduodenoscopy
(gas″tro-doo″o-dә-nos´kә-pe) endoscopic examination of the stomach and duodenum.

gastroduodenostomy
(gas″tro-doo″o-dә-nos´tә-me) gastroenterostomy between the stomach and the duodenum. the opening so created.

gastrodynia
(gas″tro-din´e-ә) gastralgia.

gastroenteric
(gas″tro-әn-ter´ik) gastrointestinal.

gastroenteritis
(gas″tro-en″tәr-i´tis) inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine. Psychologic causes may include fear, anger, and other forms of emotional upset. Allergic reactions to certain foods, or irritation by excessive use of alcohol, can also cause it. Severe gastroenteritis, with such symp...

gastroenteroanastomosis
(gas″tro-en″tәr-o-ә-nas″to-mo´sis) surgical anastomosis of the stomach to the small intestine.

gastroenterocolitis
(gas″tro-en″tәr-o-ko-li´tis) inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.

gastroenterologist
(gas″tro-en″tәr-ol´ә-jist) a specialist in gastroenterology.

gastroenterology
(gas″tro-en″tәr-ol´ә-je) the study of the stomach and intestine and their diseases.

gastroenteropathy
(gas″tro-en″tәr-op´ә-the) any disease of the stomach and intestine.

gastroenterostomy
(gas″tro-en″tәr-os´tә-me) surgical creation of an anastomosis between the stomach and the small intestine; the most common type is the gastrojejunostomy. the opening so created.

gastroenterotomy
(gas″tro-en″tәr-ot´ә-me) incision into the stomach and intestine.

gastroesophageal
(gas″tro-ә-sof″ә-je´әl) pertaining to the stomach and esophagus. proceeding from the stomach to the esophagus.

gastroesophageal hernia
paraesophageal hernia.

gastroesophageal junction
esophagogastric junction.

gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) any of various conditions resulting from gastroesophageal reflux, ranging in seriousness from mild to life-threatening; principal characteristics are heartburn and regurgitation. When there is damage to the esophageal epithelium, it is known as reflux esophagitis.

gastroesophageal scintigraphy
scintigraphy of the esophagus and stomach. A radioisotope is introduced into the stomach and scintillation measurements are taken over both the esophagus and the stomach; usually used to determine the degree of gastroesophageal reflux.

gastroesophagitis
(gas″tro-ә-sof″ә-ji´tis) inflammation of the stomach and esophagus.

gastroesophagostomy
(gas″tro-ә-sof″ә-gos´tә-me) esophagogastrostomy.

gastrofiberscope
(gas″tro-fi´bәr-skōp) fiberoptic gastroscope.

gastrogastrostomy
(gas″tro-gas-tros´tә-me) surgical creation of an anastomosis of two previously remote portions of the stomach, such as anastomosis between the pyloric and cardiac ends of the stomach, performed for hourglass contraction of the stomach, a condition in which the organ contracts at the middle.

gastrogavage
(gas″tro-gә-vahzh´) artificial feeding through a tube passed into the stomach.

gastrogenic
(gas″tro-jen´ik) originating in the stomach.

Gastrografin
(gas″tro-graf´in) trademark for a preparation of meglumine diatrizoate, a diagnostic radiopaque medium.

gastrohepatic
(gas″tro-hә-pat´ik) pertaining to the stomach and liver.

gastrohepatic omentum
lesser omentum.

gastrohepatitis
(gas″tro-hep-ә-ti´tis) inflammation of the stomach and liver.

gastroileac
(gas″tro-il´e-ak) pertaining to the stomach and ileum.

gastroileal reflex
increase in ileal motility and opening of the ileocecal orifice when food enters the empty stomach.

gastroileitis
(gas″tro-il-e-i´tis) inflammation of the stomach and ileum.

gastroileostomy
(gas″tro-il″e-os´tә-me) a gastroenterostomy between the stomach and the ileum.

gastrointestinal
(gas″tro-in-tes´tĭ-nәl) pertaining to the stomach and intestine.