Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

gluteal muscles
three muscles, the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus (greatest, middle, and least gluteals) that extend, abduct, and rotate the thigh.

gluteal nerves
the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. the cluneal nerves (superior, middle, and inferior) in the lumbar and sacral regions.

gluteal reflex
a stroke over the skin of the buttock contracts the glutei muscles.

gluten
(gloo´tәn) the protein derivative of wheat and other grains that gives dough its tough, elastic character. Avoidance of this substance (see gluten-free diet) will alleviate celiac disease in certain persons, as well as immunologic disturbances in which there is an allergy to gliadin.

gluten-free diet
a diet in which wheat must be avoided, as well as other grains such as barley, oats, and rye that contain analogues to wheat gluten. Grains that do not contain gluten include corn, rice, and millet. Wheat starch, which has been washed free of gliadin, is not restricted, nor are there restrictions on carbohydrates or fats.

glutethimide
(gloo-teth´ĭ-mīd) a nonbarbiturate sedative and hypnotic.

gluteus maximus muscle
origin, posterior aspect of ilium, posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, fascia covering gluteus medius muscle; insertion, iliotibial tract of fascia lata, gluteal tuberosity of femur; innervation, inferior gluteal nerve; action, extends, abducts, and rotates thigh laterally.

gluteus medius muscle
origin, lateral surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, superior gluteal nerve; action, abducts and rotates thigh medially.

gluteus minimus muscle
origin, lateral surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, superior gluteal nerve; action, abducts, rotates thigh medially.

glutinous
(gloo´tĭ-nәs) adhesive; sticky.

glutitis
(gloo-ti´tis) inflammation of the gluteal muscles.

glyburide
(gli´būr-īd) a sulfonylurea compound used as a hypoglycemic in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus; administered orally.

glycan
(gli´kan) polysaccharide.

glycemia
(gli-se´me-ә) the presence of glucose in the blood.

glycemic index
a ranking of foods based on changes in blood sugar levels after the foods are eaten, as compared with the change seen with a reference food such as white bread or glucose.

glyceraldehyde
(glis″әr-al´dә-hīd) a compound, glyceric aldehyde, formed by the oxidation of glycerol.

glyceride
(glis´әr-īd) an organic acid ester of glycerin, designated, according to the number of ester linkages, as a mono-, di-, or triglyceride.

glycerin
(glis´әr-in) a clear, colorless, syrupy liquid, used as an osmotic diuretic to reduce intraocular pressure, a laxative, a soothing agent in cough preparations, and as a moistening agent and solvent for drugs; it is a trihydric sugar alcohol, being the alcoholic component of fats. See also glycerol.

glycerol
(glis´әr-ol) a trihydric sugar alcohol, CH2 OH · CHOH · CH2 OH, which is a component of fats. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of fatty acids and serves as a phosphate acceptor. Pharmaceutical preparations are called glycerin.

glycerolize
(glis´әr-ol-īz″) to treat with or preserve in glycerol, as in the exposure of red blood cells to glycerol solution so that glycerol diffuses into the cells before they are frozen for preservation.

glyceryl
(glis´әr-әl) the mono-, di-, or trivalent radical formed by the removal of hydrogen from one, two, or three of the hydroxy groups of glycerol. glyceryl triacetate triacetin. glyceryl trinitrate nitroglycerin.

glycine
(gli´sēn) a nonessential amino acid that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; used as a gastric antacid and dietary supplement, and for bladder irrigation in transurethral prostatectomy. Called also aminoacetic acid.

glycine cleavage system
a group of four mitochondrial enzymes, designated P, H, T, and L, that together catalyze the conversion of glycine to CO2 and a one-carbon unit that can be transferred to tetrahydrofolate. Deficiency of one or more of the proteins, an autosomal recessive trait, results in nonketotic hyperglycinemia.

glycinemia
(gli″sin-e´me-ә) hyperglycinemia.

glycocalyx
(gli″ko-kal´iks) the glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds many cells.

glycocholate
(gli″ko-ko´lāt) a salt of glycocholic acid.

glycocholic acid
(gli″ko-ko´lik) cholylglycine.

glycogen
(gli´ko-jәn) a polysaccharide that is the chief carbohydrate storage material in animals, being converted to glucose by depolymerization; it is formed by and largely stored in the liver, and to a lesser extent in muscles, and is liberated as needed.

glycogen storage disease
any of a group of genetically determined disorders of glycogen metabolism, marked by abnormal storage of glycogen in body tissues, which may be either storage of an abnormal concentration of glycogen in one or more tissues or storage of an abnormal structure of glycogen, or a combination of both. Most are inherited as autosomal...

glycogen storage disease, type 0
a form of the disease caused by deficiency of glycogen synthase, an enzyme in the liver that is important in the synthesis of glycogen and storage of glycogen in the liver, with the result that there are decreased amounts of glycogen stored. The main characteristics, beginning in infancy, are early morning drowsiness and ...

glycogen storage disease, type I
glycogen storage disease, type IA a severe form of the disease in which deficiency of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase results in liver and kidney involvement, with enlargement of the liver, hypoglycemia, hyperuricemia, hyperlacticacidemia, hyperlipidemia, xanthomas, bleeding, and adiposity. Called also von Gierke disease and he...

glycogen storage disease, type IB
a form of the disease caused by a defect in the transport system for the molecule glucose 6-phosphate. Symptoms resemble those of the type I disease, but patients are also particularly susceptible to infection related to neutropenia and to chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

glycogen storage disease, type II
a form of the disease caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid α-glucosidase (acid maltase), with generalized accumulation of glycogen in tissues. In infants, it is characterized by mild enlargement of the liver, mental and motor retardation, hypotonia, and an enlarged heart, with heart failure and respiratory ins...

glycogen storage disease, type III
a form of the disease caused by a defect in debrancher enzyme (amylo-1,6-glucosidase) in muscle, liver, or both. Defects in the liver enzyme are characterized by enlargement of the liver and hypoglycemia, while defects in the muscle enzyme are characterized by progressive muscle wasting and weakness. Heart and skeletal muscle ...

glycogen storage disease, type IV
a form of the disease caused by deficiency of brancher enzyme, which is important in glycogen synthesis. The most severe abnormalities are in the liver, with cirrhosis, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and progressive liver failure leading to death. Neuromuscular abnormalities are also present. Called also Andersen disease.

glycogen storage disease, type V
a form of the disease in which deficiency of muscle phosphorylase (the muscle form of glycogen phosphorylase) results in accumulation of glycogen in skeletal muscles, with muscle cramps and a depressed blood lactate level during exercise. Called also myophosphorylase deficiency glycogenosis.

glycogen storage disease, type VI
a mild form of the disease caused by deficiency of liver phosphorylase (the form of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver). It is characterized by enlargement of the liver, mild to moderate hypoglycemia, and mild ketosis. Called also Hers disease.

glycogen storage disease, type VIII
glycogen storage disease, type IX a form of the disease caused by a deficiency of phosphorylase b kinase in liver. It is characterized by enlargement of the liver, occasional fasting hypoglycemia, and some growth retardation, but is mostly benign. It is usually inherited as an X-linked disorder affecting only males. Called also ...

glycogenesis
(gli″ko-jen´ә-sis) the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage in the liver. adj., glycogenet´ic., adj.

glycogenic
(gli″ko-jen´ik) pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting glycogenesis; pertaining to glycogen.

glycogenic degeneration
a form of degeneration in which abnormal amounts of glycogen accumulate in the cells, as in glycogenosis.

glycogenolysis
(gli″ko-jә-nol´ә-sis) the splitting up of glycogen in the liver, yielding glucose.

glycogenosis
(gli″ko-jә-no´sis) glycogen storage disease. generalized glycogenosis glycogen storage disease, type II. hepatorenal glycogenosis glycogen storage disease, type I. myophosphorylase deficiency glycogenosis glycog...

glycogeusia
(gli″ko-goo´zhә) a sweet taste in the mouth.

glycohemoglobin
(gli″ko-he″mo-glo´bin) glycosylated hemoglobin. (See hemoglobin a1c.)

glycolipid
(gli″ko-lip´id) a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, usually galactose, but sometimes glucose, inositol, or a different carbohydrate; cerebrosides are one type of glycolipid.

glycolysis
(gli-kol´ә-sis) the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of glucose to simpler compounds such as lactate or pyruvate, resulting in energy stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as occurs in muscle. adj., glycolyt´ic., adj.

glycolytic myopathy
any metabolic myopathy resulting from a defect of glycolytic enzyme activity, marked by exercise intolerance and cramping, the accumulation of glycogen in muscle, and recurrent myoglobinuria.

glyconucleoprotein
(gli″ko-noo″kle-o-pro´tēn) nucleoprotein bearing carbohydrate groups.

glycopenia
(gli″ko-pe´ne-ә) a deficiency of sugar in the tissues.

glycopeptide
(gli″ko-pep´tīd) any of a class of peptides that contain carbohydrates, including those that contain amino sugars.

glycopexis
(gli″ko-pek´sis) fixation or storing of sugar or glycogen. adj., glycopec´tic., adj.

glycophilia
(gli″ko-fil´e-ә) a condition in which a small amount of glucose produces hyperglycemia.

glycophorin
(gli″ko-for´in) any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of the cell membrane of erythrocytes; they attach to oligosaccharides at the outer cell membrane surface and to contractile proteins (spectrin and actin) at the cytoplasmic surface.

glycoprotein
(gli″ko-pro´tēn) any of a class of conjugated proteins consisting of a compound of protein with a carbohydrate group. α1-acid glycoprotein an acute phase protein found in blood plasma, an indicator of tissue necrosis and inflammation. Called also orosomucoid. ...

glycoprotein adenoma
a pituitary adenoma that causes excessive secretion of one of the three glycoprotein hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyrotropin).

glycoptyalism
(gli″ko-ti´әl-iz-әm) glycosialia.

glycopyrrolate
(gli″ko-pir´o-lāt) a synthetic anticholinergic used as an antispasmodic to help treat peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders; as a preanesthetic antisialagogue to decrease salivation and respiratory secretions associated with anesthesia; and as an antiarrhythmic to counteract arrhythmias associated with...

glycorrhea
(gli″ko-re´ә) any sugary discharge from the body.

glycosamine
(gli-ko´sә-mēn) an amino sugar.

glycosaminoglycan
(gli″kōs-ә-me″no-gli´kan) any of the carbohydrates containing amino sugars occurring in proteoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate.

glycosaminolipid
(gli″kōs-ә-me″no-lip´id) any of a class of lipids that contain amino sugars.

glycosecretory
(gli″ko-se-kre´to-re) concerned in secretion of glycogen.

glycosialia
(gli″ko-si-a´le-ә) glucose in the saliva; called also glycoptyalism.

glycosialorrhea
(gli″ko-si″ә-lo-re´ә) excessive flow of saliva containing sugar.

glycosidase
(gli-ko´sĭ-dās) any of a large group of hydrolytic enzymes acting on glycosyl compounds.

glycoside
(gli´ko-sīd) any compound containing a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants. It can be converted by cleavage of the molecule into a sugar and a nonsugar component. cardiac glycoside any of a group of glycosides occurring in certain plan...

glycosphingolipid
(gli″ko-sfing″o-lip´id) a fatty acid containing the carbohydrate sugar glucose or galactose.

glycostatic
(gli″ko-stat´ik) tending to maintain a constant sugar level.

glycosuria
(gli″ko-su´re-ә) the presence of glucose in the urine; called also dextrosuria and glucosuria. renal glycosuria glycosuria due to inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose completely.

glycosyl
(gli´ko-sil″) a radical derived from a carbohydrate.

glycosylated hemoglobin test
measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin A molecules that have formed a stable ketoamine linkage between the hemoglobin and glucose; this can be used to assess the control of blood glucose levels. In persons with a normal blood glucose level it amounts to about 7 per cent of the total; in those with diabetes mellitus i...

glycosylation
(gli-ko″sә-la´shәn) the formation of linkages with glycosyl groups.

glycotropic
(gli″ko-tro´pik) having an affinity for or attracting sugar; antagonizing the effects of insulin, causing hyperglycemia.

Glycyphagus
(gli-sif´ә-gәs) a genus of mites; G. domes′ticus lives in grain and flour and causes grocers' itch.

glycyrrhiza
(glis″ә-ri´zә) licorice.

gm
gram.

Gmelin test
(for bile pigments) fuming nitric acid is so added to the suspected urine that it forms a layer under it. Near the junction of the two liquids, rings are formed—a green ring above, and under it a blue, violet-red, and reddish yellow. If the green and violet-red rings are absent, the reaction shows the probable prese...

GMP
guanosine monophosphate. 3bprime,5bprime-GMP , cyclic GMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate.

Gn-RH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

gnathic
(nath´ik) pertaining to the jaw or cheeks.

gnathion
(nath´e-on) the most outward and everted point on the profile curvature of the chin.

gnathitis
(nath-i´tis) inflammation of the jaw.

gnathocephalus
(nath″o-sef´ә-lәs) a malformed fetus in which the head consists primarily of the jaws.

gnathodynamometer
(nath″o-di″nә-mom´ә-tәr) an instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the jaws.

gnathology
(nath-ol´ә-je) the science dealing with the masticatory apparatus as a whole. adj., gnatholog´ic, adj. .

gnathoplasty
(nath´o-plas″te) plastic repair of the jaw or cheek.

gnathoschisis
(nath-os´kĭ-sis) cleft jaw.

gnathostat
(nath´o-stat) a jaw-positioning device used in dental radiology, facial photography, cephalometry, and other procedures requiring exact positioning of the jaws.

gnathostomiasis
(nath″o-sto-mi´ә-sis) infection with the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum, acquired from eating undercooked fish infected with the larvae.

gnosia
(no´se-ә) the faculty of perceiving and recognizing. adj., gnos´tic, adj. .

gnotobiotics
(no″to-bi-ot´iks) the science of maintaining a microbiologically controlled environment. the science of raising laboratory animals whose microflora and microfauna are specifically known in their entirety.

goat's milk anemia
milk anemia in infants fed exclusively on goat's milk.

goblet cell
a one-cell mucous gland found in the epithelium of some mucous membranes, especially in the respiratory passages and intestines.

Goeckerman therapy
Goeckerman treatment treatment of psoriasis by applying ointments of tar followed by irradiation with ultraviolet B.

Goggia sign
in health, the fibrillary contraction produced by striking and then pinching the brachial biceps extends throughout the whole muscle: in debilitating disease, such as typhoid fever, the contraction is local.

goiter
(goi´tәr) enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling in the front part of the neck. If there is evidence of pressure against the throat, or the possibility of a malignancy, the goiter may be removed surgically. Simple endemic goiter is usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet. In Graves disease, goit...

goitrogen
(goi´tro-jәn) a goiter-producing agent.

goitrogenic
(goi-tro-jen´ik) producing goiter.

goitrogenicity
(goi″tro-jә-nis´ĭ-te) the tendency to produce goiter.