Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

gold
(Au) (gōld) chemical element, atomic number 79, atomic weight 196.967. Gold and many of its compounds are used in medicine, especially in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Gold salts are among the most toxic of therapeutic agents and must be given only under strict medical supervision. Tox...

gold therapy
chrysotherapy.

Goldberg syndrome
(gōld´bәrg) galactosialidosis.

Goldenhar syndrome
(gōl´dәn-hahr) oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia.

Goldflam disease
(gōlt´flahm) myasthenia gravis.

Goldflam-Erb disease
(gōlt´flahm erb´) myasthenia gravis.

Goldstein disease
(gōld´stīn) hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Goldstein sign
wide space between the great toe and the adjoining toe, seen in cretinism and Down syndrome.

Goldthwait sign
with the patient supine, one lower limb is raised by the examiner with one hand, the other hand being placed under the patient's lower back; leverage is then applied to the side of the pelvis. If the patient feels pain before the lumbar spine is moved, the lesion is a sprain of the sacroiliac joint. If pain does not appea...

Golgi apparatus
(gol´je) a complex cellular organelle consisting mainly of a number of flattened sacs (cisternae) and associated vesicles, which is involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, membrane-bound proteins, and lysosomal enzymes. The sacs form primary lysosomes and secretory vacuoles. Called also Golgi com...

Golgi cells
Golgi neurons.

Golgi complex
Golgi apparatus.

Golgi neurons
(type I): pyramidal cells with long axons, which leave the gray matter of the central nervous system, cross through the white matter, and go out to the periphery. (type II): star-shaped neurons with short axons, found in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex.

Golgi tendon organ
any of the mechanoreceptors arranged in series with muscle in the tendons of mammalian muscles, being the receptor for stimuli responsible for the lengthening reaction.

Golgi zone
the part of the cytoplasm containing the Golgi complex; in most secretory cells, it is located between the nucleus and the apical surface.

Goltz syndrome
(gōlts) focal dermal hypoplasia.

GoLYTELY
(go-līt´le) trademark for a preparation of polyethylene glycol-3350 and the electrolytes sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride; administered orally in an aqueous solution as a gentle cathartic prior to studies that require bowel preparation.

gomitoli
(go-mit´o-li) a network of capillaries in the upper infundibular stem (of the hypothalamus), which surround terminal arterioles of the superior hypophyseal arteries and that lead into the portal veins to the adenohypophysis.

gomphosis
(gom-fo´sis) a type of fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion.

gonad
(go´nad) a gamete-producing gland; the ovary in the female or the testis in the male. Called also sex gland. adj., gonad´al, gonad´ial., adj. The ovary produces the oocyte and the testis produces the spermatozoon. In addition, the gonads secrete hormones that influence the development of the reproductive organs at pub...

gonadal arteries
the ovarian arteries or the testicular arteries.

gonadal sex
the sex as determined on the basis of the gonadal tissue present (ovarian or testicular).

gonadal stromal tumor
androblastoma (def. 1).

gonadal veins
the ovarian veins and testicular veins.

gonadectomy
(go″nә-dek´tә-me) surgical removal of a gonad.

gonadopathy
(gon″ә-dop´ә-the) any disease of the gonads.

gonadorelin
(gә-nad″o-rel´in) synthetic luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone; used as the acetate or hydrochloride salt in evaluation of hypogonadism and as the acetate salt in the treatment of delayed puberty, infertility, and amenorrhea.

gonadotrope
(go-nad´o-trōp) gonadotroph.

gonadotrope adenoma
gonadotroph adenoma a rare type of pituitary adenoma made up of gonadotroph-like cells that secrete excessive amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone or both; it may cause precocious puberty, visual disturbances, or hypogonadism.

gonadotrope cell
gonadotroph cellgonadotropic cell gonadotroph.

gonadotroph
(go-nad´o-trōf) a type of basophil in the adenohypophysis whose granules secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. a gonadotropic substance.

gonadotrophic
(go″nә-do-tro´fik) gonadotropic.

gonadotrophin
(go´nә-do-tro″fin) gonadotropin.

gonadotropic
(go″nә-do-tro´pik) stimulating the gonads; said of anterior pituitary hormones.

gonadotropic hormone
gonadotropin.

gonadotropin
(go″nә-do-tro´pin) any hormone having a stimulating effect on the gonads. Two such hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary): follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; both are active, but with differing effects, in the two sexes. Called also gonadotropic hormone. ...

gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(Gn-RH) luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone.

gonaduct
(gon´ә-dәkt) the duct of a gonad; a fallopian tube or seminal duct.

gonagra
(gon-ag´rә) gout in the knee.

gonalgia
(go-nal´jә) pain in the knee.

gonarthritis
(gon″ahr-thri´tis) inflammation of the knee joint.

Gonin operation
(go-nă´) thermocautery of the fissure in the retina, performed through an opening in the sclera, for retinal detachment.

goniometer
(go″ne-om´ә-tәr) an instrument for measuring angles; the instrument used in goniometry. finger goniometer one for measuring the limits of flexion and extension of the joints between the phalanges of the fingers.

goniometry
(go″ne-om´ә-tre) measurement of range of motion in a joint; this may be used as a diagnostic or therapeutic measure to determine the functional status of a patient with a musculoskeletal or neurologic disability.

gonion
(go´ne-on) pl. go´nia the most inferior, posterior, and lateral point on the angle of the mandible. adj., go´nial., adj.

goniopuncture
(go″ne-o-punk´chәr) insertion of a knife blade through the clear cornea, just within the limbus, across the anterior chamber of the eye and through the opposite corneoscleral wall, in treatment of glaucoma.

gonioscope
(go´ne-o-skōp″) an optical instrument for examining the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye and for demonstrating ocular motility and rotation.

gonioscopy
(go″ne-os´kә-pe) examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with a gonioscope.

goniotomy
(go″ne-ot´ә-me) an operation for glaucoma, consisting of opening the Schlemm canal under direct vision.

gonococcal arthritis
gonorrheal arthritis bacterial arthritis occurring secondary to gonorrhea; it is often characterized by migratory polyarthritis associated with erythematous skin lesions and tenosynovitis. It may progress to septic arthritis if untreated.

gonococcal conjunctivitis
gonorrheal conjunctivitis a severe form caused by infection with gonococci, marked by greatly swollen conjunctivae and eyelids with a profuse purulent discharge. In newborns it is bilateral, acquired from an infected maternal vaginal passage. In adults it is usually unilateral and is acquired by autoinoculation into the ey...

gonococcal pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx from infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, usually as a result of oral sexual contact.

gonococcemia
(gon″o-kok-se´me-ә) the presence of gonococci in the blood.

gonococcide
(gon″o-kok´sīd) an agent destructive to gonococci.

gonococcus
(gon″o-kok´әs) pl. gonococ´ci an individual of the species Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. adj., gonococ´cal., adj.

gonocyte
(gon´o-sīt) primordial germ cell.

gonophore
(gon´o-for) an accessory reproductive organ, such as a fallopian tube.

gonorrhea
(gon″o-re´ә) one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Characteristically, the bacteria attacks the mucous membranes of the genital and urinary organs, producing inflammation and pus. Pharyngitis and proctitis can occur in persons who have orogenital ...

gonorrheal ophthalmia
gonorrheal conjunctivitis.

gonycampsis
(gon″ĭ-kamp´sis) abnormal curvature of the knee.

gonyoncus
(gon″e-ong´kәs) tumor of the knee.

good samaritan law
a law that provides protection against claims of malpractice for medical practitioners who render emergency care at the scene of an accident except when gross negligence or willful misconduct can be proved. Most states have passed such laws; all the laws cover doctors, and about half the laws cover nurses.

Goodell sign
(gdbobr-del´) softening of the cervix; a sign of pregnancy.

Goodenough draw-a-man test
Goodenough draw-a-person test (for intelligence) the general intelligence of the child is assessed by asking him or her to draw a picture of a man as well as possible.

Goodenough-Harris drawing test
a revision of the Goodenough draw-a-man test, in which scoring emphasizes the presence or absence of body and clothing detail rather than artistic skill.

Goodman syndrome
(good´mәn) acrocephalopolysyndactyly, type IV.

Goodpasture syndrome
(good´pas-chәr) an autoimmune disease in which glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage are produced by complement-mediated tissue damage caused by antibodies directed against the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. It is characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, hemoptysis, and dyspnea; the glomerulonephritis...

Goormaghtigh cells
lacis cells.

Gopalan syndrome
(go´pah-lahn) a symptom complex resulting from malnutrition, probably from deficiency of riboflavin or pantothenic acid; it consists of a burning sensation in the extremities, a feeling of “pins and needles” in the distal parts, and hyperhidrosis. Called also burning feet and burning feet syndrome.

Gordon reflex
flexor reflex, paradoxical.

Gordon sign
finger phenomenon (def. 1).

Gordon syndrome
(gor´dәn) pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2.

Gorham disease
(gor´әm) disappearing bone disease.

Gorham-Stout disease
(gor´әm stout) disappearing bone disease.

Gorlin sign
(gor´lin) the ability to touch the tip of the nose with the tongue, often a sign of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Gorlin syndrome
(gor´lin) Gorlin-Goltz syndrome nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

goserelin
(go´sә-rel″in) a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone; upon administration it initially stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and on prolonged administration later suppresses them. It is used as the acetate salt to treat breast and prostate carcinomas and endometriosis and ...

Gosselin fracture
a V-shaped fracture of the distal end of the tibia, extending into the ankle joint.

GOT
glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; see aspartate transaminase.

Gottron sign
a cutaneous sign pathognomonic of dermatomyositis, consisting of symmetrical macular violaceous erythema, with or without edema, over extensor surfaces such as the knuckles, elbows, or knees.

gouge
(gouj) a hollow chisel for cutting and removing bone.

Gougerot-Blum syndrome
(goo-zher-o´ blldbomacm´) pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis.

Gougerot-Nulock-Houwer syndrome
(goo-zher-o´ noo´lok hou´әr) Sjögren syndrome.

Gouley catheter
a steel urethral catheter that is curved and grooved on its inferior surface so that it can be passed over a guide through a urethral stricture.

goundou
(gldbomacn-doo´) a late sequel of yaws and endemic syphilis, manifested by massive periostitis of the nasal processes of the maxillae with formation of bony hornlike growths at the sides of the nose, distortion of facial features, and eventual destruction of the nose and orbit.

gout
(gout) a form of arthritis in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities in the blood and may be deposited in the joints and other tissues. During an acute attack there is swelling, inflammation, and extreme pain in a joint, frequently that of the big toe. After several years of attacks, the chronic form of t...

gouty arthritis
arthritis due to gout.

gouty nephropathy
any of a group of chronic kidney diseases associated with the abnormal production and excretion of uric acid.

gouty ulcer
a superficial ulcer of the skin over a gouty joint.

Gowers muscular dystrophy
late distal hereditary myopathy.

Gowers phenomenon
Gowers sign (def. 2).

Gowers sign
abrupt intermittent oscillation of the iris under the influence of light; seen in certain stages of tabes dorsalis. a sign of pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy; to stand from the supine position, the patient rolls to the prone position, kneels, and pushes up to a standing position with hands against shins, kne...

Gowers syndrome
(gou´әrz) vasovagal attack. late distal hereditary myopathy.

GPCR
G protein–coupled receptor.

GPT
glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; see alanine transaminase.

gr
grain.

graafian follicle
(grah´fe-әn) a small sac, embedded in the ovary, that encloses an oocyte. At puberty each ovary has a large number of immature follicles (primordial follicles), each of which contains an undeveloped egg cell. About every 28 days between puberty and menopause, one of the follicles ripens, growing in size and maturi...

gracile
(gras´il) slender; delicate.

gracilis muscle
origin, body and inferior ramus of pubis; insertion, medial surface of shaft of tibia; innervation, obturator nerve; action, adducts thigh, flexes knee joint.

graded exercise tests
(GXT) see exercise testing.